The life and death of Cosme Damian de Churruca and Elorsa

71
History The armada of the end of the 18th century is full of different bright personalities. Here is a sailor with organizational and diplomatic skills, about whom someone started a tale that he was a bastard of Carlos III himself. Here is a man who devoted his whole life to serving others, including ordinary people, who did not give a damn about his noble birth. And how many scientists in the Armada! Here and Gastagneta, and Jorge Juan, and Antonio de Ulloa .... But the most revered and famous scientist of the Armada of the end of the XVIII century is deservedly considered Cosme Damian de Churruka and Elors.


Cosme Damian de Churruka and Elors




Childhood and youth


In the Basque Country, in the city of Motrico, in the same estate that was built by José Antonio de Gastagneta, in 1761 a boy was born named Cosme Damian de Churruka and Elors. His father was the urban alcalde, Francisco de Churruka and Iriondo, and his mother was Don Maria Teresa de Elors and Iturris. He was not the first child in the family - the boy had an older brother, Juan Baldomomero (1758-1838), who achieved great success in linguistics and jurisprudence, and also became one of the heroes of the Spanish War of Independence (as the war with France is called in Spain in 1808- 1815). Since childhood, Cosme Damian was a humble, restrained, kind and sympathetic person, and he managed to maintain these features throughout his life, because of which, if not all, the vast majority of people who met him during his life later spoke about him with great sympathy and respect. In addition, the boy was smart, very smart, which opened up great opportunities for him in the future. He received his first education at the cathedral gymnasium in Burgos, and then he almost embarked on the path of church life, intending to become ordained priests, but the sea did not let go of the descendant of the great Admiral Gastagneta. From childhood, he lived on stories about the admiral, naval battles and travels, and therefore was not indifferent to the fleet. But that was not the decisive factor - there, in Burgos, Cosmas met with the archbishop's nephew, a young officer of the Marine Corps, and a conversation with him finally convinced the young Basque that his future was connected exclusively with the Armada.

After the collegiate gymnasium, he entered school in Vergara, at the same time becoming a member of the Royal Basque Society of Friends of the Country, which he did not leave until his death. This was followed by a special military education - in the 1776 year he entered the Academy of Cadiz, and finished his studies already in Ferrol, in the 1778 year. At the same time, he is so successful in the study of the naval sciences that the leadership decides to distinguish him from his fellow students by upgrading the 16-year-old boy to the rank of midshipman frigate (alferez de fragata). At the end of the year, Churruca comes under the command of Francisco Gil de Tabado, one of the most prominent sailors of Spain at that time, and sets off on his first voyage aboard the ship San Vicente. Soon he happened to take part in the great war against Great Britain, which was waged together with the American separatists and the French allies. Here Churruka showed himself as a courageous and skillful sailor, easily plotting difficult courses, boldly behaved under enemy fire. In 1781, he was already aboard the Santa Barbara frigate, under the command of another famous Spanish sailor, Ignacio Maria de Alava, and took part in the general assault on the fortress of Gibraltar. And again he proved himself a competent, skillful and courageous officer, initiating a risky maneuver, as a result of which his frigate tried to help flaming floating batteries, which were under fire from the British fortress artillery. After the failure of the assault, "Santa Barbara" went to Montevideo, and again fate allowed Churruka to prove himself - the young officer found an error in the navigator’s calculus, as a result of which at the very last moment he managed to save the ship from landing on the rocks. They begin to talk about a young, but very talented officer, not only aboard Santa Barbara, but throughout the Armada. However, this was only the beginning.

Scientist, cartographer and combat officer


In 1783, the war ended, and Churruka returned to Spain in order to continue his education. He again entered the Ferrol Academy, and he was accepted despite the lack of free places in it - no one wanted to lose such promising shots because of such trifles. Churruka would not be himself if he had not proved himself in the best way again - starting from 1784, he begins not only to study himself, but also to teach, replacing absent professors, and so successfully that he repeatedly breaks the applause of students, including 1787 year, when he exemplarily organizes exams in mechanics, mathematics and astronomy. Many have already prophesied to him the fate of an outstanding teacher, specialist and theorist, when he received an order - he is preparing to sail on a long voyage. In 1788, an expedition was prepared in Cadiz to study the Strait of Magellan, as well as to conduct other scientific research and experiments in South America. Two ships were supposed to set sail - Santa Casilda and Santa Eulalia, under the command of Don Antonio de Cordoba. And don Antonio de Cordoba, a seasoned captain and sailor, asked his superiors to send him the 26-year-old Churruka, who by that time had been promoted to ship lieutenant (teniente de navio), so that he would head the astronomical and geographical part. The authorities gave a green light, and Churruka went on a heavy voyage to the Strait of Magellan, where he drew up an accurate map of the region, and also became the proud owner of his name bay on one of the islands. However, sailing was not easy - due to the not the best organization of crossings and food purchases, the crews of two ships were severely affected by scurvy, and Cosme Damian Churruka himself was among those who almost went to another world. In 1789, he returned home and was assigned to recover in a relatively calm environment in San Fernando, as an employee of the local observatory. But the ebullient nature of the Basque nobleman did not let him just sit still, and he again and again participated in various local projects that did not allow him to recover completely. Finally, in 1791, under pressure from friends, he goes on vacation to the province of Gipuzkoa, where his health finally comes in order, and he returns to duty, full of enthusiasm.

Just at that time, a new large-scale expedition to North America was preparing, the task of which was, among other things, compiling clear maps of the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean islands and the coast of California. Churruka, of course, fell into the composition of this expedition, at the same time receiving a promotion to the rank of captain of a frigate (capitano de fragata). The whole enterprise was organized in a big way, Cosme Damian was given command of two ships at once - the brigantines Descubridor and Vihilante, and the personal task was to map the Antilles. The voyage lasted 28 months, and ended only in the 1795 year. Churruka managed to prove himself again in it - this time not only as a researcher, but also as a military officer, since soon after sailing a war broke out with the Revolutionary France, and more than once the Descubridor and Vihilanta had to shoot cannons at hostile ships and fortresses. He had to deliver important letters in the West Indies, to participate in the invasion of Martinique, to protect the merchant ships of the company from Gipuzkoa, in which he was a member, and which provided him with constant income. All these actions again undermined the health of Churruka, and he was forced to stay in Havana, where he began to recover little by little, and to consolidate all the results of his work. He returned home only in the 1798 year, and after this time less and less remained for science - there were continuous wars with the traditional adversary, Great Britain, and Spain had no time for research. However, Churruka still continued to work on the results of his voyage to the West Indies, and began to little by little publish the results. At the same time, a short cease-fire was established between Spain and Great Britain, and a Spanish researcher was sent to Paris on a scientific mission, where he happened to meet with the First Consul Napoleon. He was admired by Churruka, surrounded him with honor, helped to publish his works, in particular, very accurate maps of the Antilles, and presented a special gift - the so-called “Saber of Honor”, ​​which actually signified the high recognition of the works of the Spanish officer, not only for his Fatherland, but and for France. Alas, at this Churruka’s peaceful activities actually ended, and there was only war ahead.

The life and death of Cosme Damian de Churruca and Elorsa

"San Juan Nepomuseno" - the ship of Churruka in the Battle of Trafalgar


Cosma Damian returned home from Havana in the 1798 year aboard the battleship “Conquistador”. Immediately upon his return, he was promoted to the rank of captain of the ship (capitan de navio), and was appointed to command the same "Conquistador." The ship and crew were in a deplorable state, as witnessed by the freshly baked captain during his journey from America, and serious work was required to bring him into a more or less sensible form. But since his commander was called Cosme Damian de Churruk and Elors, he simply could not help but be brought into exemplary order. Here, the famous Basque proved to be both a talented organizer, and as a diplomat, and a politician - despite the fact that the team was a real rabble, he did not treat it like a rabble, and was able to instill a unified corporate spirit among sailors and officers. The matter also concerned the modernization of the ship itself - a number of improvements were made that increase the strength of the hull and maneuverability. The team gained iron discipline, and moreover, fanatical devotion to its commander. The combat effectiveness of the ship also increased, for which Churruka used every opportunity to chase his sailors in cables or engage in artillery exercises. As part of the squadron, which arrived in Brest in 1799 for action together with the French, his Conquistador was the best. Here he took up a slightly more familiar affair, having written a number of works concerning the maintenance of order and discipline in the Navy, after which this text was propagated in a local printing house and distributed throughout all Spanish ships. The techniques developed by Churruka proved to be very effective - on all ships suffering from poor order among the crew, the situation soon began to improve. The squadron commander, Federico Gravina, was delighted with the activities of his subordinate and friend. This was followed in 1802 by a trip to Paris, honor and respect, and, like a cold shower upon returning to Brest - news that, according to the agreements of Spain with France, Armada pledged to transfer 6 of her battleships to the French, and his Conquistador was among them. Usually calm Churruka was furious, but could not do anything. Returning home, he did not return to the fleet until the end of the 1803 year, doing business in his native Motrico, including taking the place of the alcalde who was freed after the death of his father.

But the Armada could not be scattered by such personnel, and Cosme Damian was returned to the fleet, making him responsible for putting in order the battleship Principe de Asturias. And again, worries about organizing a loose crew into an exemplary one followed, and again Churruka simultaneously began to actively engage in scientific work, albeit in the field of the navy. Together with Antonio Escagno, he wrote at the end of the 1803 of the year "Marine Dictionary", which will then be published in many European languages ​​and will be used even at the beginning of the XX century, and at the beginning of the 1804 of the year he sharply criticized the artillery work of Armada. There was criticism, ranging from a relatively small caliber of guns (most of the battleships in Spain armed with a maximum of 24-pound guns, while the British in the hondeke had 32-pound guns), to frankly disgusting preparation of artillery calculations. The situation in which the Armada artillery was at that moment was awful - due to the war with Great Britain, unequal and predatory treaties with France and the frankly ineffective government, funding for the fleet was minimized, and there was not even enough money for exercises using old methods did not give the desired effect. In fact, Armada fired worse in 1804 than in 1740! Of course, a man like Churruka could not help but follow the principle of “criticize - offer”, and published a work entitled “Instrucciones sobre puntería para uso de los bajeles de SM”, which contained direct recommendations for the preparation of gun crews, signed programs exercises, established standards for rate of fire and accuracy, and created a clear system, following which could reduce the backlog from England in terms of artillery in a fairly short time. The work was replicated and distributed among the ships of Armada, but alas - only after Trafalgar. And Churruka himself, having put in order the “Principe de Asturias” as much as he could, but realizing that he would not be assigned to command the future flagship of the fleet, filed a rather unusual request - about the withdrawal from the reserve and transfer to him under the command of the battleship “San Juan Nepomuseno” ", With special privilege to change the ship the way he himself wants. Thanks to his authority, he achieved this privilege, and the former 74-gun battleship was re-equipped and somewhat modernized, becoming the 82-gun. The team was recruited and prepared according to the high standards of its Basque captain, and by 1805, it was undoubtedly one of the most combat-ready ships of the whole Armada.

Trafalgar


True, San Juan did not do without a fly in the ointment. Not all of San Juan Nepomuseno’s modernization was completed on time, as La Carraca’s arsenal did not have all the necessary resources, and in some cases the work was simply sabotaged by the land arsenal masters, whom the government had not paid salaries for many months. The team, recruited from just anyone, quickly learned the discipline, especially after Churruka ordered to convey to each individual the contents of his disciplinary code, which indicated specific misconduct and specific punishments for them. But alas, there were several people who quite freely interpreted the information received, and in 1805 there was a riot, which, however, did not spill over into the “hot phase”, and after eliminating the root cause (sailors who left their post during the military alert and stole the officer’s a drink, and when in response to the wine portion the whole team lost, who began to provoke a rebellion) the order on the ship was restored. "San Juan Nepomuseno" did not participate in the battle at Cape Finisterre, since his squadron was in Ferrol, and was not noted in any major events at the beginning of the year. Only in September did he reconnect with the main forces of Villeneuve and Gravina, and went to Cadiz, where the ships stood for several months. All this time he spent on combat training of the ship entrusted to him, restoration of crew discipline after the riot, and ... The wedding. Being at the age of 44, he did not marry for a long time, although he was considered an enviable groom until he met his chosen one - Maria de los Dolores Ruiz de Apodaca, daughter of Count de Venadito and sister of one of the junior officers of San Juan. This event was noted by all officers of the Armada in Cadiz - Churruka was a universal favorite, for him sincerely rejoiced and empathized with him. It seemed that he still had to do so much, enjoy his family life, take up the reform of the Armada, and put his artillery in order ... But then followed a fatal launch at sea, contrary to the opinion of Spanish officers and the Battle of Trafalgar. Shortly before him, on October 11, Churruka sent his brother the last letter describing the bitter situation the fleet faced - 8 months of non-payment of salaries, loss of morale, apology and gratitude for the fact that he took upon himself the contents of Cosma Damian’s wife, since he himself ran out of all means. This letter ends with gloomy words - "If you find out that my ship was captured, you know - I died."

From this moment begins the last magnificent act of the life of Cosme Damian de Churruca and Elorsa. When Villeneuve ordered the squadron to turn 180 degrees against the wind at the start of the battle, the captain of San Juan said: “The fleet is doomed. The French admiral does not know what he is doing. He destroyed us all. ” The line of the Franco-Spanish fleet mixed up, a gap formed in the center - where two columns of admirals Nelson and Collingwood rushed, crushing the Allied ships. But Churruka did not give up: skillfully maneuvering and snarling with well-aimed fire (almost the only Armada ship that day, shooting a little worse than the British), he clashed immediately with six English battleships: the 98-gun Dreadnought, the 74-gun Defense, and Achilles ”,“ Thunderrer ”and“ Bellerophon ”, and 80-gun“ Tonant ”. The captain of the Bellerophon died; the remaining ships suffered one or another loss, sometimes very heavy. But San Juan was not invulnerable: from 530 crew members 100 were killed during the battle and 150 people were injured, i.e. almost half of all who were on board. Churruka, standing under enemy fire on the upper deck, continued to command until the last, even when his leg was torn off by a shell, and, not wanting to leave the post and so as not to bleed, ordered the bloody stump to be placed in a bucket of flour. Already losing consciousness, the captain forbade his officers to surrender after his death, and ordered the fight to continue. In the last words spoken to his brother-in-law, Jose Ruiz de Apodake, Churruka recalled his wife, whom he continued to think about every moment of his life, and thanked the sailors and officers for their excellent service. Only when the losses reached colossal proportions, and the senior officer of the ship, Francisco de Moya, was killed by a direct hit of the nucleus, Lieutenant Joaquin Nunez Falcon decided to surrender the ship. "San Juan Nepomuseno" was one of the last Spanish ships to lower the flag in that battle. The British were anticipating how they would capture such a famous sailor as Churruk, but only found his cooling body and Nunyes crookedly smiling, who bluntly declared that if his captain were alive, the ship would never give up.


"Death of the Churruks." Painting by Eugenio Alvarez Dumont


The San Juan was barely able to tow to Gibraltar, since it was quickly picking up water, and conditionally anchored at the fortress already in a half-flooded state. It was partially restored, but he never went to sea again, continuing to serve as a non-self-propelled floating battery and floating barracks. As a sign of respect to the ship, its crew and the commander, “San Juan Nepomuseno” never changed his name, and the captain’s cabin remained inaccessible forever — there was a sign on the door with the words “Cosme Damian Churruka” in gold letters. If someone still wanted to go into the cabin, then at the entrance he was obliged to take off his hat as a sign of respect for this great sailor, scientist and military officer, who left this world at a fairly young age in 44. Already posthumously he was promoted to the rank of admiral, and his nephew was given the title of Count Churruk. In addition, the state undertook financial obligations for the funeral of this prominent man, and even appointed a pension to his widow - but, apparently, they paid him irregularly, as there is information that Dolores had difficulties with money throughout her modest life, and relied more on the help of relatives. Cosme's eldest marriage, Juan Baldemero, recalled the deceased all his life, and in his courage he always took it as his model. Monuments to Churruka now stand in Motrico, his hometown, as well as Ferrol and San Fernando, where he studied and created; Streets in El Astillero and Barcelona, ​​as well as the lead ship of a series of destroyers of the middle of the 20th century, are named after him. In the Pantheon of the illustrious marines in San Fernando, there is now a tombstone, under which Churruka himself is buried. José Ruiz de Apodac, brother-in-law of Cosme Damian, owns the words that can end the story of this glorious husband:
“Famous people like him should not be exposed to the dangers of battle, but must be protected for the development of science and the fleet.”


To be continued ...
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  1. +8
    19 August 2019 18: 33
    Thank you Artyom, a sad but instructive story ......
    Regards, Vlad!
    1. +8
      19 August 2019 18: 38
      There is one. In general, of the officers of the Armada who participated in the Battle of Trafalgar, Churruka is probably one of my favorites — bright life, heroic death. Yes, and the death itself is quite symbolic - in fact, the whole Great Armada as such perished along with it, everything that happened after that was no longer ...
  2. +5
    19 August 2019 18: 53
    Good evening, Artyom hi , probably it will be the most ridiculous and ridiculous comment on your articles. I did not read. I will read tomorrow. For the weekend we had Moscow guests drinks , and today in our village the patronal feast of Apple Savior, I congratulate you on it. So I’ll read you with a fresh mind and, possibly, the day after tomorrow. I always remain yours, Sea Kotyara from land Ryazan. hi drinks
    1. +4
      19 August 2019 18: 57
      Quote: Sea Cat
      I did not read. I will read tomorrow.

      Then tomorrow, in theory, as many as 2 articles will be waiting for you wink Unless, of course, the next one gets into the queue for publication.
      Quote: Sea Cat
      and today in our village the patronal feast of Apple Savior, I congratulate you on it.

      Thank you happy holiday too hi
      Quote: Sea Cat
      So I’ll read you with a fresh mind and, possibly, the day after tomorrow.

      Then there may be three articles laughing
      1. +4
        19 August 2019 18: 58
        I went, already shouting, so that it would stick from the computer. Your health is happy! drinks drinks drinks
  3. +5
    19 August 2019 18: 57
    Bright life, valorous death, good memory of posterity - what else is needed from life? Thank you for the article!
  4. -2
    19 August 2019 19: 06
    it's time to write about our heroes !! we also have a lot of people we know little about them ourselves
    1. +8
      19 August 2019 19: 14
      I still wildly apologize, but have you little written about our heroes? They are written about them at every step, what's the point of repeating the 100500 time? The site is full of authors who specialize in Russian history, and can write a lot about Russian sailors, and generally about domestic heroes.
      1. -8
        19 August 2019 19: 18
        our youth knows nothing about theirs !! and here they glorify another's story again
        1. +14
          19 August 2019 19: 26
          Quote: alekc75
          our youth knows nothing about theirs !!

          On the Internet, a lot of information about their own. If young people do not know anything about them, then it is necessary to work with young people, and not to rewrite already available and available information in a hundredth circle, from this the young people will not start reading it.
          Quote: alekc75
          and here they glorify another's story again

          And who are you to forbid posting information about foreign prominent personalities? I don’t glorify anyone here, I write on the topic I’m doing, especially since it’s not working "again" on the part of the Spaniards - according to Churruka in Russian there is a maximum short extract of a biography, without details, according to Jorge Juan EMNIP maximum Makhova is a short note on espionage history, on Gastaneta - episodic mentions of the surname, and nothing more. What I have been publishing here in recent days is unique information for the Russian-speaking segment of the Internet.
        2. +8
          19 August 2019 19: 43
          Here they glorify the history of the Earth, there is such a ball on which we all serve together. And if your young people “don't know anything about their own people,” then this is your omission - beep yourself, “sow reasonable, kind, eternal,” what you think is necessary. And the Author, he, at least for me, opens new pages of our general earthly history, and this is interesting to me. For example, "my youth" knows the history of our country much better than me. And if someone has children who, besides an iPhone, do not need anything in life, then they cannot be altered, "If from Urengoy" is completely nestled in our life, and neither ours, nor anyone else's story at all interested. And this is already a problem for their parents. hi
        3. +7
          19 August 2019 19: 58
          Well, come on Friday evening, to the place in your neighborhood where young people hang out, with a placard "Marinesco - Hero!" and conduct patriotic education! I do not guarantee success among the educated contingent, but in the reports of the district department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, you will definitely be popular!
          1. +1
            19 August 2019 20: 07
            It will be popular if you stick a five of someone thread from the policemen in your pocket. laughing
            1. +3
              19 August 2019 20: 31
              Eh no! "Shura, this is not our method!" Little did you, Constantine, spent the night in the "monkey houses"!
              1. +1
                19 August 2019 20: 34
                Adyn once, but with the traffic cops a real experience. laughing
        4. +4
          19 August 2019 21: 52
          Quote: alekc75
          it's time to write about our heroes !! we also have a lot of people we know little about them ourselves

          Quote: alekc75
          our youth knows nothing about theirs !! and here they glorify another's story again

          Dear Alex, out of the kindness of heart and compassion, I corrected the minuses to you, so do not bother to read my opinion!
          You decided to raise four issues in two theses. We will consider them troubles ...
          First trouble! Search for our heroes .... Russian Federation, Soviet Union, Russian Empire, Russian (Moscow) kingdom, Vladimir-Suzdal principality, Ancient Russia .... and we rest against the unknown ... We can of course poke a finger into the dark sky stories, deduce super-fashionable and hypothetical designs to look for ancestors in the first or second Rome, super-arias or Scythians, but this is a banal pulling an owl on the globe! Deeper than eleven centuries of the written history of our ancestors, we will not burrow. I don’t know much or little, but there is something to be proud of! Here the dilemma begins: will Hercules, Homer, Herodotus, Pythagoras, Aristotle and Archimedes be our hero? Even Jesus, the son of God by blood, is far from rus, runes or words ... judging by your logic, not our Xenophon, Themistocles, Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar .... Even Cyril and Methodius walked by like that .... Or yet we are members of this small ship named Earth and love for the Fatherland, does not replace the understanding that we are part of its crew (civilization) and its heroes are our heroes!
          The trouble is the second! We do not know our heroes? A beautiful stamp .... or an insult ... the question is why are we? Maybe after all you are Alex ... so read and enlighten everything in your hands!
          The trouble is the third! unaware youth ... You are deeply mistaken.
          The fourth trouble, she’s the first! Another's glory! In a large civilization family - our Spaniards Artyom! Otherwise, you insult your great-grandfathers who shed blood on the fields of Spain revolutionary, or those someone pulled Napoleon’s forces into the Patriotic War of 1812 ...... you can continue for a long time. But the sophisticated layman of VO is interested in much, new, alien and his own. Moreover, it’s not a sin to be equal to the Spaniards, to learn from such Spaniards, to take an example from the heroes of Anton's articles! At least they deserve it ....
          Regards, Kote!
      2. +5
        19 August 2019 19: 44
        I apologize terribly, Artyom, but I don’t apologize (taftology in the topic, by the way), this patient is not in your area of ​​specialization.
        1. +2
          19 August 2019 20: 02
          Anton, damn it, I wildly apologize, but where is the next tank from the jungle !? Everything is clear with that patient, but I would like to return to the table with new information about Shermanyug on a white sand. smile drinks
          1. +3
            19 August 2019 20: 40
            Guilty, Konstantin! To create a tank on the sand, you need a motivating motive. At least a hungry pregnant cat on the pavement ...
            1. +3
              19 August 2019 20: 43


              Shaw, not a motive?
              1. +2
                19 August 2019 21: 12
                No, not a motive. I’m 46, not 18 ... And a weeping, begotten cat on the asphalt, I am touched by much more than a 20-year-old female homo sapies, on the same asphalt, looking for a donor.
                1. 0
                  19 August 2019 21: 18
                  You, Anton, are still a complete cynic, which is a pity. Not every cat is pregnant, and not every 20-year-old girl is "female", and not every one of them is looking for a "donor". I'm sorry if your words are not ordinary sarcasm, but something more serious. I'm not a boy either, but I don't consider all women "women" and "females". If someone is unlucky, then well ... "do not give up the maestro." (Okudzhava).
                  1. +2
                    19 August 2019 21: 34
                    Essentially! I always emphasized this point, if someone missed, I am not guilty.
                    Once again, I'm a cynic, a jester and a minuscule.
        2. +7
          19 August 2019 20: 05
          I don’t remember who said it, but politeness costs too little, and can give too much to not use it hi So once again out of politeness, it’s not hard for me to apologize. The main thing is not to part, otherwise it will completely depreciate ...
          1. +4
            19 August 2019 20: 28
            Do not depreciate. In this sense, for me, the ideal is V. Gaft. Culture, polite, smart, but at the same time, courteous cynical, to the limit!
            1. +2
              19 August 2019 21: 07
              The fact that Gaft is a charming cynic is without question, and only his maliciousness can only be envied ...
      3. +4
        19 August 2019 19: 44
        He ran away from the table, could not pass by "our heroes". drinks
        1. +3
          19 August 2019 20: 14
          Hello Konstantin! It is you who have not yet reached the highest degree of enlightenment, and neither have I. I know one person who, fully drinking in a real company, communicates on two forums, and "kvass", at the same time, on Wotsap with Seattle. The quintessential extrovert!
          1. +2
            19 August 2019 20: 38
            The quintessence of extrovert!


            I can’t say that already. At one time we had a test word - "crystallizes". I am still pronouncing it, I just checked it and just in case in front of the mirror. wassat
            1. +2
              19 August 2019 20: 47
              "Maneuvering - ships were maneuvered, but they never fished out" tongue laughing
              1. +1
                19 August 2019 21: 04
                Anton, I can't pronounce "vylavirilovi" anymore, but it is quite possible to poke on the keyboard. I understand that you have Monday there, and if your head does not buzz after the weekend, then this is already an achievement. And I have a lot of friends and pretty women in the next yard, we have a feast day. And I drive from table to clave, and from clave to table love , and life is beautiful and amazing.
                1. +4
                  19 August 2019 21: 16
                  Happiness to you, your family, your household and your neighbors! Let everythnig will be alright!
                  1. +3
                    19 August 2019 21: 21
                    And all the best to you, Anton, the peasants joined me here with glasses, and greetings and best wishes from all of you. In, and guests are invited. Let's. drinks
                    1. +3
                      19 August 2019 21: 49
                      Hi guys! Well, "from the heart, from the heart, to the soul, purely brother between us," as the drivers from the near Caucasus say.
                      Sorry, I won’t come to visit ...
                      I’ll just open my mouth - they’ll hammer in tracks from the sixteenth armata!
                      1. +2
                        19 August 2019 22: 01
                        Guys all for fifty dollars. There are a lot of trucks, but on my quadric, on each wheel there are half a ton of dirt from the fields. And the fact that you do not come is in vain, you would have rested here with your soul. In any case, the invitation remains valid. smile
                      2. +1
                        19 August 2019 22: 24
                        "For fifty dollars" is normal.
                      3. +2
                        19 August 2019 22: 28
                        Anton, and if true, it’s not easy to bring to Ryazan, tell me what we need to help, the people here are great. Yes, and spend the night not in the barn, but the girls we have ... good good good
                      4. +2
                        19 August 2019 22: 38
                        Maybe it will bring the truth ....
                      5. +1
                        19 August 2019 22: 49
                        "I'll go out into the street,
                        I’ll look at the village
                        Girls are walking
                        And I have fun
                        Girls are vocal,
                        Singing loudly
                        Good fellow,
                        They don't let you sleep "
                      6. +1
                        19 August 2019 23: 12
                        We sleep together, and they are vociferous forever ... in a bunk. wink
            2. +3
              19 August 2019 21: 23
              I am wildly sorry, but in our time, the Mongolian astronaut served as a test)))) Whoever didn’t say it was a lyuley))) Verbal)))) And also rye bread .....
              1. +1
                19 August 2019 21: 39
                You, it may be, did the same with the Mongols, I don’t know where, and I don’t know who. And as for verbal lyuley and rye bread ... You should know better if you write about it.
                1. +5
                  19 August 2019 22: 08
                  Sorry, if something goes wrong .....
                  Mongol - Jugderdamidiin Gurragcha. Sobriety was determined by pronunciation from the first attempt. A loaf of bread ..... The story says, sho, if a person does not smell the smell of rye bread - he ate his dose for today. Once again, sorry, if that .....
                  1. +1
                    19 August 2019 22: 24
                    Dmitry, I'm sorry, but ...
                    A loaf of bread ..... The tale says, sho, if a person does not smell the smell of rye bread - he ate his dose for today. Once again, sorry, if that .....

                    Honestly, I don’t eat rye bread with a snack either, so it’s difficult for me to judge how the Mongols treated this. And one of my good friend from the Tatars, saying: "I am Muslims," ​​clapped a glass of vodka and ate fried pork.
                    "If that", then this is not, so it is possible without "sorry". hi
    2. +2
      20 August 2019 12: 59
      Quote: alekc75
      it's time to write about our heroes

      Little is written about them, or are you talking about some other heroes who have been ignored by the public? If so, then I would like to get acquainted with the list, solely in order to understand what you mean.
      And the second question. You will not like it if a boy who accidentally visits this site (basically, as I understand it, people are mature and even more than that) want to serve his homeland the way the hero of the article served his own? The article teaches us not to love Spain, it teaches us to love our homeland.
  5. Alf
    +3
    19 August 2019 20: 51
    Now I found out in honor of whom this beautiful destroyer was named.
    1. +1
      19 August 2019 20: 58
      Vasya, THANKS, sincerely! It is always nice when you are treated with warmth. smile
      1. Alf
        +2
        19 August 2019 21: 11
        Quote: Sea Cat
        Vasya, THANKS, sincerely! It is always nice when you are treated with warmth. smile

        Please, of course! But I didn’t quite understand, but what have you got to do with it, is the article a stranger?
        1. +3
          19 August 2019 21: 44
          Vasily, do not laugh frankly, throw off what I already pretty "took on my chest", but I foolishly decided, without really looking at the photo, that you posted a photo of "Constantine". I swelled in full, I certainly have nothing to do with it. This is what vodka brings people. laughing
          1. Alf
            +1
            19 August 2019 21: 50
            There are no questions, we are all people! drinks
            1. +2
              19 August 2019 22: 01
              And you with Apple Savior! drinks
  6. KCA
    +2
    20 August 2019 01: 35
    I read the title of the article and got up in a stupor, the Kosmodamian embankment of the Moscow river immediately surfaced in my memory, really in honor of the Gishpan, I didn’t let it go, in honor of Saints Cosmas and Damian
    1. +3
      20 August 2019 02: 41
      Here, in private, they have already recalled the settlement of Kozmodemyansk and Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya laughing Well, at least no one had the idea of ​​mocking Churruk’s surname ...
      1. KCA
        +1
        20 August 2019 02: 55
        Yes, he didn’t mock at all, but just the former embankment of M. Gorky, now Kosmodamianskaya, is directly too consonant with Cosme Damian, if they had really named him, the transcription would have been just like that
  7. +3
    20 August 2019 13: 02
    Artem, welcome. Albeit with some delay, I express my "deep and complete satisfaction" from what I have read, as well as my sincere gratitude to you as the author. hi
    From now on I will try to keep up with the discussion "hot". smile
    1. +2
      20 August 2019 14: 11
      Greetings colleague hi Thank you Actually, there will be more to discuss, and a lot, but I don’t know when everything will be published. As far as I understand, I'm too frequent smile And therefore, today my publications will not be on the main one, although three things have already passed moderation, and by the evening I will upload the fourth. However, nobody seems to be in a hurry here, so it will be even better.
      1. -2
        20 August 2019 16: 45
        put a minus on, but poorly write about Nevelsky ???
        1. +3
          20 August 2019 17: 15
          Weak. I do not write historical articles on those topics. which have already been painted 100500 times by other authors, this is not interesting to me. Historical articles are a by-product of my main activity, which I have already mentioned more than once. If I write such articles, then only on topics that are not covered in Russian. Domestic history, with very, very rare exceptions, which is not Nevelsky, does not belong to such topics. I am not going to waste time on what I do not need and on articles that are not interesting to me. Moreover, because of your stupid assaults in the style of "I did not write about Russians - not a man" and attempts to take "on weak". By the way, why don't you write anything about Russian history? Chukchi is not a writer, a Chukchi reader? Then what are the complaints against me? I have one article, unlike you, here is about RIF, but not here - and even more laughing

          And yes, I didn’t put any cons to you before this comment.
          1. +1
            20 August 2019 18: 13
            Good morning, Artyom hi . I did what I could not do yesterday - I read your article. What can I say, easy and elegant, as always. No, it’s true, even on my heavy head today I never had to go back and re-read, everything was assimilated the first time. Thank. smile
            1. +1
              20 August 2019 18: 32
              Thank you for reading hi Today, alas, my articles have not been in the queue for publication, but I think that tomorrow or the day after tomorrow there will be the following. And so I already have their 4 pieces uploaded to the site from what is already ready, but not yet published feel True, there is a small problem - there are about a dozen personalities about whom it would be nice to talk about, but there is not enough information on the article. This is mainly the high command of the Armada at Trafalgar. To write short articles about them, not to write at all, or to do a consolidated article on everything at once - the right word, I don’t even know ...
              1. +2
                20 August 2019 18: 58
                That's about Trafalgar ... I don’t know much from the details of this battle, but you wrote about the idiotic order of Villeneuve about which Churruka spoke quite specifically:
                “The fleet is doomed. The French admiral does not know what he is doing. He destroyed us all. ”
                , I did not know that, therefore, I would like you, describing the actions of individual commanders of the Armada, to give a general picture of the battle. Sorry for the clumsy "style", but I have quite an understandable apostle syndrome of a fun night. smile hi
                1. +1
                  20 August 2019 19: 14
                  Yes, I’ve already thought about describing the Battle of Trafalgar, but there are some difficulties here. Most sources talk about this battle in general, and if you disassemble in detail, then you need to disassemble it for a long time and tedious, and describing a rather chaotic dump is somewhat problematic smile Therefore, I thought of touching Trafalgar only as part of the story about its participants, especially since there are many sufficiently bright and characteristic personalities. But I’m not ready to disassemble the battle yet; I still need to go through the main personnel of the Royal Spanish Army in 1808-1815 in the same way.
                  1. +2
                    20 August 2019 19: 21
                    Well, then we will "annoy" you with questions. And along the way, the question is: did the commanders of the ships at that time have a custom to put a loaded pistol on a barrel of powder in a cruise chamber? Somehow everything is very simple - we gave up and that's it. And, at first glance, it turns out that our Nebogatov simply acted in the "best" traditions of the European fleets.
                    1. +2
                      20 August 2019 19: 38
                      Quote: Sea Cat
                      Well, then we will "annoy" you with questions.

                      Yes, I do not mind smile
                      Quote: Sea Cat
                      Somehow everything is very simple - we gave up and that's it. And, at first glance, it turns out that our Nebogatov simply acted in the "best" traditions of the European fleets.

                      In fact, this is so. For Europeans, in the event of a fight with Europeans, surrender to the winner after exhausting the possibilities for battle was considered perfectly acceptable. That is, when the masts were demolished, half of the guns were knocked out, and the loss of the crew is large - you can surrender, the duty is fulfilled, then there will be only senseless losses of people, without the possibility of causing serious damage to the enemy. And then, in spite of everything, people were still pitied. But there is an important caveat - this rolled only when "Europeans against Europeans". In other cases, the chances were high after surrender of captivity to be executed in various sophisticated, painful and long ways. And, in the end, if you surrendered to some underdeveloped barbarians - yourself, if you please die heroically laughing

                      With Nebogatov, everything is somewhat more complicated. Starting with the fact that it was not the XNUMXth century in the yard)) And some of the ships of his detachment retained their combat effectiveness. On the other hand, there was no longer any chance of inflicting decent damage on the Japanese. According to the concepts of Napoleonic times, Arturo Perez-Reverte described it well in Trafalgar: when making a decision to surrender, officers look at their watches and decide not to surrender now, but, say, in half an hour, so that they do not fall under the tribunal, because if you surrender now - and the possibilities are not yet exhausted, and you will have to give up too quickly. Pascual Cervera, in a similar situation at Santiago de Cuba, still preferred to fight, but so that the crews of his ships had as many chances as possible to escape, and not just blow up their ships in the harbor and did not fly a white flag.
        2. +3
          20 August 2019 18: 12
          Dear ...... An editor, a sponsor, his own conscience can tell the author about what to write ..... Mine has a little thought, you don’t belong to this trinity. If you want to read about domestic conflicts, that’s how they are, and decently there are. Unlike what Artem writes about.
          At the very least, you can make an article yourself about even Nevelsky, at least about Bellingshausen ..... True, with a high degree of probability it will turn out to be a trivial copy-paste, alas. You can write about unknown heroes, which we also have. However, they did not interest / are not interested in GlavPUR, Agitprop and their followers. It was much easier for them to suck from a finger than to look for boring realities. You have a great opportunity to surpass parasites from ideology, which is characteristic - to yourself .....
          1. 0
            20 August 2019 19: 00
            Good evening Dmitry hi . Extremely poisonous and absolutely on business. good It is a pity that I can only put one "plus".
            1. +1
              20 August 2019 19: 32
              Good evening, dear hi Yes, not very poisonous, chesslovo winked It’s just that when the leaven starts out of the blue, this one, and even with presentations, is too much, as for me. I disagree with many materials, but sticking with the author what to write to him ........ There are so many allusions at once, it’s embarrassing feel You can indicate that he (the author) did wrong - you can’t argue ..... But no more, again, purely IMHO.
            2. +1
              20 August 2019 19: 32
              And yes, thanks !!!
              1. 0
                20 August 2019 19: 35
                There’s nothing at all, with full agreement. smile
                1. +1
                  20 August 2019 19: 37
                  The comp is buggy, I didn’t want dubbing, sorry feel
            3. +1
              20 August 2019 19: 36
              Sorry, comment is gone recourse
              Not very poisonous, it could be worse feel Just, as for me, you can indicate the author’s mistakes in the material there, in the conclusions ..... You can not agree with his IMHO ..... But to indicate what to write to him is too much. The stump was light, IMHO. And then golem criticism comes out, and with this word so many allusions climb lol

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