Azef. The main provocateur of Russia and an agent of the West
Russia has given the world a classic example of provocation. The Azef affair thundered throughout Europe and greatly discredited both the Socialist Revolutionary Party and the Russian police. A man over 15 years has been in the service as a secret police agent to fight the revolutionary underground and at the same time for over five years was the head of Russia's largest terrorist organization.
His very name became synonymous with betrayal, everyone hated him. Yevno Azef handed over hundreds of revolutionaries to the police and at the same time organized a number of major terrorist acts, the success of which attracted the attention of the world community. He became the organizer of the assassination of the Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire Pleve, the Moscow Governor-General, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich and several other leading dignitaries of the Russian state. Azef was preparing an assassination attempt against Sovereign Nicholas II, which was not realized due to his exposure.
It is interesting that, acting perfectly in two worlds, in the world of special services and in the world of the “fifth column”, the revolutionary terrorist underground, Azef never completely associated himself with any of them. He always pursued only his own goals and, accordingly, with his worldview, he either betrayed the revolutionaries to the police, then deceived the police, committing terrorist attacks. Azef’s case is also interesting because stories one traitor can understand a lot in the events of the first Russian revolution.
Evno Fishelevich Azef (usually used the Russian version - Evgeny Filippovich) was born in 1869 in the town of Lyskovo, Grodno province, in a poor Jewish family. Later, the family moved to Rostov-on-Don, where Yevno graduated from high school in 1890. In 1892, hiding from the police (a dark story about theft), fled to Germany, where he began to study as an electrical engineer in Karlsruhe. With what means he left, studied and lived in Germany, it is not known. The Social Revolutionaries hadn’t funded him yet, just like the police.
In 1893, a young man appears in Switzerland, where in communication with political emigrants he shows himself to be a decisive supporter of terror. He considered acts of terrorism as the main method of political “work”. Apparently, in order to improve his financial situation, Azef sent a letter to the Police Department of the Russian Empire, where he offered to take young revolutionaries. Evno Fishelevich established ties with the revolutionary underground in Rostov. This was then a fashionable phenomenon among students. The police decided to establish cooperation with the young man and put him a monthly salary of 50 rubles. It was very good money, so Russian workers in the 1890's on average received 12-16 rubles a month. Thus, Yevno Fishelevich at the same time aroused interest in himself both on the part of the revolutionaries and the police of Russia.
In the next six years, the young traitor promptly sent information from Germany about members of foreign revolutionary organizations and their activities. Thus, he earned credibility in the Police Department. At the same time, he entered into confidence in the members of the revolutionary underground, revolutionary-minded youth. In 1899, Evgeny Filippovich received an engineering degree and arrived in Moscow. He worked in his specialty and was actively introducing himself into the party of socialist revolutionaries (SRs).
Then this party, which was born on the foundation of the popular movement, was the leading force of the revolutionary movement in Russia. Unlike their rivals from the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (social democrats, future Bolsheviks and Mensheviks), the Socialist-Revolutionaries believed that the main driving force of the revolution would be not the workers, but the peasants, who made up the vast majority of the agrarian Russian empire. Their main slogan: “Land to the peasants!” Already after the revolution of 1917, the Bolsheviks borrowed it.
The Social Revolutionaries engaged in revolutionary propaganda, "educating" the peasants, tried to organize peasant uprisings, but their most famous method was terror. By eliminating the leading state and military leaders of the Russian Empire, the most proactive and decisive, loyal to the tsar’s throne, the terrorist revolutionaries tried to “rock the boat”, destabilize the situation, and cause a revolutionary explosion. The combat organization of the Social Revolutionaries led by Grigory Gershuni, created in the 1902 year, carried out more than 250 high-profile attacks. As a result of the activities of the Combat Organization, two ministers of the interior (Sipyagin and Pleve), 33 governor-general, governor and vice-governor (including Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, governor of the Ufa province Nikolai Bogdanovich), 16 town governors, 7 generals and admirals, etc. were killed. d.
Azef successfully infiltrated the party of socialist revolutionaries, entered into confidence in the leader of the Combat Organization of Gershuni, and he himself became one of the prominent members of the party. Since that time, Euno began to hide part of the information from the police, helping the formation of the Combat Organization and engaging in terror. He began a double game: he continued to turn in the participants of the revolutionary movement and at the same time was one of the “architects” of the great terror in Russia, soon the main one.
In April 1902, Minister of the Interior Dmitry Sipyagin, a staunch conservative and monarchist who resolutely fought the revolutionary movement, was assassinated. Soon Azef informed the police about the organizers of the assassination attempt. After an unsuccessful attempt on the Chief Prosecutor of the Synod, Konstantin Pobedonostsev, Gershunii and other members of the Combat Organization went underground. In June 1902, terrorists attempted the assassination of the governor of the Kharkov province, Ivan Obolensky. He was saved by his wife, who intercepted the hand of a shooting terrorist. As it became known later, the police were warned in advance by Evo Azef about the impending assassination attempt, but did not take any measures.
In May 1903, the governor of the Ufa province Nikolay Bogdanovich was killed, who was notorious after the suppression of a workers' strike in Zlatoust (dozens of people, including women and children) were killed. Gershuni was hiding in Kiev and Azef handed him over to the police. The Military District Court in St. Petersburg sentenced Gershuni to death, but she was replaced by life imprisonment. At first he was in Shlisselburg prison, then in hard labor in Eastern Siberia. In 1906, he, as a valuable shot of the “fifth column”, organized an escape, was transferred from Vladivostok to Japan, and from there to the United States. Interestingly, until his death in 1908, Gershuni believed that Azef was innocent and even wanted to come to Russia and kill Emperor Nicholas II with him.
Azef became the head of the Combat Organization and the successor of the Gershuni affair. He brought the organization to a new level: abandoned gunshot weaponsreplaced it with bombs. Explosives were manufactured in Switzerland, where several laboratories were created. It is worth noting that the rear bases of the Russian “fifth column” were Switzerland, France, England and the United States. That is, the real masters of the "Russian" revolutionary movement was the so-called. “World backstage” - “financial international”, which by any means tried to destroy the Russian autocracy and the Russian state.
Azef also strengthened discipline, strengthened secrecy, separating the Combat Organization from the general party environment. The main provocateur said: "... with a high prevalence of provocations in mass organizations, communication with them for combat will be disastrous ..." And he knew what he was saying. The preparation for terrorist attacks has improved: now preliminary surveillance was carried out on the objects of attacks. Observers, arms manufacturers and bombing terrorists were divided, did not need to know each other. Azef's deputy was the talented revolutionary terrorist Boris Savinkov who fled from the Vologda exile to Switzerland. The backbone of the organization was young people, often half-educated students who were convinced of their work. Preparations for the attacks were carried out in France and Switzerland, where they hid after the assassination attempts. Active revolutionary terrorists could live without work for a long time, rest, everything was paid. Such activities required serious financial injections, but the terrorists did not experience problems with funds. The masters of the West were interested in their vigorous activity. The powerful Socialist-Revolutionary terror machine was well funded.
In addition, the terrorists received complete freedom of movement. After each case, they easily left for Switzerland, France or England, and held meetings there. They freely traveled to European capitals and cities of Russia. They had first-class documents, passports, real and not Russian. From the same source and weapons, dynamite. As a result, a fairly small group of fanatical terrorists (several dozen active members) kept the whole empire in fear.
Evno Fishelevich became famous for high-profile operations. In July 1904, Minister of Internal Affairs Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Pleve was blown up in St. Petersburg, who resolutely fought against the revolutionary movement. In February 1905, the Moscow Governor-General, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, died from a bomb. In June 1905, the Moscow town governor, General Pavel Shuvalov, was shot dead. After that, the police stepped up their activities, many active members of the terrorist organization were arrested. Azef also stood behind the decline of the Combat Organization.
However, after the suppression of the December uprising in Moscow, the combat organization was restored. In December and April of 1906, attempts were made on the Moscow Governor-General Fedor Dubasov (he was wounded); in August 1906, the convinced monarchist, the life guard commander of the Semenovsky regiment (with whom he crushed the uprising in Moscow), General George Min, was killed; in December 1906, they shot and killed St. Petersburg mayor Vladimir von der Launitz. In December 1906, the Chief Military Prosecutor of Russia and the Head of the Main Military Court Directorate, Lieutenant General Vladimir Petrovich Pavlov, were killed. He was the initiator of the law on military courts, which allowed to bring down a wave of revolutionary terror in Russia.
Among the victims of Evo Azef was another famous provocateur - Gapon. The Socialist-Revolutionaries learned of his collaboration with the vice-director of the Police Department, Pyotr Rachkovsky, and sentenced to death. The action was to be performed by fellow Gapon Social Revolutionary Peter Rutenberg. In March 1906, the killers strangled a former priest.
All this time, the Police Department did not suspect that the largest assassination attempts and murders were “engineer Raskin” (as Azef was called in police documents). Yevno Fishelevich continued to regularly supply the police with important information, handed over revolutionaries, but was silent about the actions, where he himself played a prominent or leading role. Raskin skillfully prepared the operation. Part of it he kept secret from the police, so that they were successful and high-profile affairs created him unshakable authority in the party and in the entire revolutionary movement. He was simply adored. Therefore, until the very last moment, Raskin was beyond suspicion. How can there be a provocateur of a man who almost personally eliminated Pleve and Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich !? The great provocateur handed over the other part of the operations to the police, and there were no suspicions there either. From the 1905 of the year, he began to surrender his own comrades, members of a terrorist organization, whom he himself taught terror. Evno gave the police a group that was preparing an assassination attempt on the king and reported on the plan of the explosion in the State Council. For this, Azef received a huge salary - 500 rubles per month (comparable to the general salary), and at the end of his career - up to 1000 thousand rubles.
Until the 1908 of the year, Evno Fishelevich trowels managed to hide their essence. So, in 1906, the officer of the Police Department, L.P. Menschikov, informed the Socialist-Revolutionaries that there were two police informants in the party leadership. The party commission concluded that the traitor was Social Revolutionary Nikolai Tatarov. He really was an agent of the secret police, and according to his information, members of the Combat Organization were arrested who were preparing an attempt on the comrade (so called deputy ministers) of the Minister of Internal Affairs, the head of the police and gendarmes corps Dmitry Trepov. But suspicion fell on Azef. However, the authority of Yevno Azef was unquestioned at that time, and the Socialist-Revolutionaries, not believing Tatarov’s claims that he was not the traitor, but Azef, believed Raskin. The head of the Combat Organization managed to blame Tatarov and achieve its elimination.
Perhaps he could continue to lead the police and his party by the nose if Vladimir Burtsev, a former people's commander, publicist and publisher, hadn’t brought him out into the open. In 1906, he received evidence that there was an agent provocateur named Raskin in the Socialist Revolutionary Party. Having studied all the available information, previously obtained and rejected by the Socialist-Revolutionaries, the publicist came to the conclusion that Raskin was Azef. In the fall of 1908, Burtsev met with the former head of the Police Department, Alexei Lopukhin. Impressed by what Azef was doing as a secret police agent, Lopukhin confirmed that Raskin was Yevno Fishelevich.
At an internal party trial of the Central Committee of the Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, Burtsev presented all the facts, including the testimony of Lopukhin. In January 1909, Mr. Azef-Raskin was sentenced to death. However, he fled to Germany, where he lived the quiet life of a burgher. He played in a casino, spent huge sums. Azef always loved a beautiful life: expensive restaurants and women. Only with the outbreak of world war did he begin to have problems. The German authorities "cleared" a potential "fifth column", and Yevno Azef from 1915 to 1917. sat in prison. Died in April 1918 of the year.
Why did the Socialist Revolutionaries, who committed a number of major terrorist attacks, killing princes, governors, city governors, admirals, and generals, not killed an ordinary German burgher? There were funds, people, a well-established methodology for the preparation and implementation of operations. The answer, apparently, is that Azef-Raskin carried out the will of the masters of the West. It was a typical double agent of foreign intelligence services. He performed his task perfectly. In Russia, at an accelerated pace, they created a powerful revolutionary party, launched large-scale terror, worked out the methodology of plunging the country into trouble, controlled chaos. Eliminated the most loyal to the Russian throne, personally to the tsar of statesmen, on whom you could rely on in the conditions of a new revolution. The police department was successfully misinformed and discredited, its activities were paralyzed. Therefore, Yevno Azef was allowed to live in peace, he fulfilled his task.
Evno Fishelevich (Evgeny Filippovich) Azef
His very name became synonymous with betrayal, everyone hated him. Yevno Azef handed over hundreds of revolutionaries to the police and at the same time organized a number of major terrorist acts, the success of which attracted the attention of the world community. He became the organizer of the assassination of the Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire Pleve, the Moscow Governor-General, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich and several other leading dignitaries of the Russian state. Azef was preparing an assassination attempt against Sovereign Nicholas II, which was not realized due to his exposure.
It is interesting that, acting perfectly in two worlds, in the world of special services and in the world of the “fifth column”, the revolutionary terrorist underground, Azef never completely associated himself with any of them. He always pursued only his own goals and, accordingly, with his worldview, he either betrayed the revolutionaries to the police, then deceived the police, committing terrorist attacks. Azef’s case is also interesting because stories one traitor can understand a lot in the events of the first Russian revolution.
Young Judas
Evno Fishelevich Azef (usually used the Russian version - Evgeny Filippovich) was born in 1869 in the town of Lyskovo, Grodno province, in a poor Jewish family. Later, the family moved to Rostov-on-Don, where Yevno graduated from high school in 1890. In 1892, hiding from the police (a dark story about theft), fled to Germany, where he began to study as an electrical engineer in Karlsruhe. With what means he left, studied and lived in Germany, it is not known. The Social Revolutionaries hadn’t funded him yet, just like the police.
In 1893, a young man appears in Switzerland, where in communication with political emigrants he shows himself to be a decisive supporter of terror. He considered acts of terrorism as the main method of political “work”. Apparently, in order to improve his financial situation, Azef sent a letter to the Police Department of the Russian Empire, where he offered to take young revolutionaries. Evno Fishelevich established ties with the revolutionary underground in Rostov. This was then a fashionable phenomenon among students. The police decided to establish cooperation with the young man and put him a monthly salary of 50 rubles. It was very good money, so Russian workers in the 1890's on average received 12-16 rubles a month. Thus, Yevno Fishelevich at the same time aroused interest in himself both on the part of the revolutionaries and the police of Russia.
Young Azef (sitting, third from left) in a group of Russian students in Germany
Double life
In the next six years, the young traitor promptly sent information from Germany about members of foreign revolutionary organizations and their activities. Thus, he earned credibility in the Police Department. At the same time, he entered into confidence in the members of the revolutionary underground, revolutionary-minded youth. In 1899, Evgeny Filippovich received an engineering degree and arrived in Moscow. He worked in his specialty and was actively introducing himself into the party of socialist revolutionaries (SRs).
Then this party, which was born on the foundation of the popular movement, was the leading force of the revolutionary movement in Russia. Unlike their rivals from the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (social democrats, future Bolsheviks and Mensheviks), the Socialist-Revolutionaries believed that the main driving force of the revolution would be not the workers, but the peasants, who made up the vast majority of the agrarian Russian empire. Their main slogan: “Land to the peasants!” Already after the revolution of 1917, the Bolsheviks borrowed it.
The Social Revolutionaries engaged in revolutionary propaganda, "educating" the peasants, tried to organize peasant uprisings, but their most famous method was terror. By eliminating the leading state and military leaders of the Russian Empire, the most proactive and decisive, loyal to the tsar’s throne, the terrorist revolutionaries tried to “rock the boat”, destabilize the situation, and cause a revolutionary explosion. The combat organization of the Social Revolutionaries led by Grigory Gershuni, created in the 1902 year, carried out more than 250 high-profile attacks. As a result of the activities of the Combat Organization, two ministers of the interior (Sipyagin and Pleve), 33 governor-general, governor and vice-governor (including Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, governor of the Ufa province Nikolai Bogdanovich), 16 town governors, 7 generals and admirals, etc. were killed. d.
Azef successfully infiltrated the party of socialist revolutionaries, entered into confidence in the leader of the Combat Organization of Gershuni, and he himself became one of the prominent members of the party. Since that time, Euno began to hide part of the information from the police, helping the formation of the Combat Organization and engaging in terror. He began a double game: he continued to turn in the participants of the revolutionary movement and at the same time was one of the “architects” of the great terror in Russia, soon the main one.
In April 1902, Minister of the Interior Dmitry Sipyagin, a staunch conservative and monarchist who resolutely fought the revolutionary movement, was assassinated. Soon Azef informed the police about the organizers of the assassination attempt. After an unsuccessful attempt on the Chief Prosecutor of the Synod, Konstantin Pobedonostsev, Gershunii and other members of the Combat Organization went underground. In June 1902, terrorists attempted the assassination of the governor of the Kharkov province, Ivan Obolensky. He was saved by his wife, who intercepted the hand of a shooting terrorist. As it became known later, the police were warned in advance by Evo Azef about the impending assassination attempt, but did not take any measures.
In May 1903, the governor of the Ufa province Nikolay Bogdanovich was killed, who was notorious after the suppression of a workers' strike in Zlatoust (dozens of people, including women and children) were killed. Gershuni was hiding in Kiev and Azef handed him over to the police. The Military District Court in St. Petersburg sentenced Gershuni to death, but she was replaced by life imprisonment. At first he was in Shlisselburg prison, then in hard labor in Eastern Siberia. In 1906, he, as a valuable shot of the “fifth column”, organized an escape, was transferred from Vladivostok to Japan, and from there to the United States. Interestingly, until his death in 1908, Gershuni believed that Azef was innocent and even wanted to come to Russia and kill Emperor Nicholas II with him.
Leader of the terrorists
Azef became the head of the Combat Organization and the successor of the Gershuni affair. He brought the organization to a new level: abandoned gunshot weaponsreplaced it with bombs. Explosives were manufactured in Switzerland, where several laboratories were created. It is worth noting that the rear bases of the Russian “fifth column” were Switzerland, France, England and the United States. That is, the real masters of the "Russian" revolutionary movement was the so-called. “World backstage” - “financial international”, which by any means tried to destroy the Russian autocracy and the Russian state.
Azef also strengthened discipline, strengthened secrecy, separating the Combat Organization from the general party environment. The main provocateur said: "... with a high prevalence of provocations in mass organizations, communication with them for combat will be disastrous ..." And he knew what he was saying. The preparation for terrorist attacks has improved: now preliminary surveillance was carried out on the objects of attacks. Observers, arms manufacturers and bombing terrorists were divided, did not need to know each other. Azef's deputy was the talented revolutionary terrorist Boris Savinkov who fled from the Vologda exile to Switzerland. The backbone of the organization was young people, often half-educated students who were convinced of their work. Preparations for the attacks were carried out in France and Switzerland, where they hid after the assassination attempts. Active revolutionary terrorists could live without work for a long time, rest, everything was paid. Such activities required serious financial injections, but the terrorists did not experience problems with funds. The masters of the West were interested in their vigorous activity. The powerful Socialist-Revolutionary terror machine was well funded.
In addition, the terrorists received complete freedom of movement. After each case, they easily left for Switzerland, France or England, and held meetings there. They freely traveled to European capitals and cities of Russia. They had first-class documents, passports, real and not Russian. From the same source and weapons, dynamite. As a result, a fairly small group of fanatical terrorists (several dozen active members) kept the whole empire in fear.
Evno Fishelevich became famous for high-profile operations. In July 1904, Minister of Internal Affairs Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Pleve was blown up in St. Petersburg, who resolutely fought against the revolutionary movement. In February 1905, the Moscow Governor-General, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, died from a bomb. In June 1905, the Moscow town governor, General Pavel Shuvalov, was shot dead. After that, the police stepped up their activities, many active members of the terrorist organization were arrested. Azef also stood behind the decline of the Combat Organization.
However, after the suppression of the December uprising in Moscow, the combat organization was restored. In December and April of 1906, attempts were made on the Moscow Governor-General Fedor Dubasov (he was wounded); in August 1906, the convinced monarchist, the life guard commander of the Semenovsky regiment (with whom he crushed the uprising in Moscow), General George Min, was killed; in December 1906, they shot and killed St. Petersburg mayor Vladimir von der Launitz. In December 1906, the Chief Military Prosecutor of Russia and the Head of the Main Military Court Directorate, Lieutenant General Vladimir Petrovich Pavlov, were killed. He was the initiator of the law on military courts, which allowed to bring down a wave of revolutionary terror in Russia.
Among the victims of Evo Azef was another famous provocateur - Gapon. The Socialist-Revolutionaries learned of his collaboration with the vice-director of the Police Department, Pyotr Rachkovsky, and sentenced to death. The action was to be performed by fellow Gapon Social Revolutionary Peter Rutenberg. In March 1906, the killers strangled a former priest.
All this time, the Police Department did not suspect that the largest assassination attempts and murders were “engineer Raskin” (as Azef was called in police documents). Yevno Fishelevich continued to regularly supply the police with important information, handed over revolutionaries, but was silent about the actions, where he himself played a prominent or leading role. Raskin skillfully prepared the operation. Part of it he kept secret from the police, so that they were successful and high-profile affairs created him unshakable authority in the party and in the entire revolutionary movement. He was simply adored. Therefore, until the very last moment, Raskin was beyond suspicion. How can there be a provocateur of a man who almost personally eliminated Pleve and Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich !? The great provocateur handed over the other part of the operations to the police, and there were no suspicions there either. From the 1905 of the year, he began to surrender his own comrades, members of a terrorist organization, whom he himself taught terror. Evno gave the police a group that was preparing an assassination attempt on the king and reported on the plan of the explosion in the State Council. For this, Azef received a huge salary - 500 rubles per month (comparable to the general salary), and at the end of his career - up to 1000 thousand rubles.
The carriage destroyed by the explosion, in which the Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich was
Disclosure
Until the 1908 of the year, Evno Fishelevich trowels managed to hide their essence. So, in 1906, the officer of the Police Department, L.P. Menschikov, informed the Socialist-Revolutionaries that there were two police informants in the party leadership. The party commission concluded that the traitor was Social Revolutionary Nikolai Tatarov. He really was an agent of the secret police, and according to his information, members of the Combat Organization were arrested who were preparing an attempt on the comrade (so called deputy ministers) of the Minister of Internal Affairs, the head of the police and gendarmes corps Dmitry Trepov. But suspicion fell on Azef. However, the authority of Yevno Azef was unquestioned at that time, and the Socialist-Revolutionaries, not believing Tatarov’s claims that he was not the traitor, but Azef, believed Raskin. The head of the Combat Organization managed to blame Tatarov and achieve its elimination.
Perhaps he could continue to lead the police and his party by the nose if Vladimir Burtsev, a former people's commander, publicist and publisher, hadn’t brought him out into the open. In 1906, he received evidence that there was an agent provocateur named Raskin in the Socialist Revolutionary Party. Having studied all the available information, previously obtained and rejected by the Socialist-Revolutionaries, the publicist came to the conclusion that Raskin was Azef. In the fall of 1908, Burtsev met with the former head of the Police Department, Alexei Lopukhin. Impressed by what Azef was doing as a secret police agent, Lopukhin confirmed that Raskin was Yevno Fishelevich.
Vladimir Burtsev. Source: https://ru.wikipedia.org
At an internal party trial of the Central Committee of the Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, Burtsev presented all the facts, including the testimony of Lopukhin. In January 1909, Mr. Azef-Raskin was sentenced to death. However, he fled to Germany, where he lived the quiet life of a burgher. He played in a casino, spent huge sums. Azef always loved a beautiful life: expensive restaurants and women. Only with the outbreak of world war did he begin to have problems. The German authorities "cleared" a potential "fifth column", and Yevno Azef from 1915 to 1917. sat in prison. Died in April 1918 of the year.
Why did the Socialist Revolutionaries, who committed a number of major terrorist attacks, killing princes, governors, city governors, admirals, and generals, not killed an ordinary German burgher? There were funds, people, a well-established methodology for the preparation and implementation of operations. The answer, apparently, is that Azef-Raskin carried out the will of the masters of the West. It was a typical double agent of foreign intelligence services. He performed his task perfectly. In Russia, at an accelerated pace, they created a powerful revolutionary party, launched large-scale terror, worked out the methodology of plunging the country into trouble, controlled chaos. Eliminated the most loyal to the Russian throne, personally to the tsar of statesmen, on whom you could rely on in the conditions of a new revolution. The police department was successfully misinformed and discredited, its activities were paralyzed. Therefore, Yevno Azef was allowed to live in peace, he fulfilled his task.
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