The current state of the Czech air defense system: modernization against the backdrop of a landslide reduction

49
Czechoslovakia. In 1990, the Czechoslovakian air defense system reached the peak of its power. Only the capital of Czechoslovakia, Prague, was covered by a half dozen anti-aircraft missile divisions - C-75М / М3, С-125М / М1А and С-200ВЭ, which are located on stationary positions. However, more than half of the air defense missile systems of the Czechoslovakian air defense forces were first-generation complexes with rockets that required refueling with liquid fuel and an oxidizer.


Layout of the position of the air defense system in Czechoslovakia as of 1989 year




The begun rearmament of the new multi-channel anti-aircraft missile systems S-300PMU with solid-propellant missiles was interrupted due to the collapse of the "socialist camp" in Eastern Europe. The planned deliveries of new mobile complexes for military air defense were also halted.

Anti-aircraft missile forces of the Czech Republic


After abandoning the communist ideology, Czechoslovakia did not long remain a single state. January 1 1993 as a result of the conflict of the national political elites of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic was officially divided into the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. In 1994, the main issues of the military property division of the Czechoslovak armed forces were officially settled between the countries. Unlike the disintegration process of other states, which happened as a result of the loss of the Soviet Union in the Cold War, the acquisition of sovereignty by the Czech Republic and Slovakia was peaceful. The parties, without any particular controversy, managed to agree on the amicable division of the military inheritance, inherited from a well-equipped army, which was considered one of the most combat-ready in Eastern Europe.


The affected areas of the Czech air defense systems С-75ММNNXX, С-3М125А and С-1ВЭ as of 200 year


Four years after the collapse of the communist regime, the number of radar posts and positions of the air defense system decreased many times. In 1991, all obsolete CA-75M complexes with 10-cm range guidance station were written off. By the year of 1994 in the Czech Republic, all C-75М air defense systems were removed to the reserve and three of the five C-200ВЭ air defense systems were removed from combat duty. The collapse in funding for the military budget led to the fact that already in 1998, the air defense forces of the Czech Republic abandoned the C-73М3 and С-200ВЭ air defense systems that were sufficiently new at that time. The end of the ideological confrontation between the East and the West and the collapse of the Warsaw Pact led the Czech leadership, while reducing the risk of a major armed conflict to a minimum, decided to keep the complexes with liquid anti-aircraft missiles at combat positions, which required considerable expenses. However, the service of low-altitude systems C-125М1А was also short-lived, the last Neva complexes in the Czech Republic were retired in 2001 year.

In contrast to the target air defense systems deployed in stationary positions, army mobile anti-aircraft complexes were not subjected to such large-scale reductions. First of all, the Czechs got rid of the outdated, low-efficiency Strela-1М complexes and the very difficult ones in the operation of the Krug air defense system. By the end of the Cold War, the Czechoslovak People's Army had seven Kubov regiments, which were divided in the proportion of 4: 3 between the Czech Republic and Slovakia.


Self-propelled launcher of the Czech ZRK "Cube"


The desire to save on defense expenditures resulting in a continuous series of “optimizations” led to the fact that only the “Kub” air defense system remained of the medium-range complexes in Czechoslovakia. In 2000, the ZRK, which remained in service, was decided to be reduced to the 43-th anti-aircraft missile brigade with headquarters in Strakonice. In addition to the divisions armed with the “Kub” complexes, the brigade included units equipped with the Osa-AKM and Strela-10М short-range mobile air defense systems. Organizationally, an anti-aircraft missile brigade and radar controls the airspace were subordinate to the command of the air force.

The current state of the Czech air defense system: modernization against the backdrop of a landslide reduction

Czech Strela-10M


In 2003, the 43-i zrbr was renamed to 25-zrbr. Due to the deterioration of equipment and the inability to replenish ammunition new anti-aircraft missile Command Czech Air Force was forced to 2008 year to write off all SAM 9K33M3 "Osa-AKM", and in 2012 oldest SAM 2K12M "Kub-M" - leaving only a relatively fresh complexes in service 2K12M3 “Cube-M3” and ADMS 9K35M “Strela-10M”. After the downsizing, the 25-I anti-aircraft missile brigade in the 2013 year shrank to the 25-th anti-aircraft missile regiment.

At the end of 1980, there were plans to replace Strela-2M MANPADS in the armed forces of Czechoslovakia with more long-range and interference-proof Igla-1 MANPADS. However, these plans, due to the collapse of the Warsaw Pact, did not materialize. According to the reference data of the Strela-2M MANPADS, they are still in service with the Czech army, but they are in storage and practical shooting has not been done for more than 10 years.


Launch of Czech anti-aircraft missile short-range air defense missile system RBS-70NG


After the decommissioning of part of the “Cube” complexes and all the “Osa” air defense systems, the Czech Republic purchased the 16 short-range air defense systems RBS-70 in Sweden. Apparently, these are the RBS 70 Mk 2 complexes, with the BOLIDE missile equipped with a cumulative fragmentation warhead with ready striking elements in the form of tungsten balls. The missile’s warhead is equipped with a contactless fuse, triggered by a miss to 3 m. Zur, induced by the laser trail method, is capable of hitting air targets at a distance of up to 8000 m. At the ceiling, 5000 m is called. but with a mass in the combat position of about 90 kg - of course it is not. Although the firing range of the latest modifications of the RBS-70 air defense systems is comparable to the Osa-AKM complex, the Swedish complex cannot be considered a full-fledged replacement. All elements of the air defense system "Osa" were located on the floating chassis. The Soviet mobile complex had its own radar detection. In addition, unlike laser-guided missiles, the 9М33М3 radio command and control systems used as part of the Osa-AKM air defense system could be effectively used at night, in poor visibility conditions: with fog, smoke and dust in the atmosphere.


Radar revisor


To control the actions of the fire platoon ZRK RBS-70, the Czech company from Pardubice RETIA, part of the holding CZECHOSLOVAK GROUP, created a small-size towed radar ReVISOR. Operation of the first station in the 25-th SRP began in the 2014 year. As of the end of 2018, the 6 of such radars was in operation.


Radar revisor on position


Radar ReVISOR is characterized by a very compact size, high mobility and short time to transfer to the working position. The radar can be mounted on a light truck or in a towed van. The rotating antenna is placed on a mast capable of lifting it to a height of up to 6,5 m. The detection range of aircraft and helicopters is 25 km, small Drones detected at a distance of up to 19 km.

Modernization of the "Cube"


At the beginning of the 21 century, it became clear that those who remained in service with the Kub air defense system needed to be modernized and overhauled. The Czech Ministry of Defense chose the “minor modernization” option proposed by RETIA. At the same time, the basic structure and principles of the complex operation did not change. In the course of repair and modernization work, a part of the electronic units of the 1С91 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit was transferred to the electronic components, as well as modern communications, guidance and computing systems were introduced into the hardware of the air defense system, allowing optimal calculation of the affected area and time of opening fire. The upgraded version of SURN 1С91 in 2007 was designated SURN CZ and began to comply with NATO standards. After modernization and repair, the range of destruction and the number of targets fired remained at the same level, but it was possible to reduce operating costs and extend the service life of the complexes. Thanks to the modernization of the air defense system, the Kub was linked to the automated combat control system of the Czech armed forces RACCOS. However, even after the upgrade, it was completely obvious that, in its present form, the Czech mobile CUB air defense system had no prospects to remain in service for a long time. It was not only the single-channel and low noise immunity of the Soviet complexes, whose age has already exceeded 30 years. With a guaranteed shelf life of years of anti-aircraft missiles 10, the reliability of the 3M9M3E SAM systems in the Czech Army is a big question. According to information published in open sources, the deadlines for the storage of these missiles in 2015 were finally over. This is indirectly confirmed by the fact that the Kub, the 25-th SRPS battery of the Kub system, is launched with a single rocket on a self-propelled launcher.


Anti-aircraft missile battery "Cube" of the armed forces of the Czech Republic on the march


In 2009, RETIA, together with the Czech Ministry of Defense and the Air Defense Department of the Military University in Brno, began research on the possibility of replacing the regular 3М9М3 SAMs with other missiles. In this case, the main criteria were the minimum changes made to the design of the air defense system "Cube", and low cost. In 2011, the IDET-2011 military exhibition and the Le Bourget (France) air show in Brno (Czech Republic) and a sample of the Cube air defense system, equipped with an Italian-made Aspide 2000 anti-aircraft missile, was exhibited. Like the Soviet 3М9М3 missile, the Aspide 2000 rocket has a semi-active radar homing head.


Aspide 2000 anti-aircraft missile


The Aspide 2000 ZUR is a pedigree from the Aspide Mk.1 air-to-air missile developed by Selenia based on the American AIM-7 Sparrow medium-range UR. Aspide 2000 rockets are used in the Skyguard-Aspide and Spada 2000 land defense systems. The latest modifications of the Aspide 2000 SAMs have a firing range of up to 25 km and weigh around 250 kg.


Self-Propelled 2P25 Launcher with Aspide 2000 Aurers


On the self-propelled launcher 2P25 complex "Cube" are placed three TPCs with SAM Aspide 2000. The new system of the computing complex allows the complex to be guided using the developed SURN CZ program of the standard 1-91М2 radar system. The target illumination station after revision became compatible with the Aspide 2000 SAMs. The launch complex is equipped with a new data transmission equipment to prepare for the launch of the missile defense system.



In 2012-2013 in Italy, Aspide 2000 missile test launches took place in Italy. However, despite certain prospects, the decision on a radical modernization of the Kub air defense system, which remained in service with the Czech army, was never made. Apparently, this was due to the budget deficit of the military department of the Czech Republic.

The current state of the Czech anti-missile forces


Currently, the 25-th anti-aircraft missile regiment has two sections of guided anti-aircraft missiles: 251-I and 252-I. The 251 section includes four batteries of the upgraded Cube air defense systems. However, despite the fact that Czech “Cubes” are regularly shown at military parades and deployed around air bases and nuclear power plants during exercises, a number of experts express doubts about the combat capability of these complexes, whose missiles have long exceeded all service lives.


Launcher 2P25 ZRK "Cube", deployed during the exercise of Safeguard Temelin 2017 near Temelin NPP

According to information published in the media in the near future, the Czechs expect in the framework of allied assistance to receive from NATO partners air defense missile systems with a launch range of at least 100 km. These requirements are satisfied by the Patriot PAC-3 and Aster 30 complexes. However, given the fact that the rearmament program is estimated at $ 450 million, the prospects for its implementation are vague.


Czech ZRK short range RBS-70


Until recently, the firepower of the 252 section consisted of two batteries (8 complexes) short-range SAM systems RBS-70 and two self-propelled Strela-10М batteries (16 units). Currently, the Strela-10М short-range air defense system is being decommissioned, in the 2020 year it is planned to replace the RBS-70NG manufactured by Saab Dynamics AB, for which $ 50 million has been allocated.


ACS RACCOS


Since 2007, the automated control system RACCOS has been used for the operational control of the actions of 251 and 252 of the anti-aircraft missile sections. Like many other Czech air defense systems, the RACCOS ACS was created by RETIA. The compact air defense automated control system is located on the Tatra 815-26WR45 chassis with the 4х4 wheel formula. For autonomous power supply there is a trailed diesel generator.


Jobs operators ACS RACCOS


In order to reduce response time and promptly respond to threats, RACCOS ACS uses digital technologies. The modular system with an open architecture allows you to extend the life cycle and modernize the equipment in accordance with customer requirements. Information about the air situation and the commands required for command and control is transmitted in real time using a radio communication network. Automated control system integrates radar and air defense systems in the centralized. It allows you to exchange data at high speeds between air defense units at various levels.

Means of radar control of the airspace of the Czech Republic


In inheritance from the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic of the Czech Republic got an impressive fleet of radars, most of which were built using outdated element base. At the same time write-off site-S-75M / M3, C-125M / M1A and C-200VE and military complexes "Circle" Czech Armed Forces refused to radar: P-12, P-14, P-15, P-30M , P-35. More modern: Defense-14, P-18, P-19 and P-40 - resigned in the first decade of the 21 century. Due to the high complexity and cost of maintaining working conditions, the Czechs abandoned the 5Н87 (“Cabin-66”) and 64Ж6 (“Cabin-66М”) radar systems, as well as the three-coordinate radar 22-X6М (“Desna-M”).

Currently, the responsibility for the radar control of the airspace over the Czech Republic is assigned to the 26 th regiment of control, warning and surveillance. The seven radar companies of the 262 radio battalion are engaged in direct coverage of the air situation, determination of the coordinates and characteristics of the air targets necessary for issuing target designation of the air defense system and targeting fighter-interceptors. The 262-m rtb operates circular stations: P-37M, CT-68U (CZ), Selex RAT-31 DL, Pardubice RL-4AS and RL-4AM Morad, as well as radio height meters PRV-17. Radar posts are evenly distributed throughout the country and ensure the formation of a continuous radar field.


Location of radar posts in the Czech Republic


Two-coordinate radar P-37M on duty, operating in the centimeter frequency range and used in conjunction with altimeter PRV-17, are the most popular in the Czech Air Force. At the beginning of the 21 century, the P-37M and PRV-17 underwent a major overhaul and "minor modernization" at the RETIA plant in Pardubice. Now these stations are in the final stages of their life cycle and in the next few years should be decommissioned.


Satellite image of Google Earth: radar post as part of the P-37M and PRV-17 radars in the vicinity of the village of Polička

To compensate for the gaps that may occur in the radar field after the P-37M radar was written off, the Czech Ministry of Defense ordered 8 ELTA EL / M-2084MR radars with a total cost of $ 112,3 million. According to the contract with the Israeli Elta Systems, some of the components will be supplied by the Czech company RETIA .


Antenna post radar EL / M-2084


The EL / M-2084 three-coordinate radar operating in the 2 - 4 GHz frequency band is mounted on a mobile chassis and can detect artillery positions at a distance of up to 100 km, and air targets - up to 410 km. The first Israeli-made radar should be put on alert in 2020.

In addition to the P-37M radar, two Soviet-made radars are in use in the Czech Republic - CT-68U. These three-dimensional radar combat mode, set shortly before the collapse of the ATS, and is now considered quite modern.


Satellite image of Google Earth: Radar ST-68U in the vicinity of the settlement of Tzhebotovig


In 2008, RETIA launched a radar overhaul and retrofit program. The upgraded stations received the designation ST-68U СZ. Through the use of modern element base, it was possible to increase the level of reliability and sensitivity of the receiving path. The radar introduced new means of displaying information and communication. In contrast to the P-37M, the Czechs are not going to abandon ST-68U СZ stations, and intend to keep them in service for at least 10 years.

The first Czech development brought to mass production in the field of radar, was the Pardubice RL-4AS radar. Its creation was carried out by TESLA Pardubice specialists from the middle of 1980-x. Deliveries of radars RL-4AS began after the independence of the Czech Republic and Slovakia.


Antenna post radar RL-4AS


Originally, this two-coordinate station was created to control air traffic at airports and did not have digital signal processing. In the second half of the 1990-x, the radar was modified to increase noise immunity, and several copies were sent to the radar companies of the joint command of the Air Force-Air Defense of the Czech Republic. The station consists of an antenna post, a van with equipment and two diesel power generators. Three Tatra 148 trucks are used to transport all items. With a pulse power 800 kW, the “militarized” radar RL-4AS is capable of seeing a target flying at an altitude of 9000 m at a distance of up to 200 km.


Radar RL-4AM Morad


An upgraded version of the station with digital information processing is known as RL-4AM Morad. This radar uses modern element base, the antenna post is located on a hardware van.

To the south-east of Brno, in the vicinity of the settlement of Sokolnice, is the stationary radar Selex RAT-31 DL. In the past, the radar complex 64Ж6 (“Cabin-66М”) was deployed at this place, which gave out a target designation to the 76-z zbrbr division of the 2-th air defense division. Radar Selex RAT-31 DL is made by the Italian company Leonardo and is designed to continuously monitor the airspace in a radius of 500 km.


Czech radar radar Selex RAT-31 DL


Under the radio-transparent dome mounted on a concrete base, there is an active phased array antenna radiating in the 1-1,5 GHz band and performing 6 revolutions per minute.


Satellite image of Google Earth: Radar Selex RAT-31 DL in the vicinity of Sokolnice


Radar Selex RAT-31 DL in Sokolnice entered service in 2008 year. Currently, this powerful radar is considered a key element of the Czech air defense. Information from it directly in automatic mode is transmitted to the joint command of NATO and to the national command center of air defense in Stara Boleslav, known as the 261 th Control and warning center.

In addition to airspace monitoring with ground-based radars, in 2011 the Czech Republic became the eighteenth country to participate in NATO's Airborne Early Warning and Control (NAEW & C) program with AWACS aircraft. Participation in the NAEW & C program costs the Czech Republic about $ 4 million per year.

After joining NATO in 1999, Prague was forced to spend significant financial resources to switch to communications and control systems compliant with NATO standards. At the same time, an audit of the military inheritance inherited from Czechoslovakia was carried out. The Czech Republic was unable to allocate funds for defense needs comparable to those spent during the Cold War, which inevitably led to a dramatic reduction in defense spending and could not but affect the air defense forces. According to experts who observed the Czech military who participated in NATO maneuvers, they have a fairly high level of training, but the Czech air defense forces are very small and unable to cover most of the strategically important facilities in the country. Currently, the Czech ground air defense forces and the fighter fleet meet the requirements of peacetime, but are not able to withstand a collision with a strong enemy.

The ending should ...
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49 comments
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  1. -14
    12 June 2019 18: 42
    I do not understand such attention in the Czech Republic. Is she our potential adversary?
    1. +14
      12 June 2019 19: 13
      I do not understand such attention in the Czech Republic. Is she our potential adversary?

      Well, are you just not interested in knowing the state of the Czech air defense for the sake of overall development?
      1. +9
        12 June 2019 19: 57
        Quote: armata_armata
        not interested to know the state of the air defense of the Czech Republic for the sake of common development?

        hi
        Apparently uninteresting.
        And the comments - for the sake of witty and a couple of pluses.
        1. -12
          12 June 2019 21: 07
          And what is your interest?) Your life will improve from this information?) How can you apply this information in your being?)
          1. +7
            12 June 2019 21: 11
            Quote: Aliken
            And what is your interest?)

            I am interested in reading the works of the author
            Quote: Aliken
            Will your life improve on this information?)

            I have been learning all my life. Life does not improve from this, but any information may be useful. For example, in a conversation with the military.
            1. -9
              13 June 2019 01: 34
              To show off knowledge? And what is the practical benefit of your knowledge to the military?) Just tryndet? Or, can you put something important to the military so that they defeat the Czech Republic?)) I have the honor.
              1. +6
                13 June 2019 07: 21
                Quote: Aliken
                To shine knowledge?

                To keep the conversation going.

                Quote: Aliken
                I have the honor.

                Do you have it?
      2. -11
        12 June 2019 21: 01
        Absolutely not. For me, this is superfluous information, which gives nothing to either the mind or the heart.
        1. +8
          12 June 2019 21: 13
          Quote: Aliken
          Absolutely not. For me, this is superfluous information, which gives nothing to either the mind or the heart.

          Maybe you went to the wrong site?
          What are you looking for "for the heart" on VO?
          1. -9
            13 June 2019 01: 27
            The history of their own country for the mind and heart. Military including. The history of weapons. International analytics. And the Czech Republic’s air defense absolutely doesn’t fall into this outline. My mind eliminates such unnecessary and unnecessary information, you can not eat everything. I have the honor.
            1. +8
              13 June 2019 02: 47
              Quote: Aliken
              The history of their own country for the mind and heart. Military including. The history of weapons. International analytics. And the Czech Republic’s air defense absolutely doesn’t fall into this outline. My mind eliminates such unnecessary and unnecessary information, you can not eat everything. I have the honor.

              Apparently in this publication, which is part of the Czechoslovakian air defense cycle, we are talking about breeding violets, and he has nothing to do with military equipment and military history? If you are not interested, why should we clog the thread with similar comments?
              1. -11
                13 June 2019 06: 26
                You litter it with empty squabbles, didn’t it occur to you? After all, my commeterium could simply be ignored, but you have been planting this canoe for the third day, calm down and the branch will not be clogged.
                1. +4
                  13 June 2019 07: 23
                  Quote: Aliken
                  After all, my commentary could simply be ignored,

                  Why didn't you just ignore the article?
                  Write any nonsense.
                  Is this your patriotism?
                  1. -10
                    13 June 2019 10: 07
                    I write my opinion and have the right to it. Enough, fed up with your whining.
                    1. +3
                      14 June 2019 07: 56
                      Quote: Aliken
                      Enough, tired of their whining.

                      Quote: Aliken
                      You and litter it with empty squabbles, it did not occur to you?

                      Young man! To blame others for what you are doing yourself is the best entry for someone who ends his opuses with a pretentious: "I have the honor." good But for now, what I see on the branch is only one whiner and lover of squabbles. negative
                      1. -6
                        14 June 2019 08: 41
                        Less than six months I see him in you. Calm down already, get busy, than scribbling me their excuses.
                      2. +3
                        14 June 2019 10: 33
                        Quote: Aliken
                        Less than six months I see him in you. Calm down already, get busy, than scribbling me their excuses.

                        wink
              2. +2
                14 June 2019 14: 04
                Quote: Bongo
                Apparently in this publication, which is part of the Czechoslovak air defense cycle, we are talking about breeding violets,

                It would be nice to have violets, otherwise we had to disguise the "Star of David" with improvised materials, and carry turf to new positions several kilometers away, and fortunately if the raspberry tree was nearby, which was growing rapidly, and there were problems with camouflage
                1. +2
                  14 June 2019 14: 08
                  Quote: Amurets
                  It would be nice to have violets, otherwise it was necessary to mask the "Star of David" with improvised materials, and to carry the turf to new positions of the position several kilometers away, and fortunately if the raspberry was nearby and then there were problems with camouflage

                  Nikolai, welcome!
                  In my time, nobody did it. Yes, and I found C-75 and C-125 already under a curtain, shortly before their cancellation. C-200BM lasted longer, but no one tried to mask them.
      3. -4
        12 June 2019 22: 07
        And what is it (Czech defense) interesting? Was the USSR was the defense of Czechoslovakia, there is no USSR, in fact there is no Czechoslovakia or the defense of Czechoslovakia. And Czechoslovakia, too.
        1. +6
          13 June 2019 02: 43
          Quote: Dmitry Potapov
          And what is it (Czech defense) interesting? Was the USSR was the defense of Czechoslovakia, there is no USSR, in fact there is no Czechoslovakia or the defense of Czechoslovakia. And Czechoslovakia, too.

          Czech air defense is a very good example. This publication is a review from the period of the Second World War. At the moment, despite a drastic reduction in the military budget, the Czech Republic has not abandoned the national air defense system. The Czech industry is engaged in the modernization and production of radar technology. How many countries can boast of this?
    2. -9
      12 June 2019 19: 16
      Not potential, but impotent, but an opponent!
      1. +7
        12 June 2019 19: 47
        Quote: COJIDAT
        Not potential, but impotent, but an opponent!

        There is no greater misfortune than to underestimate the enemy (Lao Tse)
    3. +11
      12 June 2019 19: 25
      Quote: Aliken
      I do not understand such attention in the Czech Republic.

      hi Attention is not IN, and the author.
      He is a literate and thorough person, so the defense of each country devotes a whole series of articles.
      What's the problem?
      1. -7
        12 June 2019 21: 03
        No problems. We will wait for information about the means of defense of Portugal.
        1. +7
          12 June 2019 22: 00
          Quote: Aliken
          No problems. We will wait for information about the means of defense of Portugal.

          And you go to the author's profile.
          Maybe he already wrote about the Portuguese air defense, but you did not know;) https://topwar.ru/user/Bongo/
          1. +7
            13 June 2019 02: 39
            Quote: Mister X
            Maybe he already wrote about the Portuguese air defense, but you did not know

            In a review of NATO air defense lol wink
            1. +3
              13 June 2019 14: 13
              Did I miss the NATO security review on the European continent? If so . then throw the link plz. hi Well, is it so interesting whether cubes, arrows, and other Soviet remnants will be fused to Ukraine to be fused or still cut over time? And it is strange that the United States did not create a mass program to replace old Soviet air defense systems with old American ones in eastern Europe. This is serious money. And it would be simple to justify them - eliminating potential holes in the air defense on the border with the potential enemy (us). Something Trump missed this topic. request
              1. +4
                13 June 2019 15: 18
                Quote: g1v2
                Did I miss the NATO security review on the European continent? If so . then throw the link plz.

                Please:
                https://topwar.ru/98346-sistema-pvo-nato-v-evrope-chast-2-ya.html
                This is the second part, at the end there is an active link to the 1-th part.
                Quote: g1v2
                Well, is it so interesting whether cubes, arrows and other Soviet remnants of Ukraine will be floated or will they eventually be cut?

                These complexes are extremely worn out, and most importantly anywhere else except for the USSR, rockets were not made for them. Now available missiles repeatedly delayed service life, their reliability is questionable, and shooting them may be unsafe.
                1. 0
                  13 June 2019 22: 28
                  In theory, Ukraine is now trying on its own to extend the life of missiles and even sort out them. And in any case, the Europeans do not need trash, but I don’t want to use spare parts for what they have. At least the arrows they operate.
                2. +2
                  13 June 2019 22: 31
                  Thank you for the link. I understood why I didn’t see it - it was written 3 years ago.
                3. 0
                  13 June 2019 23: 02
                  By the way, in that article a map of the radar and positions of the air defense system was given. And on it is just a hole in the region of Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Is it really that there are no radars in the Czech Republic, but in Slovakia are they only in the Bratislava region or is this a map flaw? Just against the background of densely-poured radars of Romania and Poland, the emptiness over the Czech Republic and Slovakia looks strange. Yes, and the territory of the former GDR looks empty.
        2. +4
          13 June 2019 05: 21
          Quote: Aliken
          No problems. We will wait for information about the means of defense of Portugal.

          And the most interesting, in Damentsev’s article, about the capabilities of the forces and means of missile defense of the Kuril Islands
          1. +4
            13 June 2019 15: 19
            Quote: Amurets
            And the most interesting, in Damentsev’s article, about the capabilities of the forces and means of missile defense of the Kuril Islands

            Nicholas, this nonsense Damantsev was generally a masterpiece, but many took him seriously wassat
            1. +2
              14 June 2019 14: 17
              Quote: Bongo
              Nikolay, this nonsense of Damantsev was generally a masterpiece,

              No words, only expressions, laughed to colic in my stomach.
    4. +1
      13 June 2019 14: 08
      Is not it so? Is she already out of NATO? belay
  2. +8
    12 June 2019 19: 28
    I thank the author for the next part of the Czech air defense!
    As usual on top good

    In 2012-2013 in Italy, Aspide 2000 missile test launches took place in Italy.
    Author: Linnik Sergey

    So is the Aspide 2000 SAM done or the Czech Republic purchased experimental missiles?
    1. +5
      13 June 2019 02: 38
      Quote: Mister X
      So is the Aspide 2000 SAM done or the Czech Republic purchased experimental missiles?

      My friend, hello! drinks
      Under Aspid, 2000 redid one SURN and one SPU. This complex was not accepted for service. In my opinion, this is a fairly successful attempt at modernization.
      1. +3
        13 June 2019 08: 00
        Quote: Bongo
        Under Aspid, 2000 redid one SURN and one SPU.

        Do I understand correctly that 1 SURN and 1 SPU, converted to Asp, do not carry combat duty?
        And for further modernization and operation, can the Czech Republic buy Aspide Mk.1 or AIM-7 Sparrow missiles?
        1. +2
          13 June 2019 15: 22
          Quote: Mister X
          Do I understand correctly that 1 SURN and 1 SPU, converted to Asp, do not carry combat duty?

          Right. They were not accepted into service. But the Czech "Cubes" and so do not carry a permanent database, only occasionally deployed in exercises. Military complexes are generally poorly suited for this. And the air defense systems built more than 30 years ago are at the limit of their resource.
          Quote: Mister X
          And for further modernization and operation, can the Czech Republic buy Aspide Mk.1 or AIM-7 Sparrow missiles?

          Michael, but for what? These are air-to-air missiles, and they are quite old.
          1. +4
            13 June 2019 18: 51
            Quote: Bongo
            These are air-to-air missiles, and they are quite old.

            Now everything fell into place)
            Thanks for the clarifications!
  3. +9
    12 June 2019 19: 39
    The Czech Republic is a technological country, its small arms are one of the best in the world. In principle, with financing, the Czech Republic will be able to actually produce any types of weapons
  4. +5
    12 June 2019 19: 59
    Why should the Czech Republic invest in air defense? Nobody is going to attack her (and if they attack, the Czechs will still surrender and will fight for freedom, but after work). And they know it very well. So they are doing everything right.
    1. +2
      12 June 2019 23: 57
      Quote: iouris
      Nobody is going to attack her (and if they attack, the Czechs will still surrender and will fight for freedom, but after work).

      You forgot to wear black shirts in protest.
  5. +6
    12 June 2019 20: 49
    In the days of the USSR, air defense of Czechoslovakia was relevant, there was a line of contact between the ATS and NATO. Then this line shifted much east, between Russia and NATO. The question is, why goat button accordion? There are no goals for air defense, which means there is no need to spend money on it. Hence the optimization and reduction.
  6. +3
    13 June 2019 00: 27
    However, more than half of the air defense systems of the Czechoslovakia air defense forces were first-generation complexes with missiles that required refueling with liquid fuel and an oxidizing agent.
    Our rocketry did not exist without liquid fuel, and those solid propellants that were had major drawbacks. But the main scourge was the element base. Thousands of lamps did not bring stability to the operation of air defense systems, especially mobile ones. In addition to the unstable operation during the heating process, the electric vacuum devices "ate" a lot of electricity. And this is fuel, which still had to be delivered to distant points. However, I don't know how in Czechoslovakia, but in our North and Far East, there was also a different problem.
  7. +5
    13 June 2019 06: 24
    Quote: Bongo
    Quote: Aliken
    The history of their own country for the mind and heart. Military including. The history of weapons. International analytics. And the Czech Republic’s air defense absolutely doesn’t fall into this outline. My mind eliminates such unnecessary and unnecessary information, you can not eat everything. I have the honor.

    Apparently in this publication, which is part of the Czechoslovakian air defense cycle, we are talking about breeding violets, and he has nothing to do with military equipment and military history? If you are not interested, why should we clog the thread with similar comments?

    It happens that a random bot bot accidentally flies on a topic to the author for whom this site was created once! laughing
    Yes, and the author, as always, 5+
  8. +4
    13 June 2019 06: 26
    Quote: Mister X
    Quote: COJIDAT
    Not potential, but impotent, but an opponent!

    There is no greater misfortune than to underestimate the enemy (Lao Tse)

    There is no greater misfortune than our patriotism of the brain!
    1. +3
      14 June 2019 07: 57
      Quote: Vasily199
      There is no greater misfortune than our patriotism of the brain!

      Only the orthodoxy of the brain! wassat

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