Swedish dragon. SAAB 35 Draken

41
Today, Sweden is one of the few European countries that can independently design and launch a combat aircraft from scratch. In this regard, this is an atypical European state. Sweden's industry covers 75-80 percent of the needs of the armed forces in weapons and military equipment. For a country that remains neutral, these are excellent indicators. The flagship of the Swedish aircraft industry is the Saab JAS 39 Gripen multirole fighter. The aircraft is sold for export and is able to compete with leading aviation powers. The first model to become successful in the international market was the SAAB 35 Draken supersonic fighter, developed in Sweden in the mid-1950s.

The appearance of the aircraft SAAB 35 Draken


First, allow yourself a lyrical digression. The plane with the beautiful name "Draken" ("Dragon") was distinguished by a memorable appearance. Aircraft scheme was radically new, but the main secret was in the wing Bartini - double delta wing sweep, deltoid plan. Such a wing made the aircraft so recognizable. For many years, the prefabricated models of SAAB 35 were produced in huge editions in the USSR and the Warsaw Pact countries. In the Soviet Union, such models cost 60 kopecks, so many boys and adults who were fond of modeling managed to assemble their own Swedish dragon.



The idea of ​​building a new supersonic fighter was already in the Swedish air at the end of the 1940s. The order to design the aircraft was given by the Royal Swedish Air Force, who felt the need for a supersonic interceptor fighter (speed up to 1,5M). The main purpose of the new combat aircraft was to fight enemy bombers who flew at high subsonic speeds. Naturally, the creation of the fighter was commissioned by the Swedish aerospace and defense company SAAB - a monopolist in the development of Swedish aircraft. Already in August, 1949, the new aircraft found the factory index FM250 and the world-famous name - Draken.



The aircraft was subject to stringent climb requirements, flight altitude and supersonic flight speed. The appetites of the military grew, and soon it was already a question of flying at Mach 1,7-1,8 speeds. Separately allocated requirements for weapons. The new fighter was to receive cannon armament, as well as the use of guided missiles "Air-air", and rockets of various calibers. Swedish military expected to get a new aircraft with a set of weapons that will help the pilot to cope with the tasks of intercepting enemy aircraft without pointing from the ground. A separate line was the requirements for the availability of repair and maintenance of the aircraft. Emphasis was placed on the smallest possible number of personnel and ease of access to the structural elements, the work required to carry out under any weather conditions. The possibility of a fighter taking off from lanes up to 3000 meters and a width up to 13 meters was also stipulated; this requirement opened up at least 400 new runways for the Swedish military, which were used for public roads. The voiced set of requirements was a difficult task for Swedish designers, but SAAB engineers coped with its solution.

In order to meet all the requirements of the military, some of which contradicted each other, the Swedish designers turned to unconventional solutions. For example, the high speed of the future fighter had to be combined with the preservation of high maneuverability, as well as the possibility of using the take-off and landing of the runway, which was used by the subsonic Swedish fighters of the previous generation - Saab 29 Tunnan. The all-weather requirements put forward by the Swedish military required the installation of additional equipment and instruments on the aircraft, and the requirements for the climb rate - on the contrary, suggested the greatest possible reduction in the fighter's mass.

Already at the design stage, it became clear that to refer to the classical scheme is meaningless. Place the necessary equipment, fuel and weapons in a glider with a limited size, it was not possible. For this reason, SAAB engineers have turned to the delta wing wing scheme that is just emerging. After the Swedish designers weight estimations of the future fighter revealed a new problem - excessive rear centering plane. The designers were required to make a decision again: either engage in lengthening the nose of the fighter, or invent something new. And such a solution was found - the Bartini wing - a delta (triangular) wing of double sweep. The triangular wing is lighter and tougher than the swept as well as the straight wing, the designers are turning to a form where the aircraft needs to provide Mach 2 flight speeds and higher.



In 1953, SAAB received an order from the military for the construction of three prototypes of the future aircraft. This was preceded by a series of tests for the approval of the selected concept and layout to subsonic aircraft smaller Saab 210. The first of the full-size prototypes built SAAB 35 Draken took to the skies in October 25 1955 years. Next year, the first operational batch of fighters that received the J35A index went into mass production. The flight of the first serial "Dragon" took place in Sweden in February 1958, and in 1960, the aircraft was officially adopted by the Swedish Air Force.

For the Swedish Air Force, seven different models of this fighter were created, of which one Sk 35C was a trainer double, the other - S 35E - a reconnaissance plane, the other five remained interceptor fighters (versions A, B, D, F, J ). The most advanced model of the “Dragon” was the modernization of SAAB J35J Draken. According to this project, from 1987 to 1991, the 62 fighter, which remained in service with the Swedish Air Force until the 1999, was remade. The upgraded interceptor received a new radar, avionics, recognition system "friend or foe", additional infrared sensors, warning system of dangerous approach to the ground. Externally, the interceptor differed from its predecessors by the presence of two additional pylons located under the wings.

Design features of the fighter SAAB 35 Draken


Supersonic fighter SAAB 35 Draken was a sredneplan deltoid wing with a double sweep. This is a single interceptor fighter, which, if necessary, was used to attack ground targets. The aircraft had an all-metal construction, resistant to overload. The maximum overload was estimated at 8g, and the breaking structure was rated 20g. Preparing a fighter for an hour-long flight took man-hours from the 20 service personnel.



The fuselage of the SAAB 35 Draken fighter consisted of a wing center section with a working skin and the fuselage itself, in front of which the radar was installed. In the fuselage, there was an airtight cockpit with an air conditioning system, equipment and weapons compartments, a compartment to accommodate the front landing gear, fuel tanks and tail landing gear. Structurally, the fuselage included two parts - the nose and tail. In addition to the main parts, it included a garruth, air intakes, landing gear flaps, and a cockpit canopy (on versions with one pilot, it was folded up and back, and on the training “two-seater” - to the right side). The nose of the Swedish fighter fuselage was combined with the center section, to which was attached a turbojet engine, which received an afterburner chamber. In the center section there were also fuel tanks of the aircraft, various equipment and part of the armament, as well as compartments designed to accommodate the main landing gear. On the tail end of the interceptor fighter, there were special mounts for hanging arms or hanging fuel tank. Immediately before the afterburner of the engine there were four brake flaps.

The fighter's keel was connected to the fuselage and center-section with the help of bolts. In the upper part of the fuselage was a garrote, it began immediately behind the cockpit, inside the garrotette were laid pipelines and cables. The panel of its skin was made easily removable, which facilitated the process of maintenance and carrying out routine maintenance. In the gargrote there were air intakes for cooling various aircraft systems, and in the tail section there was a compartment in which the braking parachute was stored.

The “Dragon” feature was the triangular wing of variable sweep. On the leading edge and in the near-fuselage areas, the sweep angle was 80 degrees, in the end areas of the wing - 57 degrees. The landing gear of the aircraft is a normal scheme, three-post. The nose landing gear was retracted into the fuselage forward in the direction of flight, the main ones were retracted in the wing console in the direction from the fighter's fuselage. After the appearance on the fighter engine with a more powerful afterburner chamber on the "Dragon" appeared tail landing gear, which also retracted into its own niche. Additional landing gear defended the bottom of the fuselage, it was important when landing the aircraft in field conditions.



The SAAB 35 Draken fighter system included tanks in the fuselage (soft - rear and hard - front), as well as caisson tanks in the wing with a total capacity of thousands of liters of 4. Realizing that the placement of the fuel significantly affects the position of the center of gravity of the aircraft, the designers created a special electronic-mechanical dosing system, which regulated the fuel consumption.

On most SAAB 35 Draken fighters, the Avon 300 series engine (Volvo Flygmotor RM-6C) was mounted, this is a Swedish licensed copy of the British Rolls-Royce Avon RA.24 engine. In this case, the turbojet engine received an afterburner of Swedish production. With this engine interceptor successfully stormed speed threshold at two Mach dispersed at a height to 2150 km / h.

Armament fighter consisted of one or two automatic aircraft guns caliber 30-mm (stock projectiles - 100 on the barrel). Also on the car there were 9 suspension points of various weapons. Including air-to-air guided missiles, the most common were American-made Rb.27 licensed missiles (US AIM-26B with a high-explosive fragmentation warhead) - range up to 8-16 km and Rb.28 Sidewinder (US AIM- 9) - start-up distance to 18 km. Also, the aircraft could carry blocks of unguided aircraft missiles to attack ground targets caliber 75-mm or 135-mm NAR and a line of unguided aerial bombs weighing up to 1000 pounds (454 kg).


Combat Training Option SAAB Sk 35C


Instead of an epilogue


Fighter SAAB 35 Draken in various embodiments, the mass-produced in Sweden by 1955 1974 year. During this period, the factory shops left the 651 fighter of various modifications. After the completion of serial production, the aircraft was repeatedly upgraded, which extended the machine’s operation to 2005. In addition to the Swedish Air Force "Dragons" received the Air Force of neighboring countries - Denmark and Finland, also the SAAB 35 Draken fighters entered service with the Austrian Air Force. Another 6 machines were operated by the National Test Pilot School in the United States. For a small Scandinavian country, it was a success. The previous Draken model Saab 29 Tunnan fighter was able to export only to one country.

It can be noted that the fighter service SAAB 35 Draken passed without any vivid details. This is a classic airplane worker. The fighter did not participate in combat operations, did not differ in increased accident rate and did not kill pilots in air crashes, the pilots did not set world records on the SAAB 35. Adopted by the Swedish Air Force in 1960, the aircraft was officially decommissioned only in 1999. The whole service of "Dragon" is best characterized by one word - honest.


SAAB J35 Draken Austrian Air Force


Flight specifications of SAAB J35F Draken:
Overall dimensions: length - 15,35 m, height - 3,89 m, wing span - 9,42 m, wing area - 49,22 m2.
Empty weight - 7425 kg.
Normal take-off weight - 11 914 kg.
Maximum take-off weight - 16 000 kg.
The power plant - TRD Volvo Flygmotor RM-6C (Avon Series 300), thrust - 56,89 kN, afterburner - 78,51 kN.
The maximum flight speed is 2125 km / h (at a height of 11 000 m).
Combat radius of action - 1930 km.
Practical range with PTB - 3250 km.
Practical ceiling - 20 000 m.
Armament: 30-mm automatic gun m / 55 (100 ammo).
Combat load - 2900 kg (9 suspension units): UR air-to-air class, NAR, unguided bombs weighing up to 1000 pounds (454 kg).
Crew - 1 man.

Fighter SAAB J35J Draken, Photo: ru-aviation.livejournal.com















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  1. +5
    April 24 2019 18: 10
    Truly, "not hysterical impulses, but a planned step" ...
  2. +13
    April 24 2019 18: 22
    It looks very brutal, and the performance characteristics for such an easy fighter! In short, the Swedes are handsome and well done !!!
    1. +6
      April 25 2019 07: 11
      I absolutely agree.
      Well done Swedes, everyone can.
      And the standard of living is one of the highest in the world, and airplanes are made, and cars, and ships, and weapons, and in general the level of industrial development - "God forbid everyone!" Moreover, they play well hockey.
      At the same time, the population in the country is approximately 10 million people.
      I don’t understand one thing. How do they all manage?
  3. +4
    April 24 2019 18: 36
    Beautiful plane.
  4. +7
    April 24 2019 18: 51
    hi ...Thank
    The plane with the beautiful name "Draken" ("Dragon") was notable for its memorable appearance .... hi
    feel ... Sorry, I’ll add Viggen for comparison ... without TTX.
    1. +2
      April 24 2019 23: 13
      I saw Saab planes in the aviation museums in Linkoping, they look very lively live, especially the dragon and the duck, the flu was the very kid of them.
  5. +10
    April 24 2019 19: 13
    The J-35 model produced by the GDR is the only one I have left over from the 70's. Just do not cease to admire the perfection of the glider of this car. Many thanks to the author for a very good article. hi
    1. +4
      April 24 2019 19: 15
      It is about this model that the author writes - produced by VEB Plastikart. Others in the USSR and the social camp were not issued.
      1. Alf
        0
        April 25 2019 19: 47
        Quote: Quzmi4
        It is about this model that the author writes - produced by VEB Plastikart. Others in the USSR and the social camp were not issued.

        Do you know anything about the company KR and SMER from Czechoslovakia?
    2. +3
      April 24 2019 23: 39
      Scale 1: 100, the Germans released.
      And in '96 I had the opportunity to get to a military airfield and there the J-35, which was not flying, stood modestly on the sidelines, and the Swedes persistently refused to even look into the cockpit request
      1. +1
        April 25 2019 05: 27
        Quote: Pete Mitchell
        Scale 1: 100, the Germans released.
        And in '96 I had the opportunity to get to a military airfield and there the J-35, which was not flying, stood modestly on the sidelines, and the Swedes persistently refused to even look into the cockpit request

        There is happiness, it cannot but eat. lol
        Thank you for the full story, consisting of a single sentence. It was not enough for you to contemplate the Swedish "Dragon" at the airport, but also such a literary success! good Believe me, I'm not ironic, all this is worth a lot. It is unfortunate that I can’t put you more than one plus point - separately for your failure to miss a happy accident at the airport and for your surprisingly harmonious story. There is no reason for the grunt, you did everything you could. And the Vikings, most likely, simply performed their duties. The service is like that. lol
        If possible, report the location of this aerodrome. hi
        1. 0
          April 25 2019 11: 08
          "Washed up" rightfully for me in haste.
          The airfield was near Gothenburg. Against the background of how openly they showed everything, the ban on lifting the non-flying J-35 on a stepladder looked ridiculous.
          Have a nice day
    3. +8
      April 25 2019 02: 53
      Quote: Herrr
      The J-35 model produced by the GDR is the only one I have left over from the 70's. Just do not cease to admire the perfection of the glider of this car. Many thanks to the author for a very good article.

      I put a "+" on the article, but unfortunately the author "didn't dig too deep". Service J-35 in the Austrian Air Force ended relatively recently. And in the United States, they are still used to simulate enemy aircraft in exercises.
      1. +2
        April 25 2019 04: 02
        "+" You, but I do not know where to put the article. what
  6. +4
    April 24 2019 19: 30
    At one time, at the turn of 90 x, I glued one from a vacuum ... It was difficult to horror, but I really wanted such an exotic to the collection!)))
  7. +7
    April 24 2019 20: 14
    In Sweden, the military industry is very distinctive. Fighters, small arms, Karl Gustav grenade launchers, crazy tanks. Wherever you dig, everything is original. Design schools deserve respect. After the magic pendel of Peter the Great, they are seriously engaged in defense. Even Hitler did not test them for strength.
    1. +7
      April 24 2019 22: 03
      I did not consider it necessary and worthy of attention. For what the Swedes had in 1940, the German car would grind without choking.
    2. +1
      April 30 2019 18: 24
      Quote: Ali Kokand
      Even Hitler did not test their strength.

      He didn’t have to. Sweden was the sky behind the Reich, which produced high-tech things, in particular, high-quality bearings AB SKF (Gothenburg). In addition, Sweden, regardless of the party composition of the government, has always pursued an extremely anti-Russian and anti-Soviet policy, and in this sense, the Swedes are allies of all opponents of the USSR and the Russian Federation. German Goering was closely associated with the Swedish establishment, which, incidentally, became Carlson's prototype.
  8. +2
    April 24 2019 22: 09
    Original and beautiful car. Thanks to the author!
  9. +7
    April 24 2019 23: 05
    Today, Sweden is one of the few European countries that can independently design and launch a combat aircraft from scratch.

    With all due respect to Swedish engineering in general and aircraft construction in particular, this statement is fundamentally wrong: the first flight of the Grippen took place more than 30 (Thirty) years ago, in 1988.
    Since then Sweden created nothing new. So "can" - this is a big question. Could ... 30 years ago.
    Another thing is that both "Rafal" and "Typhoon" are from about the same time. And in the rest of Europe, nothing new has also appeared since then (except for the French drone Dassault nEUROn, the prospects of which are still rather vague).
    Alas! The world aircraft industry is practically dead! Boeing and Airbus cut the market for long-haul liners, buying up all kinds of "little things" like Bombardier along the way. Little Tsakhes (F-35) is sucking money from the budgets of several dozen countries - in the near future they will simply not be able to create anything new themselves (that's it! There is no money !!!). Even the USA.
    Project Su-57 stalled.
    As a result, the fighter market is occupied by machines originally from the 1970s (F-16, F-18 and Su-27).
    "Dvizhuha" only in the quadcopter segment ...
    1. +3
      April 24 2019 23: 14
      Quote: PilotS37
      Since then, Sweden has not created anything new.

      Grippen E (as well as the F-16V, F / A-18E, Su-35, etc.) is actually a new car in the outlines of the old.
      1. +7
        April 24 2019 23: 44
        You see, colleague, my experience as an aerodynamicist at the Sukhoi Design Bureau led me to understand one simple fact: a car is created once. If the "outlines" are successful, then they can be filled with new content many times, "and if not, then no!"
        Grippen E is a new "board", electronic filling. But the “glider”, which was created in the 1980s, has remained the same. The “Grippen” had an interesting concept that allows it to look “well done” even today (I wonder what will happen to the F-35 in 30 years? ..).
        And the T-10, for example, is 10 ... 15 years older than "Grippen", and it is still sold and sold ... It is newer and newer ... It was conceived like this in the late (terrible to say) 1960s (! !!) years.
        "Glider" is a Procrustean bed of a constructor. If you went through the process of real design "inside and out" at least once, the term "outline" would never appear in your brain! Aircraft construction is not painting! It is much more complicated and more beautiful (IMHO, of course).
        1. +1
          April 25 2019 06: 24
          Quote: PilotS37
          Grippen E is a new "board", electronic filling. But the "glider", which was created in the 1980s, has remained the same.

          Is not a fact. Glider - not only the external contours, but also the internal power structure, layout, materials. For example, the MiG-35 is almost identical in appearance to the MiG-29, but the airframe was redesigned. Yes, and aerodynamic qualities also improve.
          Quote: PilotS37
          And the T-10, for example, is 10 ... 15 years older than "Grippen", and it is still sold and sold ... It is newer and newer ... It was conceived like this in the late (terrible to say) 1960s (! !!) years.

          Seriously? Are you planning this right? And then why did they plant a garden with an ugly T-10-1?
          1. +4
            April 25 2019 08: 00
            Seriously? Are you planning this right? And then why did they plant a garden with an ugly T-10-1?

            "So" functionally (integrated circuit, high maneuverability, instability in the longitudinal channel, EDSU, etc.).
            A T-10-1 it seems You are ugly because the T-10C has appeared. If you were shown this picture in 1970, you would probably be speechless with delight. I and several dozen other students from Mayov first saw the T-10-1 in 1985 - in a film that was shown in our recreation center on the anniversary of Pal-Osich. When "Ten" appeared in the frame, the audience applauded almost standing! And it was exactly the T-10, although the Su-27 (T-10S) by that time was already in the series (but it was not shown on TV then).
            And then I came to work at the design bureau, learned the story of the transformation of the T-10 into the T10S, got the opportunity to look at it up close and even touch it with my hands ... Yes, what happened in the end is much better (and more beautiful!) Of the original version. It happens. The car was a breakthrough, very complex (Sukhoi loved just such solutions). People worked, gained experience, found new solutions ... And, by the way, the T-10S was not a revolution: something that did not justify itself was removed, something that had been invented "in the course of the play" was added ... brought "to mind". Normal workflow. Vaughn "Draken" also took more than 10 years to go into the series.
            1. +1
              April 25 2019 11: 08
              Ugly or not, this is of course a personal impression. Me and the MiG-29 seems more harmonious than "drying".
              But from its point of view (as an aircraft technician), "drying" is much more convenient to maintain than Mikoyan products. For example, all blocks of the automatic control system are arranged in one place, and on MiGs they are scattered in different places, etc.
  10. +8
    April 24 2019 23: 14
    The idea of ​​building a new supersonic fighter was already in the Swedish air in the late 1940s. The order for the design of the aircraft was issued by the Royal Swedish Air Force, who felt the need for a supersonic interceptor fighter (speed up to 1,5M)

    Surprisingly, this enchanting machine began to be created earlier ... MiG-19!
    The latter, although it was an "epoch-making machine", has long been handed over to the Museum of Design Idea, but the "Draken" still teases and excites the minds of layout designers and aerodynamics. The car, of course, is ancient, but the glider is a sight for sore eyes! Länge leve Sverige!
  11. +2
    April 24 2019 23: 14
    Dear author, nothing was said about the little dragon (lil Draken)
  12. +6
    April 24 2019 23: 17
    ... [Draken's main secret] was in the wing of Bartini

    So I strongly doubt that the Swedish designers of the mid-XNUMXth century had access to the works of R.L. Bartini generally knew who it was.
    Russia, of course, is the homeland of elephants, but not to such an extent: the Swedes invented the "double delta" themselves!
  13. +4
    April 24 2019 23: 58
    The possibility of a fighter takeoff from runways up to 3000 meters in length was also negotiated <...> this requirement opened up at least 400 new runways for the Swedish military, which were used as public roads
    /
    Dear author, there is something wrong!
    At Sheremetyevo, the new runway is 3700 m long, and the Draken takes off from 800 m runways. And this is one of its main advantages. 3 km runway is not for fighters! This is not for Sweden!
    Even in Russia with its notorious expanses, finding an absolutely straight 3 km stretch is a problem, and even more so in mountainous Sweden! You misunderstood something in the text you read! - Maybe there were "feet" instead of "meters"?
  14. +2
    April 25 2019 00: 03
    In order to satisfy all the requirements of the military, some of which contradicted each other ...

    There is no "crime" here: the plane itself is a rather controversial thing. For example, the desire to get short (and safe!) Takeoff and landing at the root ruins the range and maximum speed. And this is just so - for the seed ...
    And it’s quite natural that the military wants the impossible - that’s why they need a designer (otherwise the military would have managed it themselves :-)).
  15. +3
    April 25 2019 00: 21
    For this reason, SAAB engineers turned to the only emerging delta-shaped circuit.

    All the "feature" of "Draken" was in the "double delta".
    If I am not confusing anything, for the first time something similar was suggested by V.A. Chizhevsky (even before the War!).
    In fact, for its time, "Draken" was a mind-blowing aircraft: SAAB simply broke all ideas about "how to make fighters". If they had the budgets of Soviet or American design bureaus, they would not have done anything fundamentally better then.
  16. +3
    April 25 2019 00: 46
    The triangular wing is lighter and stiffer than the swept as well as the straight wing, the designers turn to such a form when the aircraft needs to provide Mach 2 speeds and above.

    Well, for starters, a direct wing, all other things being equal (bearing properties) will always be lighter than a triangular one (it is clear that the author himself never designed airplanes).
    In addition, the Draken had a "milking delta", and not a banal delta wing like the MiG-21, for example. It is important!
    The triangular wing is good for supersonic, but it has very low load-bearing capabilities: takeoff, landing and subsonic maneuvering on such aircraft is a problem!
    True, subsonic maneuvering on aircraft with swept wings is an even bigger problem: on triangular wings (with an aspect ratio of less than 2,3), powerful vortex currents appear, which allow such aircraft to fly at angles of attack of more than 20 degrees, which partially solves the problem of low bearing properties. But swept wings do not have such vortex systems, therefore stalls and "corkscrews" are the harsh "truth of life" there.
    The "trick" of the "double delta" is that the vortex system is even more powerful there than on the "simple" delta wing (the second vortex "sits" on the break of the leading edge of the wing), and the bearing properties are higher (due to the relatively small sweep of the end parts wing and a large total area of ​​such a design).
    Plus, you can create a huge "influx" near the fuselage: large internal volumes, "integral" layout, an increase in bearing properties (due to the large wing area), a decrease in focus displacements ... There is a lot there!
    By the way, "Draken" is also a pioneer in the implementation of "integral" layout: there were simply no such schemes before it, and after that - only the Su-27 and MiG-29 ...
    1. 0
      April 25 2019 08: 20
      How many "superlatives" you have! But the plane certainly deserves it. But the Swedes, in addition to their brains, also had access to American "spare parts", partially localized, and this is a great help.
      1. +1
        April 25 2019 08: 27
        You see, in 1949 the United States was not yet the world leader in the field of jet aircraft - rather the United Kingdom: the Draken was powered by an English licensed engine.
        By the way, ours then also actively used other people's developments: captured German and legally acquired in the same England (our VK-1 is a copy of Rolls-Royce Nene).
        And the Swedes, indeed, bought a lot for "their" aircraft "on the side".
        1. 0
          April 25 2019 08: 36
          At 49, anything could be on the Draken, even an English engine (the primary sources are deeply buried to dig too lazy), but it was not the same Draken at all, but just a device with a similar wing shape, a nose air intake, and quite small. And on the real Draken since the 55th year, a licensed American engine and all the rest of the "pribluda"
  17. 0
    April 25 2019 10: 14
    Pretty boy!
  18. 0
    April 25 2019 11: 49
    Already at the design stage, it became clear that to refer to the classical scheme is meaningless.


    And the world knows what is meaningless? And then the USSR and the USA almost never left it.
  19. 5-9
    0
    April 25 2019 13: 50
    Today, Sweden is one of the few European countries that can independently design and launch a combat aircraft from scratch.
    .

    Yes, even Gripen 20 years ago Swedish seems to be less than half.
    1. Alf
      0
      April 25 2019 19: 52
      Quote: 5-9
      Today, Sweden is one of the few European countries that can independently design and launch a combat aircraft from scratch.
      .

      Yes, even Gripen 20 years ago Swedish seems to be less than half.

      Using a licensed engine is not at all "from scratch".
  20. +1
    April 27 2019 21: 14
    From the right place, people have their hands growing and their head in the right place
    1. +1
      April 30 2019 18: 30
      Well yes. So Luxembourg is a manufacturer of only very high-tech products. For some reason, there are very few very rich countries and, moreover, they are all very small. However, I remember how the "intergirl" from the film of the same name was very disappointed when her dream came true and she ended up in Sweden.

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