Entente did not forget about the contribution of Russia
As we know, the Entente is a military-political alliance of France, England and Russia, formed in 1891 — 1907. and became a counterweight to the Tripartite (then the Fourth) alliance or the German bloc. Back in 1879, Germany entered into a military alliance with Austria-Hungary (Italy joins it in 1882), aimed against France and Russia. The Triple Alliance marked the beginning of the division of Europe into opposing coalitions.
The Russian-French alliance is formed in 1891 - 1893.
Place of Russia in the Entente.
In 1891, a union agreement between Russia and France is signed, and in 1892, a Franco-Russian military convention is concluded. The convention was signed by the chief of the Russian General Staff N. N. Obruchev and the assistant to the chief of the French General Staff R. Sh. F. Bouadeffre (approved in December 1893). It was defensive in nature, providing for the mutual assistance of the allies with the whole aggregate of free forces, simultaneous mobilization efforts. The main opponent is Germany.
After the agreements of Russia and France in the 90-ies. XIX century. The Anglo-French 1904 and the Anglo-Russian 1907 agreements became major events for the formation of the Entente. As a result, the Franco-Russian alliance turned into a Triple Consensus.
In 1908, the Russian and British monarchs exchanged views on a possible joint war against Germany, and in the minutes of one of the meetings of the chiefs of the Russian and French general staff there appeared the rule that in the case of the German mobilization against England, all allies immediately mobilized.
And the Triple Accord (Entente) becomes a counterweight to the German bloc.
The military-political leadership of the allied powers of Russia in the First World War.
In 1912 - 14 carried out the organizational design of the Entente. During this period, bilateral and trilateral agreements are concluded between its participants. Germany has repeatedly tried to prevent the formation of the Entente - it had an effect on England, then on Russia. For her, their neutrality in a future war was important.
T. o. the creation of the Entente was a reaction to the formation of the Triple Alliance and the strengthening of Germany - and an attempt to prevent German hegemony in Europe. Later, after the collapse of the Triple Alliance (in 1915, Italy took the side of the Entente), the Fourth Alliance (consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) - the combatant of the Entente - is formed.
Entering the Entente, Russia reacted to Germany’s plans to weaken its influence in Europe, tried to resist a possible withdrawal of the Baltic states, Poland and parts of Ukraine and wanting to restrain the Austro-Hungarian expansion in the Balkans.
It was obvious that France, even with the support of the British Expeditionary Army, could not stand up to the German armed forces — for her, an alliance with Russia became an important prerequisite for continued existence as a great power.
It must be emphasized that the creation of the Entente was defensive in nature. The Entente mechanism was put into action under one condition - the presence of a hostile initiative of Germany. And the Russian war on the Austro-German front was defensive in nature. Rejection of any territories from Austria-Hungary and Germany with their inclusion into Russia before the war was not planned. But the logic of being in major military-political alliances tied their participants into a sort of mutual responsibility, and everyone began to join the war along the chain. The logic of the coalition war turned on.
The confrontation of the military-political blocs ultimately led to World War I 1914 - 1918. For more than three years, the Russian army was pushing off considerable forces of the enemy coalition — and, as soon as the enemy took serious action in the west, came to the aid of her allies. This enabled Britain and France to mobilize their resources, and the United States to deploy production power and the armed forces, and comprehensively prepare for entry into the war.
Coalition war.
Both before and during the war the coalition was transformed and developed. For example, in the prewar period, England entered into a series of cooperation agreements with the Japanese Empire (in 1902, in 1905, and in 1911). In September, 1914, under the London Protocol, the Entente powers assumed obligations not to conclude a separate peace with the enemy. If in 1914, the Entente comprised the 3 of the state adjoining it, Japan was considered, and Italy and Romania were sympathetic, then at the end of the war there was up to the 30 allied states of the Entente, including such exotic ones as Siam and Cuba. The term "Entente" was used to refer to the entire anti-German coalition - in relation to both the Entente itself and its allies.
But who was the Entente after Russia left the world war, and especially after the start of the Civil War in our country? Let's take a look at the facts, and the conclusions about who the Entente was for this period for Russia will be left to the reader.
The October coup in Russia initially had disastrous military prospects for Russia's allies on Entente - for it was fraught with Russia's withdrawal from the war. France, England, and Italy reasonably believed that the pro-German party seized power in Russia — after all, its steps (an armistice and the beginning of peace talks with Germany and Austria-Hungary on Russia's withdrawal from the war) fully allowed for this conclusion. And the allies of Russia are taking the natural decision to support the forces that did not recognize the power of the new regime - which, among other things, was established through a military coup.
22. 12. 1917, the conference of representatives of the Entente countries in Paris, considered it necessary to establish and maintain contacts with the anti-Bolshevik governments of the Cossack territories, Ukraine, Siberia, the Caucasus and Finland.
23. 12. 1917 is the Anglo-French agreement on the division of responsibilities in Russia. According to the latter, the Cossack regions and the Caucasus became the responsibility zone of Great Britain, Ukraine, Bessarabia and the Crimea became the responsibility zone of France, and Siberia and the Far East became the responsibility zone of the USA and Japan.
After the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk peace treaty 03. 03. 1918 Entente declares non-recognition of this separate treaty - but it is not yet going to military actions against the Soviet authorities. She is trying to negotiate with the latter.
On March 6, a minor English landing force landed in Murmansk. He was supposed to prevent the Germans from seizing military cargoes that had been supplied by Russia's allies. The detachment did not undertake hostile actions against the Soviet authorities (up to June 30). Similar symbolic actions took place in the Far East - when the landing of insignificant subunits (a total of 2 companies) of Japanese troops in Vladivostok (then returned to the ships) in response to the assassination of 5-s Japanese citizens.
The aggravation of relations between the Entente and Soviet Russia began in May of 1918 - when Germany demanded that the latter strictly comply with the conditions of the Brest Peace Treaty, including interning the servicemen of the Entente and its allies on Soviet territory. An attempt to fulfill this requirement led to the uprising of the military unit of the Entente - Czechoslovak Corps, as well as the landing of the 2-thousandth British troops in Arkhangelsk (August 1918) and the advancement of Japanese troops in Transbaikalia and Primorye.
After the defeat of the German bloc in November 1918, the Entente attempted to fill the military-political vacuum formed after the withdrawal of the German-Turkish troops, occupying some Black Sea cities and Transcaucasian territories. But (with the exception of the Greeks battalion, who fought with Grigoriev's units near Odessa), the Entente troops, without participating in hostilities, in April 1919 were evacuated from the Crimea and Odessa.
Japan continued to be active in the Far East. British troops in the spring of 1919, at the invitation of the governments of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan, landed in the South Caucasus.
The material and economic assistance of the Entente powers to the White movement on a serious scale lasted only until the conclusion of the Versailles Peace Treaty, which formalized the defeat of the German bloc in the First World War. Then the corresponding assistance gradually stops, which is not surprising, since the main interests of the Entente were to preserve the similarity of the Eastern front of the anti-German struggle and to protect the property and citizens of the coalition states in Russia.
Opening of the Paris Peace Conference
Entente did not forget about Russia's contribution to the victory over the German bloc. Having canceled the Brest-Litovsk agreements, the allies in Art. 116 of the victorious Treaty of Versailles recognized for Russia (in fact, the RSFSR) the right to reparation from Germany, in fact, including our country among the winners.
The Russian-French alliance is formed in 1891 - 1893.
Place of Russia in the Entente.
In 1891, a union agreement between Russia and France is signed, and in 1892, a Franco-Russian military convention is concluded. The convention was signed by the chief of the Russian General Staff N. N. Obruchev and the assistant to the chief of the French General Staff R. Sh. F. Bouadeffre (approved in December 1893). It was defensive in nature, providing for the mutual assistance of the allies with the whole aggregate of free forces, simultaneous mobilization efforts. The main opponent is Germany.
After the agreements of Russia and France in the 90-ies. XIX century. The Anglo-French 1904 and the Anglo-Russian 1907 agreements became major events for the formation of the Entente. As a result, the Franco-Russian alliance turned into a Triple Consensus.
In 1908, the Russian and British monarchs exchanged views on a possible joint war against Germany, and in the minutes of one of the meetings of the chiefs of the Russian and French general staff there appeared the rule that in the case of the German mobilization against England, all allies immediately mobilized.
And the Triple Accord (Entente) becomes a counterweight to the German bloc.
The military-political leadership of the allied powers of Russia in the First World War.
In 1912 - 14 carried out the organizational design of the Entente. During this period, bilateral and trilateral agreements are concluded between its participants. Germany has repeatedly tried to prevent the formation of the Entente - it had an effect on England, then on Russia. For her, their neutrality in a future war was important.
T. o. the creation of the Entente was a reaction to the formation of the Triple Alliance and the strengthening of Germany - and an attempt to prevent German hegemony in Europe. Later, after the collapse of the Triple Alliance (in 1915, Italy took the side of the Entente), the Fourth Alliance (consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) - the combatant of the Entente - is formed.
Entering the Entente, Russia reacted to Germany’s plans to weaken its influence in Europe, tried to resist a possible withdrawal of the Baltic states, Poland and parts of Ukraine and wanting to restrain the Austro-Hungarian expansion in the Balkans.
It was obvious that France, even with the support of the British Expeditionary Army, could not stand up to the German armed forces — for her, an alliance with Russia became an important prerequisite for continued existence as a great power.
It must be emphasized that the creation of the Entente was defensive in nature. The Entente mechanism was put into action under one condition - the presence of a hostile initiative of Germany. And the Russian war on the Austro-German front was defensive in nature. Rejection of any territories from Austria-Hungary and Germany with their inclusion into Russia before the war was not planned. But the logic of being in major military-political alliances tied their participants into a sort of mutual responsibility, and everyone began to join the war along the chain. The logic of the coalition war turned on.
The confrontation of the military-political blocs ultimately led to World War I 1914 - 1918. For more than three years, the Russian army was pushing off considerable forces of the enemy coalition — and, as soon as the enemy took serious action in the west, came to the aid of her allies. This enabled Britain and France to mobilize their resources, and the United States to deploy production power and the armed forces, and comprehensively prepare for entry into the war.
Coalition war.
Both before and during the war the coalition was transformed and developed. For example, in the prewar period, England entered into a series of cooperation agreements with the Japanese Empire (in 1902, in 1905, and in 1911). In September, 1914, under the London Protocol, the Entente powers assumed obligations not to conclude a separate peace with the enemy. If in 1914, the Entente comprised the 3 of the state adjoining it, Japan was considered, and Italy and Romania were sympathetic, then at the end of the war there was up to the 30 allied states of the Entente, including such exotic ones as Siam and Cuba. The term "Entente" was used to refer to the entire anti-German coalition - in relation to both the Entente itself and its allies.
But who was the Entente after Russia left the world war, and especially after the start of the Civil War in our country? Let's take a look at the facts, and the conclusions about who the Entente was for this period for Russia will be left to the reader.
The October coup in Russia initially had disastrous military prospects for Russia's allies on Entente - for it was fraught with Russia's withdrawal from the war. France, England, and Italy reasonably believed that the pro-German party seized power in Russia — after all, its steps (an armistice and the beginning of peace talks with Germany and Austria-Hungary on Russia's withdrawal from the war) fully allowed for this conclusion. And the allies of Russia are taking the natural decision to support the forces that did not recognize the power of the new regime - which, among other things, was established through a military coup.
22. 12. 1917, the conference of representatives of the Entente countries in Paris, considered it necessary to establish and maintain contacts with the anti-Bolshevik governments of the Cossack territories, Ukraine, Siberia, the Caucasus and Finland.
23. 12. 1917 is the Anglo-French agreement on the division of responsibilities in Russia. According to the latter, the Cossack regions and the Caucasus became the responsibility zone of Great Britain, Ukraine, Bessarabia and the Crimea became the responsibility zone of France, and Siberia and the Far East became the responsibility zone of the USA and Japan.
After the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk peace treaty 03. 03. 1918 Entente declares non-recognition of this separate treaty - but it is not yet going to military actions against the Soviet authorities. She is trying to negotiate with the latter.
On March 6, a minor English landing force landed in Murmansk. He was supposed to prevent the Germans from seizing military cargoes that had been supplied by Russia's allies. The detachment did not undertake hostile actions against the Soviet authorities (up to June 30). Similar symbolic actions took place in the Far East - when the landing of insignificant subunits (a total of 2 companies) of Japanese troops in Vladivostok (then returned to the ships) in response to the assassination of 5-s Japanese citizens.
The aggravation of relations between the Entente and Soviet Russia began in May of 1918 - when Germany demanded that the latter strictly comply with the conditions of the Brest Peace Treaty, including interning the servicemen of the Entente and its allies on Soviet territory. An attempt to fulfill this requirement led to the uprising of the military unit of the Entente - Czechoslovak Corps, as well as the landing of the 2-thousandth British troops in Arkhangelsk (August 1918) and the advancement of Japanese troops in Transbaikalia and Primorye.
After the defeat of the German bloc in November 1918, the Entente attempted to fill the military-political vacuum formed after the withdrawal of the German-Turkish troops, occupying some Black Sea cities and Transcaucasian territories. But (with the exception of the Greeks battalion, who fought with Grigoriev's units near Odessa), the Entente troops, without participating in hostilities, in April 1919 were evacuated from the Crimea and Odessa.
Japan continued to be active in the Far East. British troops in the spring of 1919, at the invitation of the governments of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan, landed in the South Caucasus.
The material and economic assistance of the Entente powers to the White movement on a serious scale lasted only until the conclusion of the Versailles Peace Treaty, which formalized the defeat of the German bloc in the First World War. Then the corresponding assistance gradually stops, which is not surprising, since the main interests of the Entente were to preserve the similarity of the Eastern front of the anti-German struggle and to protect the property and citizens of the coalition states in Russia.
Opening of the Paris Peace Conference
Entente did not forget about Russia's contribution to the victory over the German bloc. Having canceled the Brest-Litovsk agreements, the allies in Art. 116 of the victorious Treaty of Versailles recognized for Russia (in fact, the RSFSR) the right to reparation from Germany, in fact, including our country among the winners.
Information