From the history of artillery education in Russia. H. 1

14
As a rule, the beginning of artillery education in Russia is from Peter I. If the beginning of education in general and artillery in particular is to be considered the basis of schools, then this is true. But shouldn't the beginning be attributed to the period when the production of tools and their use in battle acquire some system? When do scientists appear - trained specialists working in this field? If you take this point of view, the artillery science originated in Russia much earlier than the era of Peter I.

And then the beginning of the emergence of artillery science can be considered either the year of importation into Russia of "armature called fire shooting", which happened, according to the Golitsyn chronicle, in 1389, or since the arrival of Murol in Russia - who began training Russian foundry workers. In 1475, the Grand Duke of Moscow, Ivan III Vasilyevich, sent Ambassador Tolbuzin to the Venetian doge with a request to find and invite a skilled architect who would know the casting business to Moscow.



From the history of artillery education in Russia. H. 1

Ivan III

“The same spring of March, on Great Day 26, Ambassador Semyon Tolbuzin came from Venice of the Grand Duke and brought with him a master Mural, named Aristotle, who sets up churches and chambers, also pours bells and cannons and shoots cannons and other lithium velmi cunning "(Brandenburg N.E. Historical Catalog of the St. Petersburg Artillery Museum. Part I. St. Petersburg., 1877.S. 51.).

This Murol, also known under the name of Aristotle Fioravanti, taught Russian casters, and in 1488 in Moscow there was already a “Cannon Cabin”, which was the first technical artillery establishment.

Of course, in this institution there were foundry masters, there were also pupils - and, as a necessity, a kind of school appeared. Of course, not in the sense of an educational institution, but in the sense of a school of improving working methods. On the preserved monuments of that time there are inscriptions clearly indicating this. For example, on the food cast in 1491, was the following inscription:

"At the behest of the faithful and Christ-loving Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich, the ruler of All Russia was created by this squeaky in the summer 6999 of the month of March 29 in the summer of his gospel and made him Yakovlev disciples Vanya da Basyuk".

The gunners who served the guns in battle were also trained in this noble and honorable cause.


Gun yard. Created on the basis of a cannon hut at the end of 15 c.

Knowledgeable, able (that is, scientists) people were highly valued. After an unsuccessful campaign in Kazan, almost all the artillery was lost. But one Pushkar saved his guns with great difficulty and danger, and came to say this to Grand Duke Vasily Ivanovich. The prince, however, turned to him reproachfully:

“I don’t put them in anything (i.e. guns), so long as I have people left who can pour guns and handle them” (N. Brandenburg. E. 500 anniversary of the Russian artillery. Spb., 1889. C .Xnumx.).


Vasily III

The gunners constituted a special corporation, into which only people were admitted, for whom several gunners were charged. True, the guarantee record did not indicate how much the recommended “new appliance” was prepared for Pushkar business. But it follows from it that reliable people who could carry out the Pushkar service could have entered Pushkari. They studied the service itself after they were admitted to Pushkari. For judgments about the action of artillery and the knowledge of the gunners were conducted reviews. At the time of Ivan the Terrible, for example, inspections were carried out in December - and they were shooting at targets and solid wooden log houses filled with earth.

It is difficult to say anything definite about the training program and its hacker, but it is certain that there was some information about the weapon and its use in battle. And this lack of certain statements about the program and training methods makes us think that the training, education of gunners went the way, so to speak, handicraft - from the oldest to the youngest, from father to son.

These circumstances prompt us to begin the history of the development of artillery education (in the classical sense of the term) in Russia from Peter I.

Peter I paid a lot of attention to artillery in general and the formation of gunners in particular. He himself passed in Konigsberg under the leadership of the Sternfeld kypc artillery sciences and received a certificate from his teacher, which by the way states:

"Mr. Peter Mikhailov to recognize and honor for the bombs committed in throwing, a cautious and skilled artist."


Peter I

Peter I sent young people abroad to study various sciences, including artillery. Commanders studied caliber, artillery scale, the size of artillery guns, etc. Special attention was paid to mathematics and physics.

Peter I brought back from abroad, and then the well-known works of Brink, Brown, Buchner and Suriri de San Remy were translated into Russian. The latter had the following extended title:

“Memorials or artillery notes, in which mortars, firecrackers, doppelgakens, muskets, fuseas, and everything that belongs to all these guns are described. Bombs, frames and grenades and so on. Casting guns, the case of saltpeter and gunpowder, bridges, mines, vehicles and carts: and horses and, in general, everything that concerns artillery. Like on the sea, like on a dry road. The order of the stores, the composition of the orders and camps during the army and in the sieges, the campaign of the orders and the location of them during the battle. A way to defend the fortress and the position of the official and so on. Through Mr. Surirey de St. Remy. Translated from French by Christopher Count von Minich. In St. Petersburg 1732 and 1733 of the Year. ”

As it is known, Peter I organized a bombardier company with a school in which “old scorers, officers and sergeants who had returned from abroad” taught. "Peter himself attended the exams" (Nilus. History of artillery. St. Petersburg., 1908. C. 157.). During the formation of the First Artillery Regiment in 1700, it also established a school.

In 1701, a personal decree took place, which, by the way, said:

“It was ordered to build wooden schools in those cannon courtyards and to teach Pushkar and other outside officials of the people, children, their literary and written literacy and tsyfiri (i.e. arithmetic) and other engineering sciences with diligence, and having learned without decree from M to move out, Takzhe in a different rank, except for artillery not to leave, and feed and water them in the above schools, and feed on them for 2 money (i.e. 1 kopek) to a person for a day, and from that money from half buying bread and food , in fasting days fish, and in skoromnyh meat and cook porridge or soup, and on the other ge on the shoes and kaftanishki and smocks. According to the teachings, both the learning and the unrecognizable state will be a special salary and dacha (Brandenburg N.Ye. Materials on the history of artillery control in Russia. Order of artillery (1701 - 1720). Spb., 1876. C. 241.).

The school (or schools) was divided into upper (special), lower (tsifirnaya) and verbal (in fact - classes). The curriculum, the composition of the school and the success of the students can be judged by the statements sent to Peter I on the march of 1706.

“And on September 20, by the order of his great sovereign, decree, in the order of the artillery of the upper and lower schools, pupils are watched both by their teachers and by their fairy tales: who is in what science and how many years (ie what age) are described.”

“In the upper school: they adopted the nah tsyfir, geometry, trigonometry, praxia, cannon and mortar drawings - 1;
They adopted nayky tsyfir, geometry, trigonometry, and others learn cannon and mortar drawings - 7;
Accepted tayfy zyfir, geometry, and now they are learning trigonometry - 8;
In total in the upper school - 16;
In the lower school: in the science of science - 45;
In verbal schools: learn to write - 41;
Teach the Psalter - 12;
The watchwords are taught - 15 ”(N. Brandenburg. Order of artillery. C. 243.).

High school reached a little: in 1704 - 11 people, in 1706 - 16 people, etc., despite the fact that the total number of students was initially 300 and 250, respectively. This is explained not only by the lack of success of the students, but also by appointing them to various positions: clerk, cannon pupils, scorers, drummers, and even pharmacist students and the "science of musical singing." Some went abroad. There were many who fled.

Teacher-engineer Peter Gran reported that he was ordered to teach Pushkar children to the artillery sciences, and “those students left the school” from January to June 1 1709, and although he sent detective lists, the students turned out to be “obedient and went to school on the teachings do not go ”(ibid. p. xnumx.). Training was most often in the hands of foreigners who could not speak Russian. Classes were conducted through a translator. This also hampered the passage of nayk. For conducting classes involved pupils of senior classes (schools) - after a preliminary test.

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  1. +8
    7 March 2019 15: 13
    All the same, what versatile figures used to be: Fiorovanti, Peter the Great ...
    Multiple users in a good sense of the word.
    The beginning of the "God of War" required a systematic approach. Super!
  2. +4
    7 March 2019 15: 13
    Peter the first made a huge contribution to the development of military education in our country.
    1. -1
      7 March 2019 17: 57
      Author Lines.
      .As a rule, the beginning of artillery education in Russia is from Peter I.

      Give an example? I do not know a single book where the history of artillery has been examined since the time of Peter I.
      Regards, Kote!
      1. +6
        7 March 2019 19: 36
        Kote Pan Kokhanka (Vladislav)
        Give an example? I do not know a single book where the history of artillery has been examined since the time of Peter I.

        Nah yes. It has long been noticed that everyone sees what he wants, even if it is written in Russian.
        And I will ask you Kote Kohanka instead of the author:
        You feel the difference between (attention):
        the beginning of artillery education in Russia is from Peter I.
        is the author
        и
        I do not know a single book where the history of artillery has been considered since the time of Peter I.
        - it is you
        There is a difference for you between the history of the ARTILLERY (a young kind of weapon) and the history of the ARTILLERY EDUCATION (that is, the training system).
        This is the first question.
        And if, in your opinion, the history of training artillery personnel, like artillery, also originated 200 years before Peter, then (pliz) - name at least one pre-Petrine university or at least a school for the preparation of artillerymen.
        With impatience and respect, I look forward to hearing from Kote (Vladislav)
        Albatrose
  3. +10
    7 March 2019 15: 35
    The origins are always interesting, especially the nuances
    After all, the devil is in the details)
    And now with the education itself. Of course, before Peter the approach was more guild, craft.
    Peter brought the actual educational. But then again, not entirely mature. For whom, after all, only at school they did not teach.
    But not all at once.
    And so bit by bit - to schools, academies of the whole (wow) kind of troops, and even for Rasei, traditionally cool
    1. +1
      7 March 2019 18: 00
      I’ll supplement Hunhuza, artillery to Petrovsky Rus would be so steep that Moscow would supply guns for export to Holland. And the volumes of 600 trunks speak for themselves !!!
      Regards, Vlad!
  4. +4
    7 March 2019 15: 56
    And then the beginning of the emergence of artillery science can be considered either the year of importation into Russia of "armature called fire shooting", which happened, according to the Golitsyn chronicle, in 1389, or since the arrival of Murol in Russia - who began training Russian foundry workers. In 1475, the Grand Duke of Moscow, Ivan III Vasilyevich, sent Ambassador Tolbuzin to the Venetian doge with a request to find and invite a skilled architect who would know the casting business to Moscow.
    Artillery science, i.e. a scientific discipline that studies the technique and tactics of using artillery weapons originated in the 1534th-45th centuries. Only in XNUMX, the Italian Tartaglia, in his book "On a New Science", showed that the projectile's flight path along its entire length is a curved line (parabola) and that the maximum projectile flight range corresponds to an angle of XNUMX °.
    1. +6
      7 March 2019 16: 06
      They told you in the text, specifically made a reservation.
      At least I realized you might not.
      What if we understand the appearance of qualified specialists - then Fiorovanti and Cannon hut. Handicraft and craft approach.
      Actually science in Russia - certainly from Peter.
      It is obvious))
      1. +6
        7 March 2019 16: 09
        After all, science is not only a school and universities
        But also - KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM. And she was in Russia at the end of the 15th century, and was transmitted from masters to students. This is also quite obvious.
  5. +1
    7 March 2019 16: 35
    Why is 1389 a year? In 1982, the USSR very widely celebrated 600 years of Russian artillery. The countdown goes from the first use of artillery in Moscow against the Horde, August 23, 1382. In Russia, the casting of guns and the manufacture of explosives began, well, and this is already connected with science.
    1. +2
      7 March 2019 17: 53
      With the filing of academician B. Rybakov, the 1500th anniversary of the founding of Kiev was celebrated in the USSR !!!
      1382 year in the milestones of artillery is famous for perhaps the first mention of the use of the "mattress" in the defense of Moscow from Tokhtamysh. Regarding who and what is the “mattress” from which the khan’s bek or murza ended — the debate has been going on in the scientific world for the second century !!!
      1389 year is more reliable - mention of the Tver artillery pieces!
      1. -3
        8 March 2019 16: 16
        Quote: Kote pane Kohanka
        1382 year in the milestones of artillery is famous for perhaps the first mention of the use of the "mattress" in the defense of Moscow from Tokhtamysh. Regarding who and what is the “mattress” from which the khan’s bek or murza ended — the debate has been going on in the scientific world for the second century !!!
        1389 year is more reliable - mention of the Tver artillery pieces!

        Everything is extremely simple and at the same time banal - from the elementary omission by the author of the first mention of how firearms appeared (more specifically - artillery, and precisely in Muscovite Russia, this is important - since in Lithuanian Russia and the Baltic states, in the Novgorod-Pskov lands, the situation was different, they were familiar with artillery before and she came from the West).

        So - the first cannons, the very "mattresses" (from "tu feng" or the Turkic "tyu fyak") - were taken as trophies of the Moscow army of princes Dmitry (then not Donskoy) of Moscow and Dmitry Suzdal in 1376. In that year, the Moscow-Suzdal army, as a Horde vassal, made a punitive campaign against the fallen Volga Bulgaria, where, in a battle near the walls of the Bulgar (modern Tatarstan), for the first time they encountered two unusual novelties for themselves - camel riders and cannons firing from the walls. That is how, taken after surrender, the Bulgar cannons ended up on the walls of the Moscow Kremlin, from which in 1382 the Horde of Tokhtamysh had already been smashed.
        1. +6
          8 March 2019 20: 38
          So -
          Everything is extremely simple and trivial at the same time.

          for those who traditionally do not pay attention to the subject.
          The article is about the ARTILLERY EDUCATION, and not about the origin of the ARTILLERY in Russia.
          But for some reason I’m not surprised.
          One word - Matyugin ....)))
  6. 0
    9 March 2019 07: 28
    Come on you. What artillery education?
    Here the author of the video proves that the old guns are not guns at all, but the remnants of some mechanisms
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruCVAa5dEyM&list=WL&index=2&t=335s
    And he is full of supporters - from the generation of the Unified State Examination and the AUE

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