From the history of artillery education in Russia. H. 1
And then the beginning of the emergence of artillery science can be considered either the year of importation into Russia of "armature called fire shooting", which happened, according to the Golitsyn chronicle, in 1389, or since the arrival of Murol in Russia - who began training Russian foundry workers. In 1475, the Grand Duke of Moscow, Ivan III Vasilyevich, sent Ambassador Tolbuzin to the Venetian doge with a request to find and invite a skilled architect who would know the casting business to Moscow.
Ivan III
“The same spring of March, on Great Day 26, Ambassador Semyon Tolbuzin came from Venice of the Grand Duke and brought with him a master Mural, named Aristotle, who sets up churches and chambers, also pours bells and cannons and shoots cannons and other lithium velmi cunning "(Brandenburg N.E. Historical Catalog of the St. Petersburg Artillery Museum. Part I. St. Petersburg., 1877.S. 51.).
This Murol, also known under the name of Aristotle Fioravanti, taught Russian casters, and in 1488 in Moscow there was already a “Cannon Cabin”, which was the first technical artillery establishment.
Of course, in this institution there were foundry masters, there were also pupils - and, as a necessity, a kind of school appeared. Of course, not in the sense of an educational institution, but in the sense of a school of improving working methods. On the preserved monuments of that time there are inscriptions clearly indicating this. For example, on the food cast in 1491, was the following inscription:
"At the behest of the faithful and Christ-loving Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich, the ruler of All Russia was created by this squeaky in the summer 6999 of the month of March 29 in the summer of his gospel and made him Yakovlev disciples Vanya da Basyuk".
The gunners who served the guns in battle were also trained in this noble and honorable cause.
Gun yard. Created on the basis of a cannon hut at the end of 15 c.
Knowledgeable, able (that is, scientists) people were highly valued. After an unsuccessful campaign in Kazan, almost all the artillery was lost. But one Pushkar saved his guns with great difficulty and danger, and came to say this to Grand Duke Vasily Ivanovich. The prince, however, turned to him reproachfully:
“I don’t put them in anything (i.e. guns), so long as I have people left who can pour guns and handle them” (N. Brandenburg. E. 500 anniversary of the Russian artillery. Spb., 1889. C .Xnumx.).
Vasily III
The gunners constituted a special corporation, into which only people were admitted, for whom several gunners were charged. True, the guarantee record did not indicate how much the recommended “new appliance” was prepared for Pushkar business. But it follows from it that reliable people who could carry out the Pushkar service could have entered Pushkari. They studied the service itself after they were admitted to Pushkari. For judgments about the action of artillery and the knowledge of the gunners were conducted reviews. At the time of Ivan the Terrible, for example, inspections were carried out in December - and they were shooting at targets and solid wooden log houses filled with earth.
It is difficult to say anything definite about the training program and its hacker, but it is certain that there was some information about the weapon and its use in battle. And this lack of certain statements about the program and training methods makes us think that the training, education of gunners went the way, so to speak, handicraft - from the oldest to the youngest, from father to son.
These circumstances prompt us to begin the history of the development of artillery education (in the classical sense of the term) in Russia from Peter I.
Peter I paid a lot of attention to artillery in general and the formation of gunners in particular. He himself passed in Konigsberg under the leadership of the Sternfeld kypc artillery sciences and received a certificate from his teacher, which by the way states:
"Mr. Peter Mikhailov to recognize and honor for the bombs committed in throwing, a cautious and skilled artist."
Peter I
Peter I sent young people abroad to study various sciences, including artillery. Commanders studied caliber, artillery scale, the size of artillery guns, etc. Special attention was paid to mathematics and physics.
Peter I brought back from abroad, and then the well-known works of Brink, Brown, Buchner and Suriri de San Remy were translated into Russian. The latter had the following extended title:
“Memorials or artillery notes, in which mortars, firecrackers, doppelgakens, muskets, fuseas, and everything that belongs to all these guns are described. Bombs, frames and grenades and so on. Casting guns, the case of saltpeter and gunpowder, bridges, mines, vehicles and carts: and horses and, in general, everything that concerns artillery. Like on the sea, like on a dry road. The order of the stores, the composition of the orders and camps during the army and in the sieges, the campaign of the orders and the location of them during the battle. A way to defend the fortress and the position of the official and so on. Through Mr. Surirey de St. Remy. Translated from French by Christopher Count von Minich. In St. Petersburg 1732 and 1733 of the Year. ”
As it is known, Peter I organized a bombardier company with a school in which “old scorers, officers and sergeants who had returned from abroad” taught. "Peter himself attended the exams" (Nilus. History of artillery. St. Petersburg., 1908. C. 157.). During the formation of the First Artillery Regiment in 1700, it also established a school.
In 1701, a personal decree took place, which, by the way, said:
“It was ordered to build wooden schools in those cannon courtyards and to teach Pushkar and other outside officials of the people, children, their literary and written literacy and tsyfiri (i.e. arithmetic) and other engineering sciences with diligence, and having learned without decree from M to move out, Takzhe in a different rank, except for artillery not to leave, and feed and water them in the above schools, and feed on them for 2 money (i.e. 1 kopek) to a person for a day, and from that money from half buying bread and food , in fasting days fish, and in skoromnyh meat and cook porridge or soup, and on the other ge on the shoes and kaftanishki and smocks. According to the teachings, both the learning and the unrecognizable state will be a special salary and dacha (Brandenburg N.Ye. Materials on the history of artillery control in Russia. Order of artillery (1701 - 1720). Spb., 1876. C. 241.).
The school (or schools) was divided into upper (special), lower (tsifirnaya) and verbal (in fact - classes). The curriculum, the composition of the school and the success of the students can be judged by the statements sent to Peter I on the march of 1706.
“And on September 20, by the order of his great sovereign, decree, in the order of the artillery of the upper and lower schools, pupils are watched both by their teachers and by their fairy tales: who is in what science and how many years (ie what age) are described.”
“In the upper school: they adopted the nah tsyfir, geometry, trigonometry, praxia, cannon and mortar drawings - 1;
They adopted nayky tsyfir, geometry, trigonometry, and others learn cannon and mortar drawings - 7;
Accepted tayfy zyfir, geometry, and now they are learning trigonometry - 8;
In total in the upper school - 16;
In the lower school: in the science of science - 45;
In verbal schools: learn to write - 41;
Teach the Psalter - 12;
The watchwords are taught - 15 ”(N. Brandenburg. Order of artillery. C. 243.).
High school reached a little: in 1704 - 11 people, in 1706 - 16 people, etc., despite the fact that the total number of students was initially 300 and 250, respectively. This is explained not only by the lack of success of the students, but also by appointing them to various positions: clerk, cannon pupils, scorers, drummers, and even pharmacist students and the "science of musical singing." Some went abroad. There were many who fled.
Teacher-engineer Peter Gran reported that he was ordered to teach Pushkar children to the artillery sciences, and “those students left the school” from January to June 1 1709, and although he sent detective lists, the students turned out to be “obedient and went to school on the teachings do not go ”(ibid. p. xnumx.). Training was most often in the hands of foreigners who could not speak Russian. Classes were conducted through a translator. This also hampered the passage of nayk. For conducting classes involved pupils of senior classes (schools) - after a preliminary test.
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