Improving the air defense system of the People's Republic of China against the background of strategic rivalry with the United States (part 8)

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According to The Military Balance 2018, taking into account the combat reserve and paramilitary formations in the PRC, “under the gun” is about 3 million people. Covering such a mass of troops only with anti-aircraft missiles is very difficult, and therefore in the ranks and in the warehouses there are still obsolete anti-aircraft guns and anti-aircraft guns with oboymennym loading. In the past, the PRC's air defense system had more than 10 000 anti-aircraft guns of caliber: 23, 37, 57, 85 and 100 mm. Currently, 85- and 100-mm anti-aircraft guns are preserved only in parts of the coastal defense, and 37-mm anti-aircraft guns are mainly transferred to "storage". There are about 3000 23 and 57-mm automatic anti-aircraft guns in the PLA anti-aircraft artillery units. Unlike other countries where the military has cooled off against anti-aircraft artillery, the Chinese armed forces continue to pay great attention to small-caliber rapid-fire anti-aircraft guns. Along with the preservation of part of the anti-aircraft guns, released in 60-80-s, anti-aircraft artillery systems are being created in China, using the latest advances in radar and optoelectronics. The Chinese military believes that in the event of a large-scale conflict, rapid-fire artillery mounts guided by radar and passive optoelectronic sensors may be more resistant to EW than guided missiles and effectively deal with air attack weapons at low altitudes. In addition, artillery shells are much cheaper than anti-aircraft missiles and do not require regular inspections and maintenance. In case of urgent need, towed and self-propelled anti-aircraft guns are suitable for firing at surface and ground targets.

To ensure the air defense of small units in the PLA, anti-aircraft large-caliber machine guns are still used. In the 21 century, the main part of the 12,7-mm machine gun Type 54 (copy DShKM) was replaced with 12,7-mm machine gun Type 77 and QJZ89 (Type 89). Compared to DShKM, the mass of new Chinese 12,7-mm machine guns is significantly reduced. Thus, the weight of the Type 77 along with a tripod machine and sight is 56,1 kg. A machine gun QJZ89 managed to make a record light, its weight in the combat position on the tripod machine - about 32 kg.



Improving the air defense system of the People's Republic of China against the background of strategic rivalry with the United States (part 8)

12,7-mm machine guns Type 77


At the end of 50-x in China, the release of a copy of the single-barreled 14,5-mm anti-aircraft gun ZPU-1 was adjusted. it weapon actively used during the Vietnam War and in many regional conflicts. But the mass of weapons in a combat position of more than 400 kg hampered transportation by the forces of calculation. In 2002, the QJG02 lightweight anti-aircraft gun was adopted.


QJG02 anti-aircraft gun


Externally, the QJG02 resembles the Soviet mining installation ZSU-1, but the Chinese 14,5-mm machine gun uses a vapor system for the operation of automation. The ballistic characteristics and practical rate of fire of the QJG02 anti-aircraft gun remained at the level of the Soviet ZPU-1. With a mass in the combat position of about 140 kg, the QJG02 installation can be disassembled into six parts and transported in packs. The weight of the heaviest pack is a little over 20 kg.

At the end of the 1990-s in China, production of Type 35 90-paired anti-aircraft with centralized radar guidance and a laser rangefinder began. This anti-aircraft artillery system is a copy of the Swiss 35-mm GDF-002 Oerlikon GDF, which, together with the Skyguard towed millimeter-wave radar, was purchased at the end of 1980-x. Compared to the original, the Chinese Type 902 guidance station has significantly more capabilities. The detection range of airborne targets by radar is 15 km. Due to the introduction of a laser rangefinder and an optoelectronic optical system, it was possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the fight against UAVs, cruise missiles, airplanes and helicopters operating at low altitudes. There is a possibility of firing at visually unobservable targets: at night and in difficult weather conditions. At the same time, data on the course, height and speed of flight of the target are transmitted to anti-aircraft installations via a wired communication channel from the guidance station, 35-mm paired machine guns are carried out in an automated mode, and the calculations give the command to open fire, control the availability of ammunition and replenish the shell ducts.



Towed 35-mm coaxial anti-aircraft installation Type 90 in a combat position weighs 6700 kg. The effective range of firing at air targets - up to 4000 m, reach height - 3000 m. The rate of fire: 1100 rds / min. To increase mobility around 60, 35-mm anti-aircraft guns are placed on the chassis of a Shaanxi SX2190 off-road 3x cross-country truck.


ZSU CS / SA1


This ZSU received the designation CS / SA1. There are more than 200 towed 35-mm paired anti-aircraft guns in the PLA. The positions of Type 90 anti-aircraft batteries are mainly located on the coast of the Taiwan Strait, as well as in the vicinity of airfields, ports, bridges and tunnels.

In the last decade, China has seen serious qualitative and quantitative strengthening of army air defense. In the past, air defense of the battalion unit was provided by 12,7 and 14,5 mm anti-aircraft machine guns, but now to protect against attacks aviation from low altitudes in the PLA Ground Forces there is a significant number of man-portable air defense systems.

During the Vietnam War, Chinese intelligence managed to get the Soviet Strela-2 MANPADS. At the end of the 1970-x, the Chinese Army launched the HN-5 MANPADS - an unlicensed copy of the Strela-2.


Chinese soldiers with MANPADS HN-5A


An improved version of the HN-5A corresponded to the Strela-2M MANPADS. In the middle of the 1980, several Soviet Strela-3 MANPADS were purchased from the UNITA Angolan movement. The Chinese copy, which appeared in 1990 year, is known as HN-5В. According to Western data, up to 1996 in China, around 4000 launchers for MANPADS of the HN-5 family were manufactured. Typically, MANPADS were used as part of anti-aircraft brigades along with 23, 37 and 57-mm anti-aircraft guns. Currently, outdated portable systems are available in parts of the “second line” and are in “storage”.



Currently, the PLA operates around 4000 MANPADS launchers: QW-1, QW-2, QW-3 - created on the basis of the Soviet “Needle-1”. As they say in Western sources, Chinese intelligence managed to get several Igla-1 MANPADS from Angola in the second half of the 1980's. The QW-1 series production began in the middle of the 1990's.


Calculate MANPADS QW-1


The QW-2 MANPADS, which was put into service in 1998, uses a dual-range IR GOS rocket and has a selection of heat traps. This modification weighs about 18 kg, and can hit air targets at a distance of up to 5500 m, the ceiling is 3500 m.

The most long-range modification of the QW-3 is a functional analogue of the French mobile complex short-range Mistral. The Chinese QW-3 mobile complex, with a mass of 21 kg loaded with PU, has a maximum launch range of more than 7000 m, its height reach is up to 5000 m. The rocket is equipped with a semi-active homing head not sensitive to heat traps that lead missiles with IR GOS.

Currently, the latest FZ-6 MANPADS are delivered to the troops. Adoption of this complex was adopted in 2011 year. In the Chinese sources write that MANPADS FN-6 is the original design. The portable complex, weighing in the combat position of about 16 kg, has a range of 6000 m, reach height - 3800 m. The probability of hitting in the absence of organized interference - 0,7.


Chinese soldiers with MANPADS FN-6


The pyramid-headed missile is equipped with a cooled thermal homing head with digital signal processing and protection from interference. The nose fairing of the rocket has a characteristic pyramidal shape, under which is placed a four-element IR sensor. In the stowed position, the head part is covered with a removable cover.


Launch MANPADS FN-6


MANPADS calculations are carried on ZSL-92A (WZ-551) wheeled armored personnel carriers, which have displays of the air situation. If necessary, the launch of the rocket is possible with armor. Also developed paired versions of MANPADS, similar to the Russian short-range anti-aircraft complex "Dzhigit." SAM with infrared guidance system is also actively used as part of the Chinese self-propelled anti-aircraft missile and missile-artillery systems.

According to the state, each motorized rifle battalion has an air defense platoon on three armored personnel carriers. The BTR ZSL-92A transports the calculation of MANPADS with portable tactical information tablets and communications equipment. In the laying of an armored personnel carrier there are four spare missiles. For self-defense and firing at low-flying air targets, an 12,7-mm machine gun was mounted on the BTR.

According to the staff list of the Air Defense Brigade of the Ground Forces, it consists of two anti-aircraft artillery divisions and one division of MANPADS. In total, there are 18 towed 57 mm X-Type 59 guns (C-60 replica) or 37-mm Type 74 X-vehicles, and 24 23-mm Type 85 anti-aircraft guns (copy Z-23).


57-mm Type 59 anti-aircraft guns in firing position


On 27 off-road vehicles are placed calculations MANPADS, at the disposal of which 108 missiles. There are several anti-aircraft brigades in the PLA, where the separate divisions include the HQ-6D, the FN-6 MANPADS and the Type 90 towed anti-aircraft guns. The task of the anti-aircraft brigades is the air defense of the areas of concentration of troops, headquarters, communications centers, warehouses, crossings and bridges, as well as other important military installations.

To provide air defense for motorized rifle and tank regiments and divisions are intended for self-propelled artillery and missile-artillery systems on tracked and wheeled chassis.


ZSU Type 63ARS with 23-mm anti-aircraft installation Type 85


In the 80-90, the Chinese army had quite a few ZSUs with openly installed paired 23-mm anti-aircraft guns of Type 85 - copies of the Soviet ZU-23. In 1987, the 25-mm version of Type 80, which was used to create the Type 95 anti-aircraft missile system, entered service.


ZRPK Type 95


This vehicle, adopted by the 1999, was based on the WZ-551 tracked BMP and equipped with 4 25-mm assault rifles and 4 rockets equipped with QW-2 or FN-6 infrared guns. In terms of its combat capabilities, the Type 95 ZRPK is close to the Shilka modernized ZSU-23-4M4.



Detection of air targets and instrument guidance on the Type 95 ZRPK is performed using a millimeter-range locator, an optoelectronic system and a laser rangefinder. The radar is capable of escorting a MiG-21 type fighter at a distance of 11 km. The anti-aircraft battery consists of a Type 6 95 ZRPK and a radar command station with a CLC-2 on the BMP WZ-551 chassis with a range of 45 km.


CLC-2 radar


In 2007, the tests of the Type 09 self-propelled self-propelled guns began. The ZSU, armed with two 35-mm cannons on the chassis 155-mm SAU Type 05, received the designation Type 09. In fact, this is a self-propelled version of the 35-mm towed installation Type 90 with its own fire and radar control system.


ZSU Type 09


Surveillance radar with an antenna mounted above the tower has a detection range of 15 km. In the case of the use of electronic warfare by the enemy, it is possible to search for air targets of a passive optoelectronic station with a laser rangefinder.

In 2004, the mobile XRUM Type 92 Yitian mobile military system was introduced to the general public. It is designed to protect troops on the march and stationary objects from low-flying aircraft and helicopters of army aviation, as well as the destruction of unmanned aerial vehicles and enemy cruise missiles at any time of day and in adverse weather conditions. The combat vehicle has 8 ready-to-use missiles in sealed transport and launch containers. For self-defense designed remotely controlled 12,7-mm machine gun.


ADMS Type 92 Yitian


As part of the mobile air defense missile system, a missile with a TIS-90 IC GOS is used, originally created for arming combat helicopters. The homing head of the TY-90 UR has a viewing angle of ± 30 ° and is able to see the target against the background of the earth and is said to emit target radiation in the case of heat traps. The missile guidance system allows you to capture the target, both before launch and after it. With a starting weight of 20 kg, the TY-90 rocket is capable of hitting targets at a distance of up to 6000 m. Reach height - 4600 m. Maximum target speed - 400 m / s. The missile is equipped with a core warhead with a mass of 3 kg, with a radius of destruction of 5 m. The stated probability of hitting one missile - 0,8.



To detect an airborne enemy and to issue target designation over sensors of an optical-electronic aiming-viewing system, a foldable antenna of a radar with a phased antenna array is placed between TLC with missiles. The MiG-21 type target can be detected at a distance of up to 20 km, the detection range of a cruise missile is 10-12 km. After detecting the target, the operator turns the turret in its direction and prepares for launch. When the target approaches a distance of 10-12 kilometers, it is taken to tracking a thermal sight and using a laser rangefinder, the range is controlled. The moment of launch of the missile defense is determined by the calculator based on the parameters of speed and course of the target. The Type 92 Yitian SAM system can be used separately or as part of an anti-aircraft battery of six combat vehicles and a command post with an IBIS-80 three-dimensional radar capable of detecting low-altitude targets at a distance of up to 80 km.



The Type 92 Yitian air defense missile system has been adopted by the PLA Ground Forces Air Defense Forces. This Chinese complex is conceptually close to the Soviet military-type Strela-10 air defense missile system, but surpasses it in launch range, in the number of missiles ready for launch, and has its own surveillance radar.

The Chinese equivalent of the Pantsir-С1 ZRPK is FK-1000 (Sky Dragon 12). This car was first demonstrated at the Airshow China 2014 exhibition. The armament consists of two 25-mm cannons and 12 anti-aircraft missiles. Chinese bikaliber missiles very much resemble rockets used in Russian complexes.



According to Chinese sources, the ZRPK on the cargo chassis can simultaneously fire four targets at a distance from 2 to 12 km, altitudes from 15 to 5000 m. The complex is equipped with the FW2 shooting control system and the IBIS-80 target radar.


ZRPK FK-1000


In the period from 1997 to 2001, 35 TOR-M1 was delivered to the PRC from Russia. As with other imported models of air defense equipment, the Chinese successfully copied the Russian short-range complex. In April, 2014 for the first time, Chinese television officially unveiled a Chinese copy of the Thor air defense system, known as HQ-17. It was reported that the air defense system HQ-17 is produced serially and operated in units of the military air defense.



Externally, the Chinese air defense system is different from its Russian prototype of the radar detection of air targets. It was stated that in terms of its combat characteristics, the Chinese complex proved to be more productive than the Russian counterpart, due to the installation of more advanced electronics and radar. According to Western sources, in parts of the army PLA air defense system as of 2018, there could be up to 30 SAMs HQ-17.

In the past, Chinese developers of air defense equipment largely went by copying foreign designs or borrowing certain technical solutions. The accumulated experience, developed scientific and technical base and significant financial investments in R & D allow developing the whole range of anti-aircraft missile and artillery systems independently. The defense industry of the People's Republic of China is able to establish a serial production of anti-aircraft systems in its capabilities, which are not inferior to modern foreign analogues. Today, China is in a very limited circle of countries that can independently create the entire line of anti-aircraft systems: from MANPADS to long-range anti-aircraft systems that also perform anti-missile defense tasks.

The ending should ...

http://www.indiandefensenews.in/2016/07/china-upgrading-air-defenses-at.html
http://english.chinamil.com.cn/view/2018-08/31/content_9268695.htm
https://defenceforumindia.com/forum/threads/china-to-hold-military-parade-to-mark-victory-of-anti-japanese-war-on-3rd-sep.68826/page-4
http://trishul-trident.blogspot.com/2018/11/airshow-china-2018-highlights.html
ttps: //www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/2179564/chinese-missile-force-puts-new-russian-s-400-air-defence-system
http://chinesemilitaryreview.blogspot.com/2014/11/fb-10-short-range-air-defense-missile.htmlhttp://www.ecns.cn/hd/2018-08-01/detail-ifywsspt3615294.shtml
https://bmpd.livejournal.com/2230165.html
https://imp-navigator.livejournal.com/175192.html
http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-PLA-IADS-SAMs.html
http://trishul-trident.blogspot.com/2014/06/chinas-home-grown-hierarchical.html
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23 comments
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  1. +5
    22 February 2019 15: 50
    hi
    I thank the author for the next detailed review!
    Pro HQ-7 will be continued?
    1. +4
      22 February 2019 16: 01
      Quote: Mister X
      I thank the author for the next detailed review!

      drinks
      Quote: Mister X
      Pro HQ-7 will be continued?

      Michael, it was already in the last part. Although this short-range complex, which as you know of course, is an adapted Chinese copy of the French Crotale, it is also used in the Air Force and for defending the positions of the Chinese long-range C-300PMU / PMU-1 / PMU-2 and HQ-9 . And so I got to the previous part.
      1. +3
        22 February 2019 16: 05
        Quote: Bongo
        Michael, it was already in the last part.

        Exactly!
        I read in the last part about Crotal, and about the Heavenly Dragon (similar to Armor-S).
        1. +4
          22 February 2019 16: 12
          Quote: Mister X
          I read in the last part about Crotal, and about the Heavenly Dragon

          About the celestial dragon you read in the comments.
  2. +2
    22 February 2019 15: 57
    For the “Strela-10” air defense missile system, the new element base and the new missiles have not been produced for 25-30 years.
    What complex is planning to replace the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation?
    1. +6
      22 February 2019 16: 09
      Quote: Mister X
      For the “Strela-10” air defense missile system, the new element base and the new missiles have not been produced for 25-30 years.
      What complex is planning to replace the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation?

      For more than 20 years, they have been sawing the Sosna air defense missile system with the guidance of the SAM along the "laser path".

      We wrote about the Luchnik air defense system, which is a more budgetary option using missiles from Igla-S MANPADS.
      1. +2
        22 February 2019 17: 31
        Quote: Bongo
        We wrote about the Luchnik air defense system, which is a more budgetary option using missiles from Igla-S MANPADS.

        As far as I heard, it's all a little different.
        Kolomna "constructor" called "Sagittarius", which can be put anywhere.

        Images from the website https://www.kbm.ru/ru/production/pzrk/pupzrk/33.html
  3. +3
    22 February 2019 16: 18
    Here the Chinese are doing the right thing.
    Not vivid single air defense missiles.
  4. -7
    22 February 2019 16: 57
    As I understand it, the SGA will have to move in the Pacific Ocean. And not far off when California joins China
  5. -5
    22 February 2019 17: 03
    Immediately then an analogue of Chinese bullets can it? And tongue wagging do not toss bags.
    SAM "Tor-M2". The main distinguishing feature of the complex is the ability to fire on the go without stopping - the protection of equipment on the march. Compared to previous versions of the air defense system, the new complex has doubled (up to 16 missiles) ammunition, and missiles have an expanded destruction zone and increased firing accuracy.
  6. -3
    22 February 2019 17: 11
    shot on the go
  7. -3
    22 February 2019 18: 08
    and we are going, going far
  8. The comment was deleted.
    1. +5
      23 February 2019 03: 09
      Quote: gnollmen
      Nothing of your own - all torn off

      Did you just watch the pictures? fool MANPADS FN-6 or SAM Type 92 Yitian from what "ripped off"?
    2. +2
      23 February 2019 05: 20
      Do not forget that the USSR began with a seamless. And then things went ...
    3. -4
      23 February 2019 18: 52
      here for this mine for your seditious wink words
  9. +2
    22 February 2019 22: 16
    Thanks for continuing! A good cycle is obtained.
  10. +3
    22 February 2019 23: 35
    the Chinese are very dangerous neighbors for us.
    1. -3
      23 February 2019 18: 53
      and what they are dangerous is a myth they will soon squeeze California from SGA
      1. 0
        8 March 2019 21: 12
        The Führer, too, was a friend of the USSR, but before attacking England, he nevertheless decided to attack us.
        1. -2
          8 March 2019 21: 38
          Near China there is a wonderful country. India also has a lot of wonderful countries, one of them is the SGA. And yes, the Führer was not our friend anymore, and if you remember, you should not forget about the USA and Great Britain and about the Swedes. The queen as a child generally zigged
          1. 0
            8 March 2019 22: 09
            we have parity with China
  11. +3
    23 February 2019 00: 37
    Thank you, Sergey! It is interesting to everyone present on this thread with the Holiday of the Soviet (Russian) Army.
  12. +2
    23 February 2019 11: 23
    Great article loop, thanks!
    hi
    And here it is appropriate to use the word "having no analogue in the world" good

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