Imperceptible worker of the Second World War. Liberty type transports

77
During wars, all glory usually goes to those who fight on the front lines and participate in hostilities. At the same time, rear services and units often remain in the shadows. Today, many of the names of armored vehicles from the Second World War used by small arms and artillery weapons are widely known, but few know and remember the names of vehicles used by the warring parties. To such invisible and unknown to the general public, workers of the Second World War can be easily attributed to the American transport ships of the type "Liberty".

Liberty type transports are a huge series of ships built in the USA during the Second World War. Ships were used to transport a variety of military goods and troops, as well as to compensate for the losses caused to the merchant the fleet German submarines. This series of transport ships provided during the war years both mass military transportations, as well as deliveries of food, goods and military goods under Lend-Lease from the USA to Great Britain and the USSR. Total from 1941 to 1945 American industry produced 2710 Liberty-type ships, and these ships themselves became one of the symbols of US industrial power.



Mass production and records

The first transport of the Liberty type descended from the stocks of the American shipyard of Bethlehem Fairfield in Baltimore on September 27 of the year 1941. It was the ship "Patrick Henry", which led a huge series of vessels of this type. Plans for the construction of transport ships appeared in the United States as early as the pre-war years, since Washington was concerned about the state of its merchant fleet and shipbuilding in particular. There was a clear need for the revitalization and expansion of foreign trade; for this, a large transport fleet was needed, capable of operating on sea lanes. Established in 1936, the US Maritime Commission has begun developing new sea transport projects, plans for their construction, as well as reorganization of the entire American shipbuilding industry. However, only the Second World War, which began in Europe in September 1939, gave a real impetus to the development of the American shipbuilding program.


Preserved SS John W. Brown transport


Great Britain, which was an active participant in the outbreak of the war, was located on islands that were both a defense against large-scale invasion and a real problem. In order to live and fight, Great Britain had to receive about 40 million tons of various cargoes delivered by sea every year. Understanding this, the top leadership of Germany organized strikes against the most vulnerable places of the British Empire - its maritime communications. At the beginning of the war, the British transports went to the bottom one by one, and the German submariners sank transport ships almost with impunity. Already by the end of 1940, the loss of the English merchant fleet had reached enormous values ​​- 4,5 million tons, which was 20 percent of its total tonnage. The situation with the delivery of goods to the islands became threatening.

Having problems with transport ships, the UK decides to order them in the USA. Initially, it was about the 60 transports of the “Ocean” type, which had a very conservative design and a payload of about 7 thousand tons. The ships were set in motion by steam engines operating on coal. The power plant looked the most archaic, but it suited the British, since the British Isles had rich reserves of coal, but there were no oil deposits at all. It was the project of this ship that was chosen in the USA to create a mass standard transport ship, of course, the ship was modernized and adapted to the American conditions of production and operation. For example, wherever possible, riveting was replaced by welding, instead of coal-fired boilers oil-fired oil-fired boilers were installed, etc.

For the first time in world practice, shipbuilding in the United States moved to fully all-welded hulls, abandoning common riveted joints. This solution had a lot of advantages, including significantly reducing the complexity of assembly work (reduction of labor costs by about 30 percent). In addition, the rejection of the use of rivets gave 600 savings in tons of steel on each hull. The welding of the buildings of the Liberty-type transports was carried out both manually and using automatic electric welding, which allowed us to speed up the process of assembling ships, replacing highly skilled manual labor. The construction program involved in-line installation with a sectional method for assembling hulls. Sections of the future ship were prepared in assembly shops and on pre-flooded platforms, after which they were submitted for assembly. The weight of each section reached from 30 to 200 tons. The main goal of the improvements was also the maximum price reduction of the ship itself and its adaptation to mass production. So, to simplify, it was decided to abandon the wooden deck flooring, even in the residential areas of transport, everywhere the tree was replaced with linoleum and mastic. In the process of mass production, the cost of one ship was reduced from 1,2 million dollars to 700 thousand dollars.

Imperceptible worker of the Second World War. Liberty type transports

Simultaneous construction of transports "Liberty" in the American shipyard


Initially, in January, 1941, it was planned to build 200 ships according to the “modified English project”, for which the US government chose 6 companies located on the west coast of the country. However, after the United States entered the Second World War, the need for transportation increased significantly, and the list of shipyards involved in their production was quickly increased to 18 (excluding numerous subcontractors). Moreover, not all of these companies had at that time experience in building ships for the merchant fleet. The construction of the first 14 ships took about 230 days, with the first SS ship Patrick Henry being built 244 of the day. However, by the end of 1942, the American industry took an unprecedented rate of production, on average 70 days were spent on building a ship, in 1944, this figure reached 42 days. The absolute record was set in November 1942 of the year at the Kaiser shipyard, it belonged to the SS Robert E. Peary transport, from the moment the ship was laid down until the launch of the entire 4 day and 15,5 hours. 12 November 1942, the ship was launched, and already 22 November 1942, the year went on his first voyage. Built in record time, the ship was able to survive the war and served in the Navy until the 1963 year. But this example is rather a propaganda trick, which was not possible to be repeated serially. But even without this, the achieved rates of construction of Liberty-type transports are worthy of respect; in 1943, American shipyards issued an average of three such transport ships per day.

The rush in the construction and launch of the series, especially in wartime conditions, could not pass without a trace. 19 ships of this type of early construction literally broke into the sea while sailing. The reason was poor-quality welding, unsuccessfully selected steels and not fully developed technologies. However, this number is less than a percentage of all built Liberty transports. During 1942, these deficiencies were tried to eliminate as much as possible, although problems with the strength of the hull, especially in difficult weather conditions at sea, persisted until the end of the use of ships. Later on, the experience gained during the construction and operation of Liberty-type transports was taken into account in the production of the next series of military transports, the Victory (534 ship) and the T2 tankers (490 ship). At the same time, the bulk of the Liberty-type transports survived the Second World War and was used in the fleets of many countries for decades. Therefore, the myth that these transports were “one way” ships is devoid of any basis.

Before the creators of the ships got another difficult task - to give the name of such a huge series. About 2500 transports that were used by the American fleet were given names in honor of the people, and necessarily in honor of the dead (there were at least exceptions). The first ships of the Liberty type were named after those who signed the United States Declaration of Independence, then the names of public figures, politicians, scientists and soldiers who died during the First World War and later the Second World War were used. After military bonds were issued in the United States, anyone (or a group of individuals) who purchased bonds for two million dollars could give the ship a name while maintaining the general rules. The 200 British ships transferred under Lend-Lease received names starting with “Sam”, but it quickly became clear that the word supply of “sam” in English was limited, so the British names such as SS Samara and SS Samovar were used. and even SS Samarkand.



Features of the design of transports like "Liberty"

The hull of the transports was quite typical for the layout of the ships of the 1930-s merchant fleet. There were a total of five cargo holds, in the bow from the superstructure three holds, two more in the aft half of the hull. Liberty-style ships were twin vessels, that is, cargo holds were divided into the upper and lower halves by a twin deck deck. The upper deck was made as free as possible from all sorts of mechanisms, which made it easier to receive cargo. For unloading in the port of destination on the ship there were three masts with cargo booms that could lift loads of up to 50 tons. The central part of the ship was occupied by boiler rooms and engine rooms, under which there were premises for the crew of the transport, and above them was the wheelhouse. The ship was distinguished by a sloping bow and a “cruising” stern of rounded shape. The service life of the ship hull was estimated at five years, it was believed that the ship would then be easier to write off than repair.

The ship’s propulsion system included a triple-expansion steam engine, which was borrowed from Ocean-type transports, and two oil water-tube boilers that worked on fuel oil. In addition to simplifying bunkering and fuel economy, the use of oil boilers allowed the ship to get rid of coal bunkers located in the superstructure, making movement around the ship more convenient. From the steam engine to the only screw was a long shafting, which was held under the holds No. XXUMX and No. XXUMX. The ship’s propulsion system provided him with a maximum travel speed of 4-5 knots, which was the standard value for transport ships of that time.



The armament of the ships consisted of five 127-mm or, less frequently, 102-mm guns (4-inch), which were mounted on a canopy and intended for self-defense from German submarines, and there were two 20-mm anti-aircraft guns on the canopy. On a sublime forecastle was installed a three-inch naval gun (76,2 mm). Further to the sides of the bow cargo boom, two 20-mm anti-aircraft guns were placed, another 4 anti-aircraft guns were installed at the corners of the superstructure.

According to the project, the crew of the Liberty-type transports was 45 seafarers and 36 gunners, while their composition could seriously change. Unlike the ships of the British merchant fleet, on which the sailors also worked as servants with guns for an additional shilling per day, the sailors of the American merchant fleet remained civilian personnel. For the maintenance of anti-aircraft and artillery guns were responsible sailors. The rescue equipment onboard the transports was represented by two 31-seat rowboats, two 25-seat motorboats and four rescue rafts (they were located in quite noticeable inclined boxes located at masts No.2 and No.3).


Liberty transport steam engine before being sent to the shipyard


Service ships during the Second World War

It is impossible to accurately estimate how much cargo was transported by Liberty-type ships during the Second World War. These ships brought food and resources to the UK, military equipment and cargo to the USSR with all three Lend-Lease routes, various army equipment for landing in Normandy, soldiers and marines on islands in the Pacific Ocean and performed many other tasks. During the war years, in almost every corner of the world’s oceans, one could see a characteristic silhouette, in which a high-breasted cargo ship with an oblique bow and a low pipe located in the middle of the superstructure was easily guessed. The capacity of Liberty-type transports could reach: 2840 jeeps; 525 wheeled armored vehicles M8 or 525 ambulances; 260 medium or 440 lungs tanks; 300 thousand 105-mm or 651 thousand 76-mm shells. In practice, the cargoes transported by ships were modular.

For the period from 1942 to 1945. of the 2710 built ships of this type, 253 vehicles were killed, about 50 ships on their first voyage; in total, 9 percent of the ships built were lost during the fighting. In this case, the greatest losses occurred in the first series of 153 ships, which were launched in the first half of 1942, in the midst of the ensuing battle for the Atlantic. The 34 ships from this series died during the first year of service, another 13 was destroyed before the end of the war, the losses among the first series of ships were 31 percent. Moreover, among the sailors of the US merchant fleet during World War II, every 26 died.

During the years of the war for courage and bravery, which were manifested by the ship and its crew, the American government awarded the ships the honorary title “Gallant ship”. This rank was awarded to 7 transports of the Liberty type. The most famous of these ships was the SS Stephen Hopkins, who on September 27 1942 off the coast of Africa engaged the German raider Stier armed with six 150-mm guns. In the course of a fierce battle, the transport was sunk, however, he himself managed to hit the German raider from his only old 102-mm gun during the First World War, causing Stier to be seriously damaged, caught fire and left by the German crew that had gotten onto the ship supplies tannenfels. In this battle, most of the crew of the American transport died - 18 people, including the captain, 37 survivors drifted in the boat for more than a month until they were nailed to the shores of Brazil. In honor of the captain, senior assistant and cadet-artilleryman, who last fired from 19-mm guns, were named three transport type "Liberty", and in honor of the only officer on board the Navy was named escort destroyer.


The death of SS Paul Hamilton 20 April 1944


The most tragic for Liberty-type ships were two days: December 2, 1943 during a massive German raid aviation Six transports died at once in Bari in the port from aerial bombs, the second day: June 29, 1944, when the German submarine U-984, operating in the English Channel, sank 4 of these transports at once. During the war years, a certain number of transports was converted for transporting troops, and a small part of the ships was originally built as specialized transports for transporting military personnel. The most terrible catastrophe involving Liberty transports was the death of the SS Paul Hamilton steamer off the coast of Algeria on April 20, 1944. The ship was the victim of the German torpedo bombers Ju-88. On board the transport was a huge amount of ammunition and explosives, as well as soldiers and Air Force officers. As a result of a torpedo hit, the ship exploded and sank in 30 seconds, out of 580 people on board, only one body was found.

In total, for the period of mass production from 1941 to 1945, the 2710 transports of the Liberty type were built in the United States. About 200 of them were transferred to the UK Lend-Lease, another 41 ship (38 transports and 3 tanker) were transferred to the USSR, and only Liberty-type ships went under the Soviet flag, including 54 ships were obtained in different ways, including bought after the end of the Second World War. The active operation of these transport ships continued until the end of the 13-s, when they began to be removed from flights due to increased operating costs. Currently, in the United States, two Liberty-type vehicles restored to the running state are preserved: SS John W. Brown in Baltimore and SS Jeremiah O'Brien in San Francisco.


Ship like "Liberty" of the Soviet fleet


Liberty tactical and technical characteristics:
Displacement - 14 450 tons.
Overall dimensions: length - 134,57 m, width - 17,3 m, draft - 8,5 m.
Power plant - one steam engine, two boilers, power - hp 2500
The travel speed is 11-11,5 knots (20,4-21,3 km / h).
Cruising range - 20 000 nautical miles.
Crew - 38-62 man (merchant seamen), 21-40 man (military sailors).
Armament: 127-mm (or 102-mm) gun at the stern to protect against enemy submarines, 76-mm gun on the tank, up to 8-X20-mm Oerlikon anti-aircraft guns.

Information sources:
Kuznetsov, N. A. 100 of the great ships / N. A. Kuznetsov, A. N, Zolotarev, Solomonov B.V. - Moscow: Veche, 2012. - 432 with.
https://scharapow-w.livejournal.com
https://warspot.ru
http://wiki.wargaming.net
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77 comments
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  1. +23
    3 February 2019 05: 50
    That was the organization and planning! Wow, so clearly organized the work and supply of components for construction!
    1. -19
      3 February 2019 05: 56
      Quote: Mister Creed
      That was the organization and planning!

      Yeah. How all the gold coins were confiscated ... fellow
    2. +3
      3 February 2019 06: 04
      That's what the state contract does, and there were other people.
    3. +18
      3 February 2019 06: 57
      I will add to your comment that the same organization of production was in the aircraft industry: B-29 Ekadrilia per day!
      As we were taught in political economics: Taylor's sweatshops system in action!
    4. +17
      3 February 2019 08: 33
      Quote: Mister Creed
      That was the organization and planning! Wow, so clearly organized the work and supply of components for construction!

      American industry is famous for this. Able to when pressed.
      American industry produced 2710 Liberty type ships, and these ships themselves became one of the symbols of US industrial power.
      When Doenitz learned that more cargo ships were leaving the stocks than "his kids" were sinking, he realized that the war was lost.
      1. +4
        4 February 2019 17: 49
        Quote: svp67
        American industry is famous for this. Able to when pressed.

        Duc ... especially well they succeed when a layman in this area comes. smile The same Henry Kaiser (50 escort aircraft carriers a year) before joining the shipbuilding industry was engaged in cement, roads and the construction of dams and houses.

        Funny cases of American mass production in the WWII shipbuilding industry were described by Macedon: one of the plants produced one of the panels, a little larger in size than necessary. The solution was simple - do not touch the established production, and after receiving just cut the panel to size.
    5. +5
      4 February 2019 17: 46
      Quote: Mr Credo
      That was the organization and planning! Wow, so clearly organized the work and supply of components for construction!

      So the Yankees already had experience - large-block construction, the conveyor and the rapid construction of shipyards were introduced by them in the shipbuilding industry at the end of the First World War. And the reason was the same - it was necessary to crush unlimited submarine war by military and cargo tonnage.

      In addition, do not forget that the Liberty program actually began before the war. In the mid-30s, the US leadership took care of its own civilian fleet - the country needed its own tonnage and its own reserve of civilian sailors (including for the Navy). The analysis showed that the American civilian fleet consisted mostly of slow-moving ships built during the WWII with insufficient cargo capacity and could not compete with other carriers. And then an extremely marketable decision was made smile : the state orders the construction of a fleet of modern transports, subsidizes the expansion of shipyards for them - and leases the ships received to private companies. Moreover, the shipping companies were paid subsidies from the state, subject to certain conditions: to operate new vessels built in the USA, flying the US flag and with a team of US citizens (at least 90%). This was framed in the form of the Merchant Marine Act of 1936, after which the United States Maritime Commission was created, which dealt with the design, construction and operation of new ships and replacing old ones.
    6. 0
      April 16 2019 23: 10
      It was planned by just the same effective managers so unloved by you
  2. +2
    3 February 2019 06: 10
    I copied the names of all 40 * liberty * from the ship's website. set to us, 2 of the same - * Valery Chkalov *
  3. +13
    3 February 2019 06: 46
    Stephen Hopkins


    The University of New York, which graduated from the cadet last standing at the gun, the only one of the civilian universities of the United States who has the right to raise the flag of the Navy. Also in honor of the crew members, some hostels and buildings at the university are named after them.
    1. +4
      3 February 2019 08: 16


      here more
  4. +25
    3 February 2019 07: 22
    Quote: serg.shishkov2015
    I copied the names of all 40 * liberty * from the ship's website. set to us, 2 of the same - * Valery Chkalov *

    It's like that. Here is an explanation.
    Vessels of the Liberty type, with all their positive qualities, had insufficient transverse strength. There were quite a few cases of fractures in swimming. So, for example, on December 13, 1943, in the Bering Sea on the steamboat "Valery Chkalov", commanded by the famous captain A.Sh. Schantsberg, a crack formed, the deck burst, sheathing the starboard side to the waterline. After several hours of towing, the ship broke over the crack. Both halves retained buoyancy and were safely towed to the American port. The crew survived several terrible days, but, fortunately, no one was hurt.
    The Americans apologized ... and handed the sailors of the broken ship a new steamboat under the same name "Valery Chkalov."
    https://moryakukrainy.livejournal.com/2810514.html
    1. +16
      3 February 2019 08: 07
      The second Chkalov also broke in 51. And also was restored
      1. jjj
        +1
        5 February 2019 15: 53
        They cracked because the hulls were welded, and the openings of cargo hatches in the holds were geometrically rectangular, without reinforcing elements such as arcuate knits. Fatigue microcracks arose that led to breaks. The design was later changed.
        In the USSR, in the north, Liberty could be unloaded only in the ports of Murmansk and Molotovsk. They could not get to Arkhangelsk because of the shallow water of Berezovoy Bar
        1. 0
          7 February 2019 12: 17
          They broke because they had not yet worked out the technology for hull welding and the design of purely welded ships.
        2. +1
          8 February 2019 20: 47
          By the way, most often they burst in the middle along the same weld: where it is thin - it breaks there, and not only on the wave, but also as usual after torpedoing. However, very often the halves did not sink, since, again, often they could be assembled at different shipyards - everything was hermetically sealed from the beginning, and there were cases when the surviving stern from one vessel was subsequently welded to the surviving bow of another.
    2. +5
      3 February 2019 08: 26
      Thanks for the info! To the credit of the Americans, such a procedure for replacing bad ships was carried out by them in relation to several transports and tankers delivered to us.
    3. +13
      3 February 2019 10: 51
      Quote: Olddetractor
      Vessels of the Liberty type, with all their positive qualities, had insufficient transverse strength.

      Those ships that remained in the USSR were specially fortified at Soviet plants. As we were told by an engineer, there were simply no knits on ships in many places. The Americans did not spend any time or money on their manufacture. The ship was designed for a single passage of the Atlantic.
      1. +2
        4 February 2019 06: 03
        and it was calculated, liberty paid for his building with one successful flight, and therefore saved on everything
    4. +3
      4 February 2019 12: 18
      A small note: it’s not only transverse, but vice versa - with longitudinal strength.
      insufficient transverse strength
      Because the ship - like a long beam breaks across. But there is no lateral strength. There is only longitudinal and local strength, but stability on the contrary is transverse.
  5. +1
    3 February 2019 07: 32
    Interestingly, did our liberties working in the Pacific go without weapons?
  6. +5
    3 February 2019 08: 09
    One of the most common nicknames was "the ugly duckling", but in 1941, after President Franklin D. Roosevelt said that these ships would bring freedom to Europe, they became known as the ship of freedom.
  7. +9
    3 February 2019 08: 50
    29 June 1944, when the German submarine U-984, operating in the English Channel, sank 4 immediately such transport.

    ,, during an attack on an ECM-17 convoy in 15 h. 28 m. 29 June 1944, U-984 fired two torpedoes about 30 miles south of St. Catherine's Point near the Isle of Wight. The first struck Edward M. House, and the second - G. G. Blasdela. Six minutes later, the submarine fired one torpedo at one of the damaged ships and missed, but hit John A. Troitlena. A torpedo was fired at 15.43 that hit James A. Farrell.

    were damaged and sunk:

    G. G. Blasdel ,,, 508 (76 dead and 432 survivors). Cargo: troops with tanks, trucks, jeeps and other mechanized equipment, sank.


    , John A. Troitlen ,, 74 (1 dead and 73 survivors). Cargo: 6800 tons of engineering equipment and deck cargo of machines. The next day, the ship was towed to Southampton and stranded. The cargo was saved, the vessel was written off.

    James A. Farrell. ,, 494 (4 dead and 490 survivors). Cargo: 1200 tons of military equipment and troops. The vessel was taken to the shallow waters near Netley Beach. The cargo was saved, the vessel was written off.

    Edward M. 657 (0 dead and 657 survivors) .1000 tons of military vehicles and troops

    1947 year sold to Norway and renamed Blue Master. 1954 renamed to Dicoronia and registered in Liberia for the company Bahia Salinas Cia Nav (Goulandris Bros), Panama. Crashed in Shanghai in February 1970.

    During the war, German submariners damaged and sunk 138 copies of Liberty-class ships.
    Tbilisi is torpedoed in 17 h. 25 m. 30 December 1944 of the year U-956. 186 (47 dead and 139 survivors), near Skorbeyevskaya Bay (Rybachy Peninsula).
  8. +8
    3 February 2019 09: 13
    The most tragic for the Liberty-class ships were two days:

    ,,, I would also add the rout of the BT-6 9 March convoy 1943. Only one U-510 submarine was sunk and damaged 7 !! ship class "Liberty".
  9. +14
    3 February 2019 09: 23
    Construction of the Liberty ship at the Bethlehem-Fairfield shipyard, Baltimore, March - April 1943.

    The second day of construction. Installation of bottom and side kit.
    1. +12
      3 February 2019 09: 27

      Sixth day. Bulkheads, carlings and beams of the upper deck are mounted.
      1. +14
        3 February 2019 09: 30

        The tenth day. The lower deck is almost finished; the upper deck is mounted on the midship.
        1. +13
          3 February 2019 09: 31

          The fourteenth day. The upper deck is completed, the installation of superstructures has begun.
          1. +16
            3 February 2019 09: 32

            Twenty-fourth day. Launching.
  10. +14
    3 February 2019 10: 25
    There were versions of "Liberty" made of reinforced concrete.

    1. +1
      April 16 2019 21: 51
      Somewhere, read something about it. Thanks for the photo.
  11. +8
    3 February 2019 10: 53
    It’s like I don’t belong to Amers, but I take off my hat !!! Respect.
  12. +5
    3 February 2019 11: 14
    Quote: Puncher
    Interestingly, did our liberties working in the Pacific go without weapons?

    No. They were armed. They were drowned by the Japanese.
    1. 0
      3 February 2019 13: 39
      Not only Liberty Japa drowned
      1. +14
        3 February 2019 14: 18
        Almost all civilian ships were armed with artillery. There is a book called Fiery Voyages. It tells about the work of the ships of the Far Eastern Shipping Company during the war. It contains interesting facts, for example, the battle of the steamer "Wellen" with a Japanese submarine. Or it tells about a Japanese kamikaze plane shot down by the Taganrog tanker over Vladivostok ... It follows from the book that all civilian ships at that time were armed. Moreover, the crews of the ships were in the calculations of the guns and machine guns. That is, a purely civilian sea people ... In the maritime universities there is still the subject "Naval training of civilian crews."
  13. +10
    3 February 2019 13: 36
    Viktor Konetsky (who has not read it, I strongly advise you to read everything or almost everything) went as a navigator on the "Liberty". By the way, in the movie "Striped Voyage" the action takes place on a steamer of this type?
    Indeed, Liberty type vessels were considered disposable. The crews returned from Murmansk in a roundabout way, and the ships were left at the final point of the route. The "imperfection" of design methods led to the fact that the inherent safety margin turned out to be significantly higher.
    A bit of history. The construction of ships of an unprecedented type - grain carriers - in the United States was put on stream for the first time before the First World War. So the United States was preparing to occupy the Euroopean grain market, where Russia dominated. Gantt charts or the method of network planning and management (SPU) were used to plan the construction of ships. Gantt charts have been used to work on major infrastructure projects, including the Hoover Dam and the US Highway System, and continue to be an essential project management tool.
    In 1887, Gant began working with Frederick W. Taylor. They looked for principles of a scientific approach to managing staff activities. In applying scientific management principles in their work, Gant and Taylor studied the use of various management methods in steel mills at Midvale Steel and the shipbuilding company Bethlehem Steel. Together they worked until 1893.
    Some argue that the fact that SPU was actually developed in 1896 by a Russian engineer, a graduate of St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute Karol Adametsky, who (for some reason) did not publish his work in English. In 1898, he became the head of the department of the Hartmann Steel Mill in Lugansk, where he simplified the process of rolling plates, thereby reducing the cost of their production. In 1901, Adametsky took up the post of technical director at one of the plants in the present Dnieper, where he also made improvements to the production process and conducted a study on the factors negatively affecting the organization of production. Until 1911, he held a number of senior positions in the metallurgical and ceramic industries of Ostrovets (Ostrowiec) and Warsaw (Warsaw). During the First World War, Adametsky was an adviser to several large metallurgical enterprises in Russia.
    In 1919, Karol Adamecki became a teacher at the Warsaw University of Technology, and in 1922 received the title of professor. Karol Adametski died on May 16, 1933, at the age of 67, in Warsaw.
    1. +5
      3 February 2019 23: 04
      hi Thank you, dear Iouris, for this interesting Comment on the origins of network planning and reading recommendations! Viktor Konetsky is my favorite marine writer and a powerful charge of optimism in life! good
      In Soviet times, I read the first thick collection of his stories in one night, because in the morning I had to give it to the reader, then this book was waiting for a large line of admirers of his talent! wink
      1. +3
        3 February 2019 23: 10
        Quote: pishchak
        Viktor Konetsky is my favorite marine writer and a powerful charge of optimism in life!

        Our cook Vasya. laughing
    2. +6
      4 February 2019 05: 21
      By the way, in the movie "Striped Voyage" the action takes place on a steamer of this type?

      Interested in your question. hi I specially looked in the open spaces. In the "Striped voyage", as well as in the "Pirates of the XX century" the motor ships "Fryazino" and "Fatezh" of Finnish construction were removed. More details here:
      https://www.fryazino.info/news/735
    3. 0
      9 February 2019 12: 32
      a little off topic, but Konetsky liked me the most * Last time in Antwerp *, bought his book from the first scholarship in 1988, in Arzamas
  14. +4
    3 February 2019 13: 48
    good article. brief but capacious.
    1. +5
      3 February 2019 22: 27
      Quote: sds127
      good article. brief but capacious.

      hi Not only the Article is very good and informative, but also Comments are great! good wink
  15. +9
    3 February 2019 14: 10
    Here is an excellent example of "not chatter about import protection and acceleration" but a really well-established shipbuilding conveyor - almost 3000 boards!
    And for the "Syrian Express" only a few dozen transports can be quickly made at our shipyards in a couple of years? belay
    1. 0
      April 16 2019 21: 55
      Weakly. No one will give dvigla in such quantities.
  16. +4
    3 February 2019 14: 15
    On board the transport was a huge amount of ammunition and explosives, as well as soldiers and air force officers. As a result of a torpedo hit, the ship exploded and sank in 30 seconds, of which only one body was found aboard the 580.

    ,,, the UGS-38 convoy was attacked by 23 by German dive bombers JU-88 at sunset 20 on April 1944.
    ,,, all aboard:
    Crew SS Paul Hamilton - 47
    US Navy Armed Forces - 29
    US Air Corps - 504.
    Only two bodies were found and buried in the cemetery in Algeria. They were identified by fingerprints. The search for survivors lasted two days, the search for bodies was a week.
    The loss data for SS Paul Hamilton was classified to 1995. Relatives reported "missing", "allegedly dead."
  17. kig
    +9
    3 February 2019 14: 42
    A few comments.
    The term "ship" traditionally refers to warships or ships of the sailing fleet, so Liberty-class steamers are cargo ships, even if armed. To become a ship, they had to raise the naval flag.
    Well and another mistake in the description of the design of the vessel, according to which the living quarters were UNDER the engine room.
    1. 0
      3 February 2019 23: 06
      And the weapons - "of five 127 mm"?
  18. -9
    3 February 2019 14: 56
    By the way, the most epic example of how the USA overwhelmed Japan with corpses. The meaning of these Liberty. that they were riveted faster than the Japs had time to drown these coffins laughing
    1. +5
      3 February 2019 23: 25
      Rave. 50-100 people crew. Less than a full-blooded company. For WWII - ridiculous losses.
      1. -11
        3 February 2019 23: 31
        For the Great Patriotic War and the loss of penguins on Iwo Jima - this is not a reason to mention this even in the report on the situation on the front alone, tfu, local battles. And for penguins - a tale of how the whole country in an unequal struggle and brutal losses alone defeated the Axis, tfu, what kind of Stalingrad there are - little things! Iwo Jima ponad mustache!
        So it is with Liberty. That the USSR had less casualties in 41-42 than the Wehrmacht was "filled up with corpses." The tale about one rifle for three or the crossing to Stalingrad in the daytime - they also filled up with corpses, and it doesn't matter what a fake. And unarmed troughs, slushy on snot - these are not corpses and are not filled up, precisely, although the chances of such a trough from something to fight off or fight for survivability are zero, kamikaze is natural. Can drown from a loud bunch
        1. +5
          4 February 2019 18: 04
          Quote: Cowbra
          For the Great Patriotic War and the loss of penguins on Iwo Jima - this is not a reason to mention this even in the report on the situation on the front alone, tfu, local battles.

          As we like to evaluate the battle by the number of corpses. The more they put it, the more an outstanding victory.
          On THAT victory was forged at sea. And there, millions of armies cannot be deployed. And defeat from victory often separates several sunken ships.
          Ground crews do not understand that the same aircraft carrier is being built for 3-4 years and another year is put into operation. And it stands like a tank army. And the loss of it for the same Japan somewhere in 1942 is all, the end. There will be no full replacement until 1945.
        2. 0
          6 February 2019 22: 40
          dear man .. this is where you in the article got a measure of the bodies who invested more in victory?
          1. 0
            13 February 2019 20: 04
            Quote: 2 level advisor
            dear man .. this is where you in the article got a measure of the bodies who invested more in victory?

            Not in the article, but in the comment above:
            Quote: Cowbra
            For the Great Patriotic War and the loss of penguins on Iwo Jima - this is not a reason to mention this even in the report on the situation on the front alone, tfu, local battles. And for penguins - a tale of how the whole country in an unequal struggle and brutal losses alone defeated the Axis, tfu, what kind of Stalingrad there are - little things! Iwo Jima ponad mustache!

            Especially, by the way, I was pleased in this commentary by the term "unarmed troughs" in relation to "Liberty". VSKR "Stir" apparently caught fire and drowned exclusively for technical reasons. smile
    2. kig
      +2
      4 February 2019 05: 11
      Quote: Cowbra
      how the USA overwhelmed Japan with corpses


      epic stupidity and incompetence
      1. -6
        4 February 2019 10: 07
        The most epic example of a meaningless post.
    3. 0
      4 February 2019 18: 00
      Quote: Cowbra
      By the way, the most epic example of how the USA overwhelmed Japan with corpses. The meaning of these Liberty. that they were riveted faster than the Japs had time to drown these coffins laughing

      You mixed up the Japanese with the Germans.
      IJN was more focused on fighting USN ships than any merchants. But the Germans hit precisely on the commercial tonnage, trying to cut the supply across the Atlantic. But to no avail: for example, the British merchant tonnage decreased only once - in one quarter of 1942 by how much.
    4. 0
      7 February 2019 16: 35
      By the way, the most epic example of how the USA overwhelmed Japan with corpses. The meaning of these Liberty. that they were riveted faster than the Japs had time to drown these coffins

      The Japanese had priority targets for warships, not cargo ships. But the American submarines in the Pacific Ocean practically strangled the Japanese sea transportations, destroying almost completely the "livestock" of the Japanese merchant fleet.
  19. +2
    3 February 2019 20: 00
    Good article.
    Many years ago, in the Soviet magazine "Tekhnika-Molodyozhi" or "Science and Life" there was an article about these courts.
  20. +2
    3 February 2019 20: 20
    A ship-legend - I won’t wait when a monograph is published on it in MK, otherwise everyone indulges in battleships.
    1. +2
      3 February 2019 22: 45
      Quote: Bone1
      A ship-legend - I won’t wait when a monograph is published on it in MK, otherwise everyone indulges in battleships.

      hi I also want to wait for such an issue from MK! Yes A very interesting and iconic classic ship of the world shipbuilding, its design for mass construction is a kind of breakthrough engineering masterpiece of the mid-twentieth century, as well as the submarines of the XXI series ... IMHO
      Since childhood I have heard a lot about Liberty-type transports from my father, I first saw it in a photo in the magazine Around the World and always learned something new about these ships with great interest!
      1. +1
        4 February 2019 18: 09
        I'm afraid the dreams will never come true - the authors, like children, only write about something big and formidable - there, for once, there was a number about a civilian ship, and that "Queen Mary" angry
  21. +1
    3 February 2019 20: 38
    Good boats. Simple and cheap. It would be interesting to read more about tankers.
  22. +2
    3 February 2019 20: 55
    "inconspicuous workers" is an idiotic slogan. They bore the brunt of the war on themselves ...
  23. +4
    4 February 2019 09: 13
    Fig yourself. I will stick the paper model longer.

    1. +3
      4 February 2019 09: 42
      Oppa! This is the Polish "Mala Model" so transformed ?! smile
      As a child, I taped a lot of it (at the same time and in the Polish language I got a little more skilled winked ) and presented these models - only 13 kopecks cost one number by subscription and in the city kiosks of "Soyuzpechat", cheaper than "Tekhnika-Youth"!
      hi
      1. +3
        4 February 2019 11: 37
        Quote: pishchak
        Oppa! This is the Polish "Mala Model" so transformed ?! smile
        As a child, I taped a lot of it (at the same time and in the Polish language I got a little more skilled winked ) and presented these models - only 13 kopecks cost one number by subscription and in the city kiosks of "Soyuzpechat", cheaper than "Tekhnika-Youth"!
        hi


        The same in childhood glued. Now back to the hobby. This is Khalinsky. Compared to Model - heaven and earth. Detailing - beyond. Plus sets of laser cutting from metal. The industry has made a huge leap in terms of quality and reliability.
        Rummage here. A lot of interesting.

        http://only-paper.ru/
        1. +2
          4 February 2019 11: 49
          hi Thank you for your answer and valuable "tattoo"! good
          I also gradually return to this hobby, but now, according to the drawings, I myself "from scratch" try to sculpt only what I like ... and this process calms my nerves. smile
          1. +5
            4 February 2019 11: 59
            Quote: pishchak
            hi Thank you for your answer and valuable "tattoo"! good
            I also gradually return to this hobby, but now, according to the drawings, I myself "from scratch" try to sculpt only what I like ... and this process calms my nerves. smile


            Sometimes and not only calms. Especially small things.



            1. +2
              4 February 2019 12: 04
              hi Hats off in admiration! good
              1. +3
                4 February 2019 12: 07
                Quote: pishchak
                hi Hats off in admiration! good


                This is bullshit. Here is what I recommend you familiarize yourself with. Especially MAZ.
                I pick the Italian railway ...




        2. +1
          4 February 2019 18: 11
          Download from the torrent, that's all.
    2. 0
      9 February 2019 12: 37
      it somehow didn’t work out with my paper ,,, since 1991 the models of the planes were not assembled, but on the bed at one time the roof was demolished, but life changed, at least a ton to unload-load, problems with fine motor skills ,,,,
  24. +4
    4 February 2019 15: 15
    Training simulator ship "Alexander Nevsky" - this libertos stood on the first river in Vladivostok until the mid-90s. We learned on it and caught flounder from it and carried the watch on it.
    1. +1
      5 February 2019 20: 09
      Didn’t they take something as a keepsake from him?
      1. +1
        6 February 2019 08: 25
        No, since 1991, I had nothing to do with him, and he disappeared suddenly.
    2. +1
      7 February 2019 16: 38
      Yes, it was like that. I myself did not visit it because of my young age, but I saw it from the side.
  25. +1
    April 7 2019 11: 41
    Why the author did not unsubscribe, or I read poorly. What was built of reinforced concrete? So that it would not be a pity in case of loss.

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