“See how the Marshal of France dies!” The life and death of Michel Ney

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250 years ago, 10 January 1769, was born the future famous commander of Napoleonic France - Marshal Michel Ney. Even Napoleon Bonaparte himself, who called him “le Brave des Braves”, “the bravest of the brave”, admired this man.

The fate of Marshal Ney - story incredible take-off, rapid military career, brilliant victories and life tragedy. Napoleon Bonaparte, who was destined to survive one of his most courageous marshals, called both the life and the death of Ney extraordinary. Why did the commander deserve such a high praise from the mouth of Bonaparte himself?



Both the origin and the early years of youth did not predict the incredible rise of Michel Ney. He was born on January 10 1769 in Saarlouis (now the land of the Saarland in Germany), where the bulk of the population were not French, but ethnic Germans. In the family of Pierre Ney (1738-1826) and Margaret Grevelinger Michel was the second son. Michel's father, Pierre Ney, worked as a cooper, but was able to learn his son in college. Young Michel worked for some time as a scribe in the office of a local notary, and then as a warden at a foundry. People of common origin, modest posts - could he even dream of reaching the highest military rank?

In December 1788, 19-year-old Michel Ney volunteered for a hussar regiment and was promoted to private. Such a choice was quite natural for a young man, since his father had once served in the army, who, after his dismissal from the service in which he received the rank of sergeant, engaged in the cooper trade.

The first years of service of Michel Ney were quite usual for a brave and executive soldier. He quickly became an excellent swordsman - one of the best in the regiment. Ney's career could have been hindered by poor knowledge of French, especially written language, which was due to the fact that Michel grew up in a German-speaking environment. 1 January 1791 of the year, two years after enrollment in the regiment, Michel Ney received the rank of brigadier-fourier, and a year later, in February 1792 of the year, the title of lieutenant. However, with the beginning of the revolutionary wars, the career of a hussar non-commissioned officer went uphill. 1 April 1792 of the year, just a month after 2 after receiving the rank of sergeant, Michel Ney was promoted to senior watchman, and after 2 of the month, 14 June 1792 of the year - ajüdany (warrant officers).

29 in October 1792, 23-year-old Ajudine Michel Ney, who had no military education, received the first officer rank of junior lieutenant, and a week later, 5 in November, was promoted to lieutenant. For comparison, Napoleon Bonaparte, the same age Michel Ney, who was educated at the Paris Military School, took more than five and a half years from junior lieutenant to artillery lieutenant. True, Bonaparte received his first officer rank in the “old” French army, and Lieutenant after the Great French Revolution.

Michel Ney, the son of a cooper, wouldn’t have a chance to get an officer rank in the “old” French army at all - only noblemen became officers, and people of non-noble origin could reach the rank of Ajüdan. That is the title, for example, after 14 years of service in the old French army, Andre Massena (in the image) retired, who after the revolution returned to military service and also rose to Marshal of France.

Michel Ney was wounded during the siege of Mainz, participated in many other military operations. 12 April 1794, at the age of 25 years, Michel Ney was promoted to captain, and on July 31 became a major in staff service. October 15 1794, Michel Ney was promoted to colonel, and August 1 1796 - to brigade generals. Thus, Nea was only one step behind his peer Napoleon Bonaparte - in March 1796, Napoleon became a divisional general.

The short-term Austrian captivity in which Ney was from April to May 1797, after the battle of Neuwied, did not interfere with his military career. Returning from captivity as a result of the exchange for the Austrian general, Ney continued his service in the cavalry and in March 1799, he received the rank of divisional general. In the same 1799 year, he was sent to help General Andre Massena to participate in the Swiss campaign.

3 December 1800 divisional general Michel Ney commanded a reserve group of troops at the Battle of Hohenlinden in Bavaria, where the French army clashed with the forces of the Austrian Empire. In this battle, the Austrians suffered a crushing defeat, losing about 8 thousands of soldiers and officers killed and 12 thousands of soldiers and officers prisoners. It is not by chance that historians like to compare the battle of Hohenlinden in scale with the battle of Austerlitz. Napoleon Bonaparte, however, reacted very negatively to General Jean Victor Moreau, who commanded the French army under Hohenlinden. He was charged with conspiracy and arrested. Apparently, Napoleon saw a dangerous rival in Moreau and preferred to remove him from the political field in time.

But General Neu was lucky. After peace with Austria, he was appointed inspector general of the French cavalry, in 1802 he served as an ambassador in Switzerland. The career of the 33-year-old divisional general went up rapidly. Napoleon was impressed by his peer, a man "of the people", who served the title of selfless devotion and personal courage. 19 May 1804 of the year 35-year-old General Michel Ney received the title of Marshal of France and Marshal's baton, entering the close circle of Napoleon Bonaparte.

I must say that the commander justified the confidence placed in him. Thus, during the war with Austria in 1805, he defeated the troops of the Archduke Ferdinand at the Battle of Günzburg, then forced the Austrian army to capitulate, and at the Battle of Jena he was able to crush the well-trained Prussian army. On Ney's account - the capture of Erfurt, Magdeburg, the victory in the battle of Fridland, for which he was nicknamed the "Brave of the Brave". In 1808-1811 Marshal Ney was in Spain and Portugal, where he also made a number of brilliant victories, but then he quarreled with Marshal Massena. who by that time served as commander of the French army in Portugal.

Having transferred the command of the sixth corps to divisional general Loison, Marshal Ney returned to France. In general, he was an unsociable, ambitious man, did not like to obey anyone, but did not care much about the ranks and titles. Much more Ney was interested in pure military glory, without her expression in specific positions or privileges. Napoleon Bonaparte understood this perfectly and appreciated one of his most unique military leaders. Therefore, after returning from the Iberian Peninsula, Marshal Ney was appointed as commander of the third army corps, who, like most of the French army, was preparing for a military campaign in the Russian Empire.

“See how the Marshal of France dies!” The life and death of Michel Ney

Jean-Charles Langlois. Marshal Ney's attack on the Semenov flash


When Napoleon's troops invaded Russia, the corps of Marshal Ney took part in most of the major battles, including the battles for Smolensk, near Valutina Gora and the Battle of Borodino. In the battle of Borodino, the corps of Ney, along with the corps of Marshal Davout and Murat's cavalry, attacked the left flank of the Russian army. It was Ney, with the support of Murat, who actively insisted that Napoleon throw the Imperial Guard into battle. Bonaparte’s reluctance to direct the guard into the thick of the battle caused a sharply negative reaction from the famous marshal, and he even said that if the emperor no longer wants to be a commander, but only wants to be the emperor, then let him return to the palace and give the military generals the opportunity to command the troops themselves.

After the Battle of Borodino, Napoleon promised her the title of Prince of Moscow. True, officially Marshal Michel Ney began to be called the Prince of Moscow only 25 March 1813 of the year. The inglorious Russian campaign, however, once again showed the personal and military qualities of Marshal Ney. The rearguard of the retreating French army, commanded by the marshal, was cut off from the main forces, but Ney managed at night to withdraw his forces from the encirclement in the Orsha region and joined the main units of Napoleon's troops.

Wanting to encourage the soldiers, the morale of which was getting lower and lower, Michel Ney walked with a gun in his hands. He showed his subordinates that first of all he was just a French soldier and only then a Marshal and Napoleon’s ally. By the way, the emperor himself and Marshal Murat threw their army and went to Europe on their own, and the main forces of the retreating French troops from Russia were taken by Marshal Ney.

In 1813, Ney participated in the battles of Lutzen and Bautzen, where he was wounded, then fought at Dresden, Leipzig, and Dennevitz. With all his might, Marshal Ney sought to block the path of allies to Paris, and only the capitulation of the French capital put an end to the brave resistance of the commander.

When the Bourbon monarchy was restored in France, Marshal Nei betrayed Napoleon - he swore allegiance to the new king Louis XVIII, receiving from him the title of peer. As soon as Napoleon fled from the island of Elba and gathered his comrades-in-arms for revenge, the frightened king Louis XVIII appointed Marshal Ney as the celebrated commander as commander of his army. Marshal Ney even kissed the king’s hand and vowed to prove his loyalty to Louis. But a month later, Marshal Ney went over to the side of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Napoleon appointed Ney as commander of 1 and 2 in the corps of his revived army, at the head of which the marshal fought in the battles of Catherbre and at Waterloo. In the Battle of Waterloo, Marshal Ney led the center of the French troops. Five horses were killed under the marshal during the battle, but Ney in a tattered uniform, without losing composure, rushed into battle, shouting: "Watch the marshal of France die!"

When Napoleon Bonaparte, having suffered defeat, was removed from power for the second time, Marshal Ney, fearing arrest, fled with a fake passport to Switzerland. His passport was provided by Talleyrand and Fouche. But in Switzerland, Ney was soon identified and arrested. He was taken to France and assembled to be brought before a military court as a man who swore allegiance to King Louis.

Marshal Monsey was appointed chairman of the military tribunal, the oldest of the Napoleonic commanders, but Marshal Moncey immediately refused this appointment, for which he himself received a three-month term of imprisonment. However, they did not want to judge Ney and other honored generals of the French army. Indeed, many of them were the marshal's comrades-in-arms, his brothers in arms, and did not imagine how they would pass judgment on the glorified commander. Therefore, the authorities decided to transfer the case to the Chamber of Peers.

In vain, the French public called upon King Louis XVIII and his inner circle to show mercy to the captive marshal and not sentence him to death. Royalists remained adamant. The English commander-in-chief, Duke of Wellington, did not intercede on Ney, although his signature was under a convention concluded in Saint-Cloud and urging not to punish anyone for his previous political activities.



However, Ney himself didn’t intend to "otmazyvatsya" and play up. When he was offered a chance to rescue - to refuse to consider himself a Frenchman, since the Saar, where Nei was born, was rejected by France by decision of the Allied powers, Nei rejected such an idea with indignation. He stated that he lived and wants to die a Frenchman.

At this time, the 161 people sat in the House of Peers. And only one of them decided to vote for the innocence of Marshal Ney. It was 30-year-old Duke Victor de Broglie, who only 9 days before the meeting of the House of Peers reached the age of thirty, which gave the right to participate in the meetings of the House. One hundred thirty-nine people were in favor of the immediate death penalty for the famous military leader, and for the execution without the right to appeal the verdict.

7 December 1815, Marshal of France Michel Ney was shot for treason. He was executed not far from the Paris Observatory. Marshal himself commanded his own execution. At the time of his death he was 46 years old.

Napoleon Bonaparte, having learned about the death of Marshal Michel Ney, wrote:

Ney was a brave man. His death is as extraordinary as his life. I bet that those who condemned him did not dare to look at his face.




In the year 1853, when Louis Bonaparte, Napoleon III, was in power in France, a monument was erected at the scene of the execution of Marshal Michel Ney.
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  1. +8
    10 January 2019 06: 26
    Thank you for the article. I do not idealize the French Revolution, it was full of villains and adventurers. But the fact that people came to the highest posts due to their merits, skill and courage, and not by origin, this can not be taken away.
    1. IGU
      +1
      10 January 2019 10: 13
      , not by origin
      In general, I agree, but in the case of Marshal Michel Ney, the origin played a role.
  2. +4
    10 January 2019 07: 26
    shot, like the other associate of Napoleon, the Neapolitan king Murat.

    But he lived a bright, unusual and bold life.
    Interesting article.
    Thank you.
    1. +6
      10 January 2019 12: 09
      Yes, Murat lived a vibrant life. And he dignifiedly accepted death, asking for one thing, so that they would not shoot in the face. He was a master of epotage, wore medieval clothes — the King of Naples. All at the show-offs, but he was brave and courageous. Let's remember our commanders of time. Everyone knows Bagration, Barclay, Kutuzov at last. But there was such a general Skalon — his modest grave with a fence at the foot of the Royal Bastion in Smolensk. The Russian general from artillery died with honor defending his homeland in August 1812 ..
      1. +1
        10 January 2019 20: 48
        Unfortunately, we forgot many officers and generals who distinguished themselves in that war, but it seemed we knew everything about it
        1. 0
          10 January 2019 22: 35
          Vladikab unfortunately our notice our youth does not know any history at all
          1. 0
            11 January 2019 08: 45
            To know the story it is necessary to read, and the young are always in a hurry. Now young people don’t like to read at all
        2. +1
          11 January 2019 22: 24
          Quote: vladcub
          Unfortunately, we forgot many officers and generals who distinguished themselves in that war, but it seemed we knew everything about it

          Many have forgotten or do not remember at all about the role of the French officers and soldiers from among the royalists, French "whites" who emigrated and served with honor, including in the ranks of the Russian Imperial Army, including in the war of 1812, fighting already against their former associates.
      2. 0
        10 January 2019 22: 29
        who prevents you from honoring our heroes, you left your homeland and don’t know the monument to the heroes of that war was restored in red
  3. +3
    10 January 2019 09: 02
    I agree with those who believe that while Napoleon dominated all these marshals, he could keep them all in check. As soon as Napoleon went somewhere, all these marshals immediately began to sort things out among themselves. And Ney is no exception.
    By the way, the article contains a lot of omissions, including about the motivation for certain actions. Well, yes, Ney, while retreating across Russia, could not be captured. And how many people did he take with him? Yes, almost no one. The rest were laid down fighting or thrown. And to the point of carrying the musket with the soldiers. And in 1814, Ney gave up at all, being among those who insisted on the abdication of their emperor. Apparently, he wanted to preserve all the castles, estates and other delights of the "elite" life. These "copper" pipes then ruined him.
    1. +1
      10 January 2019 10: 34
      Well, yes, as he, in a Portuguese campaign, together with Junot and Foix, put Massena the emblem of this year. By and large, everyone was to blame there, starting with Bonnie himself, but Massen was the last to be blamed.
    2. 0
      10 January 2019 18: 23
      Quote: DimanC
      Well, yes, Ney could not be captured when retreating across Russia. And how many people did he bring with him? Yes, almost no one. The rest he put away fighting or threw.

      So almost no one survived from the Great Army. She managed to save at least something, the other in his place would not have saved anything. Read what army Kutuzov brought to Berezina, although he had no problems with either winter clothes or food
      Quote: DimanC
      And in 1814 Ney completely gave slack, being among those who insisted on the abdication of his emperor.

      What was to be done? The army - no, Paris - has been captured, against France - a whole coalition of first-class European powers. Your options?
      1. 0
        10 January 2019 20: 53
        But you are right: the options were not enough and everything is in the letter G
      2. +2
        11 January 2019 06: 23
        About the fact that the Russian army also suffered and had marching losses - I know this, I do not know only the extent. But I don’t think that completely new people left for the campaign abroad, I think the majority continued the campaign from the autumn of 1812. Unlike the French army, where only the guard remained more or less organized.
        And as for Ney, that is, I am embarrassed that Ney’s troops did not become in such a distress like this SUDDENLY. We walked, walked through the woods, left - and behold. No. Recall Suvorov and his Swiss campaign. Being abandoned by the Allies, over and over again he gave Lyuli to the meeting French and withdrew his troops in an organized manner, plus also with the prisoners. Which, unlike the same Bonaparte (for example, in the Syrian campaign), did not shoot and did not throw in the mountains. Moreover, he took him away from Switzerland because it became clear to Suvorov that the Allies did not need him here, so the march to Paris was canceled (for the umpteenth time). Actually, having similar examples, I believe that in the fall of 1812, Ney did not show himself very well.
        As for the coalition, the capture of Paris and the options, there were Napoleon's military leaders who did not swear allegiance to the Bourbons, and therefore they were not tried after 100 days. And Ney nevertheless swore an oath. For this he was shot.
        1. +1
          11 January 2019 07: 18
          Quote: DimanC
          About the fact that the Russian army also suffered and had marching losses - I know this, I do not know only the extent.

          Huge. At the moment when Kutuzov, having replenished his army after Borodin, came out from Tarutin in October and went first to Maloyaroslavets, and then after Napoleon, he had more than 97 thousand people, and in mid-December he brought less than 27 500 people. And besides, from the 662 guns with which he left Tarutin, Kutuzov dearly lost 425, so that he had about 200 left. (Tarle)
          Quote: DimanC
          But I don’t think that completely new people left for the campaign abroad, I think the majority continued the campaign from the fall of 1812

          That's right :)))) But how is it? Our soldiers, who got sick, froze and for other reasons lagged behind the army, remained in their native country, in which they were not in any danger, that is, most of the "lost" Kutuzovs then returned to duty. But for the French, lagging behind the rest of the army was tantamount to death.
          Quote: DimanC
          Recall Suvorov and his Swiss campaign.

          There was still something else. The duration of the Swiss trip took less than a month
          Quote: DimanC
          As for the coalition, the capture of Paris and the options, there were Napoleon's military leaders who did not swear allegiance to the Bourbons, and therefore they were not tried after 100 days. And Ney nevertheless swore an oath.

          There were, but the fact that she swore to the Bourbons is not treason against Napoleon. I repeat, Napoleon resolved this himself.
          In addition, generally speaking, even before and precisely after 1812, the catastrophic nature of Napoleon's policy was obvious. Ney began to consider Napoleon evil, but when? At least I know for sure that when Ney went against Napoleon, who landed in Crane Crane (100 days), he did it sincerely, he really did not want Napoleon's restoration. And only after realizing that the army and France wanted the latter - only then he switched to his side
          1. +2
            11 January 2019 08: 34
            Andrei, here it comes out somewhat vague: he sincerely swore to Bourbon that he would put Napoleon in a corner, and then he also sincerely joined Napoleon. We can only guess how sincere he was when he swore allegiance to Bourbon. Something tells me that, swearing to Bourbon, he thought something like this: "a bottle in your mouth, you old fool."
            1. +1
              11 January 2019 14: 49
              Quote: vladcub
              Andrei, it’s a bit foggy here: he sincerely swore to Bourbon that he would put Napoleon in a corner, and then he also sincerely joined Napoleon.

              In fact - nothing vague, just remember what was happening then.
              In 1913-14, France was frankly tired of Napoleon's antics, an entire generation was destroyed, only bits left of the army and no one wanted to continue the endless wars - they somehow reconciled with them while they were victorious, but now the enemy came to France. And the marshals are frankly tired of wars, especially since they saw that their idol, Napoleon, is clearly looking for death on the battlefield (this, by the way, is a fact).
              In addition, after the capture of the Allies of Paris, martial law was finally over. In other words, Napoleon has become simply impossible. And so he renounces, allows the marshals and other lower officers to serve the Bourbons. Ney swears to the Bourbons.
              Then the fun begins. The Bourbons understood nothing and learned nothing. As the country's leadership, they proved themselves to be completely insignificant, and greatly annoyed the population of France. There was no mind from the word "in general". And so Napoleon landed with several hundred soldiers. What's happening?
              The Bourbons send a large detachment to arrest him. He in full force goes to the side of Napoleon. The bourbons are sent to arrest the rebels of the 2 regiment with parts of reinforcement. They are in full force side with Napoleon. Wherever Napoleon goes, he is met by an explosion of frenzied enthusiasm, the people rejoice, the doors of Grenoble, Lyon, swing open to meet him. In general, the hecatombs of corpses are happily forgotten, the revolutionary general Bonaparte is going to save the republic, hurry !!!!! Although he himself was a revolutionary, by the way, did not pretend.
              So then the Bourbons take the first and last reasonable step: they send an army against Napoleon, led by Her, whom the army loves madly. And Her agrees - with a pure heart! Why?
              He perfectly understands that the return of Napoleon means a new war with a coalition of European powers, which France does not need at all, and which France cannot lead - there is neither money nor soldiers for this (they have not grown yet). That is, the arrival of Napoleon will mark a military catastrophe, and Ney understands this, he does not need this. In general, of the two evils, the Bourbons choose.
              BUT! The army obeys him literally on the verge of a foul. He, leading her against Bonaparte, clearly sees that the whole army, from the first to the last man, is eager to serve Napoleon. He sees the enthusiasm of the population waiting for Napoleon, the general hatred of the Brubons. And he understands that where he chose the Bourbons from two evils, France chose Napoleon, and not in his power to change that.
              And he returns to Napoleon. When someone from the royal family tried to reproach him, who was next to him, he answered him: "How can I stop the sea with my hands?"
              1. +3
                11 January 2019 18: 46
                Andrey, you have a chronological error: 1913-14 France is frankly tired of Napoleon's antics, "how restless he is, that has been haunting France for a hundred years?
                And so in general I like your opinion
                1. 0
                  11 January 2019 19: 43
                  Quote: Astra wild
                  Andrey, Vas has a chronological error: 1913-14

                  Honestly, it feels as if someone were rules. Well, 20 once re-read the comment, it was 1813-14
                  1. 0
                    11 January 2019 20: 03
                    But now it is written: 1913-14.? And about: "as if someone ruled" You are probably one of the earliest regulars of the site: I judge by your virtual programs, which means you know better, perhaps, or not deliberate piracy?
                    1. 0
                      12 January 2019 14: 30
                      Yes, it’s impossible, of course, if only the moderator will not rule, and why should he? Strange just
                      1. +1
                        12 January 2019 19: 18
                        Out of mischief, envy or boredom. The soul of man is dark. How many scientists do not fight, but 100% cannot unravel a person’s soul
      3. +2
        11 January 2019 22: 26
        Quote: Andrey from Chelyabinsk
        What was to be done? The army - no, Paris - has been captured, against France - a whole coalition of first-class European powers. Your options?

        After that, having received the amnesty, there was no need to break the new oath and again support the Usurper, who simply out of boredom (to call a spade a spade) wanted to shed the blood of tens of thousands more people (the price of "One Hundred Days").
  4. +5
    10 January 2019 09: 16
    Prince of Moscow. One of the host of twenty languages ​​that devastated Russia.

    But the figure is bright, you can not argue.

    Yes, and to each person - if you approach with a magnifying glass - a romance can happen.
    1. +1
      10 January 2019 15: 09
      Moskvoretsky, not Moscow
      1. +1
        10 January 2019 21: 38
        Probably more correct: "De la Moskowa".
  5. +7
    10 January 2019 10: 06
    Napoleonic lion!
  6. +10
    10 January 2019 10: 58
    What eagles, what eagles our ancestors plucked! ..
    It was a truly courageous and worthy opponent.
    Thanks to the author, it was interesting.
    1. +2
      10 January 2019 18: 21
      Quote: Trilobite Master
      It was a truly courageous and worthy opponent.

      Without any doubt. The higher is the feat of our ancestors, which you are talking about hi
  7. +3
    10 January 2019 15: 35
    On the Internet you can find newsreels of the execution of Ion Antonescu. With all the negative attitude towards this Romanian Nazi ally, it should be recognized that he met death with dignity.
  8. 0
    10 January 2019 17: 52
    Well, as you can see, even then liberalism was victorious in the advanced country of the 1st, Napoleonic, European Union. Betrayal and careerism, and spit on the rest.
  9. +2
    10 January 2019 18: 20
    When the Bourbon monarchy was restored in France, Marshal Ney cheated on Napoleon - he swore allegiance to the new king Louis XVIII, receiving from him the title of peer

    Marshal Ney did NOT cheat on Napoleon, because the latter, signing the renunciation, directly ordered his officers to go to serve the Bourbons
  10. +1
    10 January 2019 20: 40
    Oh, what a darling, from the people, a hero, bonnets into the air, at the same time red heroes and marshals from the people, stranglers fought, throwing the enemy with the bodies of their soldiers. Can't you see anything strange in our newest liberal, money-backed Soros history?
  11. +2
    10 January 2019 21: 21
    I drew attention to the swiftness of Ney's career after the revolution. Of course, we can say that after the revolution all sorts can be ups, especially if you are a demagogue. But in this case, talent is on the face.
    Once in my school years, I read somewhere that half of the victories of both Napoleon and his illustrious commanders were due to the revolution and others. In a certain sense, the revolutionary impulse means a lot, and there are many examples of history, but this theory is not entirely true: when Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor and there was no spirit left from the revolution, but Napoleon nightmare all.
    P.S., There is a monument to Her, but is his grave known? In the case of Murat, they could have buried everything like a tramp, but in France, where Ney’s name was known, it was all more difficult
  12. 0
    10 January 2019 22: 17
    man is ambiguous but as a military commander of the highest level definitely deserves respect
  13. +1
    11 January 2019 16: 15
    Respect to the author. her, her, and why do we need her (let the French belly navel with pride)? a man who changed the oath twice ...? let the French be proud of him. let's talk about ours (Russian and non-Russian)
    life to the fatherland, honor to no one

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