Red girls with the order on the blouse. Part of 1
16 December 1917 of the Year The Council of People’s Commissars, referring to the will of the revolutionary people, adopted a decree “On the Equalization of Rights of All Military Personnel”. This document stated that all ranks and titles in the army are abolished, and "all external differences" are also abolished. The “honorary title of soldiers of the revolutionary army”, common for all, was introduced. Canceled were all previously handed orders and insignia.
However, it soon became clear that the discipline and fighting capacity of the troops needed to be supported not only by repressive measures against cowards and deserters, but also by encouraging those who had distinguished themselves in battle.
Work has begun on the development of sketches and the provisions of the first Soviet award. And before that, the entire practice of the award was limited to the presentation of distinguished Red Army men and commanders of nominal gold or silver watches and cigarette cases. It happened that at that difficult time commanders rewarded leather jackets, red bloomers and other items of military and civilian life for combat successes and personal heroism.
2 September 1918 at the meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee discussed the issue of introducing a personal award - a proletarian insignia for presentation for accomplishments, courage and dedication in battles with the enemies of Soviet power. They created a commission from 3-s people, which the very next day prepared a draft, in which the 2 version of the insignia (order) was offered to choose - the Red Banner and the Red Carnation. Chose the Order of the Red Banner. By the way, to it under the project of the statute life pension in 100 rub relied. (in gold equivalent). It should be noted that as a result of the tight deadlines and the variability of sentences, inaccuracy crept into the name of the order. Although in the final version it was called the Order (insignia) “Red Banner of RSFSR”, it has since been often called the Order of the Red Banner in various publications and even in documents.
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It should be noted that Trotsky personally took part not only in the development of regulatory documents, but also in the refinement of the external design, taking into account the choice of the most suitable materials for the production of the order. So, thanks to him, the order began to be made from silver instead of the originally proposed copper or bronze. Moreover, his opinion on this subject was set forth in a rather rigid form. In a telegram to Sverdlov, he compared the initial version of the insignia with the porter's badge and declared: “I will not give it out, because it will cause general disappointment.” Order urgently finalized. Ordered insignia at the rate of 2-3 awards for each individual part. As V. Durov and N. Strekalov note in their book, by the end of 1919, the 4600 orders of the Red Banner of the RSFSR were made.
Worker in the army
The article A.P. Rich for the 10 anniversary of the Red Army, published in the journal Kommunistka, some indicators of the number of women in the army by the end of the civil war were cited, but with elementary testing they cause some doubt in their accuracy. Thus, out of the total number of the Red Army 3 million people (as of 28 August 1920), the number of women reached 73858. In addition, from 30 000 not military personnel, but working in the army, 22 949 people were women, which was, as stated in the magazine, 75% of this group (according to our calculations 76,5%).
The article contained other interesting digital indicators. Thus, female servicemen had 50909 people who were distributed in the army as follows: 50% (27537 people) were employed in non-combat economic work, 40% (20099 people) - medical staff and the rest of 10% (3273 people) - administrative and economic composition. According to our calculations, the percentages are different - 54%, 39,5% and 6,5%, respectively. These calculated omissions are not of fundamental importance, but they somewhat distort the real situation and the idea of how the female military personnel in the Red Army was divided by categories in the Red Army in August 1920. It should be noted that the rich herself mentioned in the article that this information is not complete, since they do not take into account those hundreds of Red Army women who were in the ranks with a rifle in their hands and “did not leave the battlefield”. Over the past years and as a result of massive reductions in the Red Army, the situation has changed dramatically. As Delegatka wrote in 1928, at that time there were only female military personnel in command and political positions, of whom 72 people graduated from the military academy and had a higher military education.
The path to the army ranks for female workers and peasant women during the civil war was mostly voluntary. True, in the interests of replenishing the army with doctors and nurses were used and mobilization among the medical staff. But the main influx of women into the ranks of the Red Army still gave volunteer recruitment. Implementing the slogan of the Soviet government on the emancipation and equality of women, they were increasingly attracted to active work in the army. Communist women became political fighters, political directors, commissioners, were appointed to high political positions. At the same time, during the civil war, there were thousands of women in the Red Army who were directly involved in military operations as machine gunners, shooters, cartridges carriers, cavalrymen and other combat units. Bravely proved themselves in the Red Army women-cavalry, which, for example, there were many in the 1-th cavalry army. Budyonny spoke warmly about them, including on the pages of his books of memoirs. The postcard of the artist L. Kotlyar of times1960-s depicts one of the heroines of the civil war, the cavalier of the Order of the Red Banner, the gunner of the machine gun of the 35-th cavalry regiment Pavlin Kuznetsov.
Anything happened on the front. In one of the magazines 1920-s is given such an example. In battles on the Polish front, one of the units of the 58 Division wavered under enemy fire. The situation was saved by a female soldier. “Comrade. Moskalev with a strong abuse and butt stops the fugitives ”, raises the“ vigor of the combatants ”and the battle continues. The 12 Revolutionary Military Council rewarded her for her courage and heroism with a gold watch.
The army suffered losses. At the front often lacked qualified professionals. For example, during the war, there was an acute need for telegraph operators and telephonists. Instead of the former signalers, who often passed on military secrets to the enemy, they required reliable, dedicated to the Soviet authorities and specialists capable of keeping military secrets. The ranks of telegraph operators and telephonists joined the military women. Short-term courses for the preparation of telegraph operators and telephonists were opened. Brave signalers have shown themselves as skillful and brave fighters. And there are examples. Paulina Schwede served as a telephonist in the howitzer artillery battalion of the Latvian Infantry Division. From 21 to 23 in October 1919 of the year under Stish station, even when the enemy came very close and conducted continuous shelling of the positions of the red troops, she continued to ensure uninterrupted communication and send commands to the battery. For her feat she was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
The acute shortage of specialists was also felt in the field of military medicine. The former communities of nurses of mercy, the organizations of the Red Cross were dissolved, disbanded or abolished, and the front demanded medical assistance. In order to train medical personnel from female workers in 1919, the first short-term “red” nursing courses are being created in Moscow. Women who had undergone almost 3-month special training, went to the fronts, where they often showed personal courage and dedication, rendering first aid to the wounded under enemy fire directly on the battlefields.
A woman in the army has shown that she is capable not only of carrying out rear and auxiliary work in military affairs. Often in battle, with a rifle in her hands, she showed courage and showed heroism, thereby setting an example to other Red Army men. “A woman can work in the conditions of the military,” wrote Lenin in those years, “when it comes to helping the army, about campaigning among her.” Later in the fall of 1920, in a conversation with K. Zetkin, the leader of the proletariat would express himself more concretely: “Without them we would not have won. Or they would hardly have won. ”
During the years of the civil war, the overall party assessment of the role of women in military affairs has seriously changed. In total 3 a year ago, Kollontai blamed volunteers for the women's battalions of the Provisional Government, and in 1920, she was pleased to write that "a completely new attitude towards the woman and to the use of her forces in the field of military affairs is planned." “The involvement of women workers and peasant women in military affairs,” she noted, “is dictated not by temporary political considerations ... but by the vital tasks of the class ... The class army needs a woman, a worker and a peasant”. Almost immediately after October 1917, taking into account the further expansion of the civil war fronts, women began to be actively involved in military service. As volunteers, either by party or Komsomol assignment, they took short-term military and medical training courses, and then went to the front or to protect strategic facilities. They were attracted to work on the creation of defensive lines, digging trenches and trenches. They trusted them to protect the rule of law and carry a police service. Volunteers enrolled in the ranks of the Red Army and went to the front. For example, the number of workers' detachments aimed at the front, only from Petrograd in the autumn of 1919, amounted to more than 1,5 thousand people.
Women order bearers of the first years
By participating in battles on the fronts of the civil war, women soldiers showed courage and heroism. Data on their number in the ranks of the Red Army varies - from 66 to 75 thousand people. As well as information about women - the gentlemen of the first and for that time of the only Soviet order - "Red Banner RSFSR". This order, as already noted, was called this order during the years of the civil war and in the first years after it. Awarded directly during the civil war and immediately after its end, were included in the list of people who were awarded the order and revolutionary weapons. The collection was published in 1926 year and it contained 28 female military personnel. Everything is more or less clear with this list of awardees. According to the chronology, it looks like this: 1919 year - total 1 award, 1920 - 9 awards, 1921 - 4, 1922 - 3, 1923 award on the year, 9 and 1924 year - 1 award. In 1926, there were no women among those awarded with the order. The first in the 1 year was awarded the Order of the Red Banner by a nurse of the 1925-th cavalry regiment Daria Krzhanovskaya.
Somewhat later, a special memo entitled “What is the Order of the Red Banner” and who wears it ”was developed especially for the award recipients. It said: "He who wears this high proletarian insignia on his chest should know that he is distinguished from the environment of his peers by the will of the toiling masses as the most worthy and best of them."
The next “wave” of mass awards was timed to the celebration of the 10 anniversary of the Red Army. Order No. 101 from 23 February 1928 of the year brought to the personnel of the army and navy a list of people who were awarded the Order of the Red Banner by the decree of the Presidium of the USSR Central Executive Committee 20 of February 1928 “for military distinctions and services rendered during the civil war”. The list included 975 people awarded, of whom 33 women. Among the new women holders of the order were 8 fighters who fought in the ranks, 8 medical workers, 7 political workers, 4 partisans, and representatives of some other activities. The peculiarity of this order was that it indicated not only modern posts, but also places of work or types of occupations awarded.
It would seem that it is easier to put these two numbers together and you get a list of the names of 61 heroines who became the knights of the highest Soviet military award of those years for the deeds committed on the fronts of the civil war. However, in publications and publications of different years, their number is given in the range from 53 to more than 100 people. Perhaps, researchers and historians have identified some other, previously unknown documents on awarding military women. But then they must be entered into the open information space, or at least referred to in publications.
It should be borne in mind that in the year 1924 was established the Order of the same name in the USSR and in the same year it was decided to stop the awards of the former Order of the RSFSR. However, in fact, the Order of the Red Banner of the USSR began to be awarded only at the beginning of the 1930-s. So all the heroes of the civil war, about whom the story goes, were awarded the Order of the Red Banner of the RSFSR
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However, it soon became clear that the discipline and fighting capacity of the troops needed to be supported not only by repressive measures against cowards and deserters, but also by encouraging those who had distinguished themselves in battle.
Work has begun on the development of sketches and the provisions of the first Soviet award. And before that, the entire practice of the award was limited to the presentation of distinguished Red Army men and commanders of nominal gold or silver watches and cigarette cases. It happened that at that difficult time commanders rewarded leather jackets, red bloomers and other items of military and civilian life for combat successes and personal heroism.
2 September 1918 at the meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee discussed the issue of introducing a personal award - a proletarian insignia for presentation for accomplishments, courage and dedication in battles with the enemies of Soviet power. They created a commission from 3-s people, which the very next day prepared a draft, in which the 2 version of the insignia (order) was offered to choose - the Red Banner and the Red Carnation. Chose the Order of the Red Banner. By the way, to it under the project of the statute life pension in 100 rub relied. (in gold equivalent). It should be noted that as a result of the tight deadlines and the variability of sentences, inaccuracy crept into the name of the order. Although in the final version it was called the Order (insignia) “Red Banner of RSFSR”, it has since been often called the Order of the Red Banner in various publications and even in documents.
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It should be noted that Trotsky personally took part not only in the development of regulatory documents, but also in the refinement of the external design, taking into account the choice of the most suitable materials for the production of the order. So, thanks to him, the order began to be made from silver instead of the originally proposed copper or bronze. Moreover, his opinion on this subject was set forth in a rather rigid form. In a telegram to Sverdlov, he compared the initial version of the insignia with the porter's badge and declared: “I will not give it out, because it will cause general disappointment.” Order urgently finalized. Ordered insignia at the rate of 2-3 awards for each individual part. As V. Durov and N. Strekalov note in their book, by the end of 1919, the 4600 orders of the Red Banner of the RSFSR were made.
Worker in the army
The article A.P. Rich for the 10 anniversary of the Red Army, published in the journal Kommunistka, some indicators of the number of women in the army by the end of the civil war were cited, but with elementary testing they cause some doubt in their accuracy. Thus, out of the total number of the Red Army 3 million people (as of 28 August 1920), the number of women reached 73858. In addition, from 30 000 not military personnel, but working in the army, 22 949 people were women, which was, as stated in the magazine, 75% of this group (according to our calculations 76,5%).
The article contained other interesting digital indicators. Thus, female servicemen had 50909 people who were distributed in the army as follows: 50% (27537 people) were employed in non-combat economic work, 40% (20099 people) - medical staff and the rest of 10% (3273 people) - administrative and economic composition. According to our calculations, the percentages are different - 54%, 39,5% and 6,5%, respectively. These calculated omissions are not of fundamental importance, but they somewhat distort the real situation and the idea of how the female military personnel in the Red Army was divided by categories in the Red Army in August 1920. It should be noted that the rich herself mentioned in the article that this information is not complete, since they do not take into account those hundreds of Red Army women who were in the ranks with a rifle in their hands and “did not leave the battlefield”. Over the past years and as a result of massive reductions in the Red Army, the situation has changed dramatically. As Delegatka wrote in 1928, at that time there were only female military personnel in command and political positions, of whom 72 people graduated from the military academy and had a higher military education.
The path to the army ranks for female workers and peasant women during the civil war was mostly voluntary. True, in the interests of replenishing the army with doctors and nurses were used and mobilization among the medical staff. But the main influx of women into the ranks of the Red Army still gave volunteer recruitment. Implementing the slogan of the Soviet government on the emancipation and equality of women, they were increasingly attracted to active work in the army. Communist women became political fighters, political directors, commissioners, were appointed to high political positions. At the same time, during the civil war, there were thousands of women in the Red Army who were directly involved in military operations as machine gunners, shooters, cartridges carriers, cavalrymen and other combat units. Bravely proved themselves in the Red Army women-cavalry, which, for example, there were many in the 1-th cavalry army. Budyonny spoke warmly about them, including on the pages of his books of memoirs. The postcard of the artist L. Kotlyar of times1960-s depicts one of the heroines of the civil war, the cavalier of the Order of the Red Banner, the gunner of the machine gun of the 35-th cavalry regiment Pavlin Kuznetsov.
Anything happened on the front. In one of the magazines 1920-s is given such an example. In battles on the Polish front, one of the units of the 58 Division wavered under enemy fire. The situation was saved by a female soldier. “Comrade. Moskalev with a strong abuse and butt stops the fugitives ”, raises the“ vigor of the combatants ”and the battle continues. The 12 Revolutionary Military Council rewarded her for her courage and heroism with a gold watch.
The army suffered losses. At the front often lacked qualified professionals. For example, during the war, there was an acute need for telegraph operators and telephonists. Instead of the former signalers, who often passed on military secrets to the enemy, they required reliable, dedicated to the Soviet authorities and specialists capable of keeping military secrets. The ranks of telegraph operators and telephonists joined the military women. Short-term courses for the preparation of telegraph operators and telephonists were opened. Brave signalers have shown themselves as skillful and brave fighters. And there are examples. Paulina Schwede served as a telephonist in the howitzer artillery battalion of the Latvian Infantry Division. From 21 to 23 in October 1919 of the year under Stish station, even when the enemy came very close and conducted continuous shelling of the positions of the red troops, she continued to ensure uninterrupted communication and send commands to the battery. For her feat she was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
The acute shortage of specialists was also felt in the field of military medicine. The former communities of nurses of mercy, the organizations of the Red Cross were dissolved, disbanded or abolished, and the front demanded medical assistance. In order to train medical personnel from female workers in 1919, the first short-term “red” nursing courses are being created in Moscow. Women who had undergone almost 3-month special training, went to the fronts, where they often showed personal courage and dedication, rendering first aid to the wounded under enemy fire directly on the battlefields.
A woman in the army has shown that she is capable not only of carrying out rear and auxiliary work in military affairs. Often in battle, with a rifle in her hands, she showed courage and showed heroism, thereby setting an example to other Red Army men. “A woman can work in the conditions of the military,” wrote Lenin in those years, “when it comes to helping the army, about campaigning among her.” Later in the fall of 1920, in a conversation with K. Zetkin, the leader of the proletariat would express himself more concretely: “Without them we would not have won. Or they would hardly have won. ”
During the years of the civil war, the overall party assessment of the role of women in military affairs has seriously changed. In total 3 a year ago, Kollontai blamed volunteers for the women's battalions of the Provisional Government, and in 1920, she was pleased to write that "a completely new attitude towards the woman and to the use of her forces in the field of military affairs is planned." “The involvement of women workers and peasant women in military affairs,” she noted, “is dictated not by temporary political considerations ... but by the vital tasks of the class ... The class army needs a woman, a worker and a peasant”. Almost immediately after October 1917, taking into account the further expansion of the civil war fronts, women began to be actively involved in military service. As volunteers, either by party or Komsomol assignment, they took short-term military and medical training courses, and then went to the front or to protect strategic facilities. They were attracted to work on the creation of defensive lines, digging trenches and trenches. They trusted them to protect the rule of law and carry a police service. Volunteers enrolled in the ranks of the Red Army and went to the front. For example, the number of workers' detachments aimed at the front, only from Petrograd in the autumn of 1919, amounted to more than 1,5 thousand people.
Women order bearers of the first years
By participating in battles on the fronts of the civil war, women soldiers showed courage and heroism. Data on their number in the ranks of the Red Army varies - from 66 to 75 thousand people. As well as information about women - the gentlemen of the first and for that time of the only Soviet order - "Red Banner RSFSR". This order, as already noted, was called this order during the years of the civil war and in the first years after it. Awarded directly during the civil war and immediately after its end, were included in the list of people who were awarded the order and revolutionary weapons. The collection was published in 1926 year and it contained 28 female military personnel. Everything is more or less clear with this list of awardees. According to the chronology, it looks like this: 1919 year - total 1 award, 1920 - 9 awards, 1921 - 4, 1922 - 3, 1923 award on the year, 9 and 1924 year - 1 award. In 1926, there were no women among those awarded with the order. The first in the 1 year was awarded the Order of the Red Banner by a nurse of the 1925-th cavalry regiment Daria Krzhanovskaya.
Somewhat later, a special memo entitled “What is the Order of the Red Banner” and who wears it ”was developed especially for the award recipients. It said: "He who wears this high proletarian insignia on his chest should know that he is distinguished from the environment of his peers by the will of the toiling masses as the most worthy and best of them."
The next “wave” of mass awards was timed to the celebration of the 10 anniversary of the Red Army. Order No. 101 from 23 February 1928 of the year brought to the personnel of the army and navy a list of people who were awarded the Order of the Red Banner by the decree of the Presidium of the USSR Central Executive Committee 20 of February 1928 “for military distinctions and services rendered during the civil war”. The list included 975 people awarded, of whom 33 women. Among the new women holders of the order were 8 fighters who fought in the ranks, 8 medical workers, 7 political workers, 4 partisans, and representatives of some other activities. The peculiarity of this order was that it indicated not only modern posts, but also places of work or types of occupations awarded.
It would seem that it is easier to put these two numbers together and you get a list of the names of 61 heroines who became the knights of the highest Soviet military award of those years for the deeds committed on the fronts of the civil war. However, in publications and publications of different years, their number is given in the range from 53 to more than 100 people. Perhaps, researchers and historians have identified some other, previously unknown documents on awarding military women. But then they must be entered into the open information space, or at least referred to in publications.
It should be borne in mind that in the year 1924 was established the Order of the same name in the USSR and in the same year it was decided to stop the awards of the former Order of the RSFSR. However, in fact, the Order of the Red Banner of the USSR began to be awarded only at the beginning of the 1930-s. So all the heroes of the civil war, about whom the story goes, were awarded the Order of the Red Banner of the RSFSR
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