Mazepa Oathbreaker, awarded the Order of Judas. Part of 1
In today's Ukraine, Hetman Mazepa is one of the revered national symbols, his portrait is on a banknote, monuments are put to him, and streets and avenues are named after him. The person who has become a symbol of profit, betrayal and treason, cursed by the church, awarded the Order of Judas and despised by his contemporaries, is very close to the rulers of Ukraine, who in their actions follow the example of this idol.
Contemporaries spoke with deepest contempt about Mazepa, rewarding him with the epithet "damned dog Mazepa", not finding a single kind word in his address. And this is not by chance, since all his life he, betraying his comrades-in-arms and benefactors, did not disdain by any means in the struggle for power, honor and wealth. And Mazepa was dying with bitter loneliness, eagerly looking at the barrels and the chest with the stolen gold, in fear that his associates would drag it all away.
Considering history hetmans in Ukraine, of which Mazepa is a prominent representative, it is necessary to take into account the characteristic features of the hetmans of that time. After the Polish gentry were expelled from these lands, on the wave of popular anger, a masterful Cossack foreman came to power, who did not have the knowledge, strength and means to control such a vast territory.
The Cossack officers who did not tolerate any power over themselves nevertheless were forced to seek an alliance with their stronger neighbors - Russia, Turkey and Poland. By concluding alliances, they didn’t really want to comply with them and, betraying the next patron, wanted to live according to their will, without troubling themselves with state construction. A typical representative of his time was hetman Mazepa, whose whole life, due to his character and circumstances, was constantly accompanied by a change of owners.
As a result of the Russo-Polish war of 1654-1667 under the Andrusovo Armistice, the Dnieper hetman split into the Left Bank Hetmanate, which became part of Russia, and the Right Bank Hetmanate, formed in 1663 of the year and focused on Poland and Turkey. In both parts, their hetmans were elected. On the Left Bank, Bogdan Khmelnitsky-Vygovsky - Yury Khmelnitsky-Bryukhovetsky - Many sinners - Samoilovich - Mazepa were elected hetmans. On the Right Bank - Teter, then - Doroshenko and a whole galaxy of leaders who sought to sell their fellow tribesmen to the Polish and Turkish rulers.
How true were the hetmans of the Left Bank to their oath given to the Russian Tsar, can be judged by their unenviable fate. B. Khmelnitsky signed an agreement with Russia, Vyhovsky - betrayed and fled to the Poles who executed him, Yury Khmelnitsky - betrayed and severed the agreement with Russia, went to the Poles, and then to the Turks, Bryukhovetsky - betrayed, killed by the Cossacks for treason, Mnogoshreshny - betrayed, fled to the right bank, extradited and exiled to Siberia, Samoilovich - by denunciation of his entourage accused of treason and exiled to Siberia, Mazepa - betrayed and fled with Charles XII.
By origin, Mazepa was from an Orthodox gentry family on the Right Bank, his ancestors faithfully served the Polish crown. Thanks to his extraordinary intelligence and connections between his father and grandfather, he was at the court of the Polish king from his youthful years. Proximity to the king allowed him to get a brilliant education, he studied in Holland, Italy, Germany and France, fluent in Russian, Polish, Tatar, Latin. He also knew Italian, German and French. I read a lot, had an excellent library in many languages.
Educated and educated in the spirit of Polish culture, Mazepa showed great promise. But after unpleasant intrigues at the royal court, started by Mazepa, he was distant from the courtyard, because of his meanness and baseness, the road to the highest strata of the Polish gentry was forever closed to him.
In 1663, the king sent Mazepa to the Right Bank to present Cossacks with military regalia. Mazepa betrays the Polish king and remains with the right-bank Cossacks, marries the daughter of one of the closest hetman Doroshenko. The father-in-law helps Mazepa advance in the circle of the Cossack sergeant, and he soon becomes the hetman’s confidant and chief clerk, one of the key figures in the hetman’s system.
In 1674, hetman Doroshenko, who betrayed Poland and passed under the protectorate of the Turkish sultan, sent Mazepa with a letter to the sultan, and in confirmation of hetman's loyalty Mazepa carries the captive Cossacks from the Left Bank as a commodity to the slave trade market to the 14 sultan.
The Cossacks intercept the delegation and take Mazepa into captivity, he betrays Doroshenko and agrees to serve their opponents to the left-bank Cossacks who are subordinate to Moscow, he is sent to left-bank hetman Samoylovich, and Mazepa becomes a Russian subject.
Thanks to his talents, the authorities, who are in favor, like Mazepa, are paving the way to Samoylovich’s heart, he even entrusts Mazepa to raise his children and assigns him the title of a military comrade. The Cossack officers recognize him as the Hetman’s “near man”, and after a few years Mazepa receives the rank of General Saul and becomes the second man on the Left Bank.
On the instructions of Samoylovich Mazepa, he regularly visits Moscow, where he receives the favor of Prince Golitsyn, a favorite of Princess Sophia, who in fact had all power in her hands with flattery and humiliation.
Meanness and cynicism in the desire to stipulate and betray his friend, subordinate or benefactor, fully manifested in Mazepa during the unsuccessful Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689, organized by Prince Golitsyn.
Due to slander by Mazepa, hetman Samoilovich was convicted of the failure of the first Crimean campaign by the efforts of Prince Golitsyn, he was accused of treason and sent to Siberia, and his son, who was brought up by Mazepa, was beheaded. Hetman Mazepa appropriated half of the confiscated property.
After the fall of Samoilovich Golitsyn, who took a bribe from Mazepa and respectfully related to his education, which he was different and shone, had a decisive influence on the election of Mazepa in 1687, hetman of the Left Bank. There is a petition to Peter I, in which Mazepa writes that he was forced to give a bribe to Golitsyn for the hetman's post in the amount of 11 thousands of chervonets "partly from the belongings of aloof hetman Samoylovich, and partly from his own little name." Cossack officers elected Mazepa as hetman he rewarded by distributing estates, colonel and other posts.
Shortly after the fall of the princess Sophia and the transfer of power to Peter I, Mazepa wrote a denunciation to the tsar on Golitsyn, whom he accused of failing the second Crimean campaign, in which Mazepa himself took part, being already a hetman of the Left Bank. As a result, Golitsyn was deprived of all the regalia and exiled to the Arkhangelsk region.
The historian Kostomarov very clearly characterized Mazepa’s moral career:
A cunning politician and diplomat, a clever flatterer and a courtier, Mazepa skillfully won his sympathies and established the necessary connections. “No one could better, than Mazepa, enchant the right person and bring him to his side,” his closest associate, the falseman Orlik, wrote about Mazepa.
So Mazepa gained complete trust and Peter I, seeking unlimited power on the Left Bank for unhindered personal enrichment. To satisfy his unceasing greed, Mazepa used everything from embezzlement, extortion and bribery to the forced “purchase” of land from peasants, Cossacks and his companions, often accompanied by the use of military force.
On the willfulness of Mazepa, the general judge Kochubey wrote in one of his letters to Peter I: “The hetman arbitrarily controls the military treasury, takes as much as he wants and gives to whom he wants.” In total, during his reign, Mazepa managed to make fabulous capitals, assign and receive from the tsar for faithful service the lands where about 100 thousands of Little Russians and 20 thousands of Russian peasants lived, Mazepa became one of the richest landowners in Russia. (With his thirst for power and greed, today's president of Ukraine Poroshenko is very reminiscent of Mazepa. He has someone to take an example.)
There were legends about the incalculable wealth of Mazepa. Partially they are confirmed by contemporaries. In the memoirs of Gustav Zoldan, approached by Charles XII, he describes how he went into the room to the dying Mazepa, and he asked him “to watch his things carefully ... namely, the chest and two barrels full of ducat, and a pair of travel bags, which were all his jewels and a large number of gold medals. "
All these riches with incredible cruelty were knocked out by the hetman’s administration from the population of the Left Bank and its unfortunate comrades, on whose property and land Mazepa laid eyes. Unable to withstand oppression, bullying and countless extortion, the peasants in large numbers fled not only to Russia, to Zaporizhia or to the Don, but also to the Right Bank, which was under Polish rule. Death threatened and those who hid the fugitives and helped them escape from the excesses of Mazepa.
Ukrainian adherents of Mazepa are trying to present him as a pious and pious man, for his charity in the construction of temples and monasteries. In reality, these are only external manifestations of piety, for which he used not personal, but stolen funds.
The ending should ...
Contemporaries spoke with deepest contempt about Mazepa, rewarding him with the epithet "damned dog Mazepa", not finding a single kind word in his address. And this is not by chance, since all his life he, betraying his comrades-in-arms and benefactors, did not disdain by any means in the struggle for power, honor and wealth. And Mazepa was dying with bitter loneliness, eagerly looking at the barrels and the chest with the stolen gold, in fear that his associates would drag it all away.
Considering history hetmans in Ukraine, of which Mazepa is a prominent representative, it is necessary to take into account the characteristic features of the hetmans of that time. After the Polish gentry were expelled from these lands, on the wave of popular anger, a masterful Cossack foreman came to power, who did not have the knowledge, strength and means to control such a vast territory.
The Cossack officers who did not tolerate any power over themselves nevertheless were forced to seek an alliance with their stronger neighbors - Russia, Turkey and Poland. By concluding alliances, they didn’t really want to comply with them and, betraying the next patron, wanted to live according to their will, without troubling themselves with state construction. A typical representative of his time was hetman Mazepa, whose whole life, due to his character and circumstances, was constantly accompanied by a change of owners.
As a result of the Russo-Polish war of 1654-1667 under the Andrusovo Armistice, the Dnieper hetman split into the Left Bank Hetmanate, which became part of Russia, and the Right Bank Hetmanate, formed in 1663 of the year and focused on Poland and Turkey. In both parts, their hetmans were elected. On the Left Bank, Bogdan Khmelnitsky-Vygovsky - Yury Khmelnitsky-Bryukhovetsky - Many sinners - Samoilovich - Mazepa were elected hetmans. On the Right Bank - Teter, then - Doroshenko and a whole galaxy of leaders who sought to sell their fellow tribesmen to the Polish and Turkish rulers.
How true were the hetmans of the Left Bank to their oath given to the Russian Tsar, can be judged by their unenviable fate. B. Khmelnitsky signed an agreement with Russia, Vyhovsky - betrayed and fled to the Poles who executed him, Yury Khmelnitsky - betrayed and severed the agreement with Russia, went to the Poles, and then to the Turks, Bryukhovetsky - betrayed, killed by the Cossacks for treason, Mnogoshreshny - betrayed, fled to the right bank, extradited and exiled to Siberia, Samoilovich - by denunciation of his entourage accused of treason and exiled to Siberia, Mazepa - betrayed and fled with Charles XII.
By origin, Mazepa was from an Orthodox gentry family on the Right Bank, his ancestors faithfully served the Polish crown. Thanks to his extraordinary intelligence and connections between his father and grandfather, he was at the court of the Polish king from his youthful years. Proximity to the king allowed him to get a brilliant education, he studied in Holland, Italy, Germany and France, fluent in Russian, Polish, Tatar, Latin. He also knew Italian, German and French. I read a lot, had an excellent library in many languages.
Educated and educated in the spirit of Polish culture, Mazepa showed great promise. But after unpleasant intrigues at the royal court, started by Mazepa, he was distant from the courtyard, because of his meanness and baseness, the road to the highest strata of the Polish gentry was forever closed to him.
In 1663, the king sent Mazepa to the Right Bank to present Cossacks with military regalia. Mazepa betrays the Polish king and remains with the right-bank Cossacks, marries the daughter of one of the closest hetman Doroshenko. The father-in-law helps Mazepa advance in the circle of the Cossack sergeant, and he soon becomes the hetman’s confidant and chief clerk, one of the key figures in the hetman’s system.
In 1674, hetman Doroshenko, who betrayed Poland and passed under the protectorate of the Turkish sultan, sent Mazepa with a letter to the sultan, and in confirmation of hetman's loyalty Mazepa carries the captive Cossacks from the Left Bank as a commodity to the slave trade market to the 14 sultan.
The Cossacks intercept the delegation and take Mazepa into captivity, he betrays Doroshenko and agrees to serve their opponents to the left-bank Cossacks who are subordinate to Moscow, he is sent to left-bank hetman Samoylovich, and Mazepa becomes a Russian subject.
Thanks to his talents, the authorities, who are in favor, like Mazepa, are paving the way to Samoylovich’s heart, he even entrusts Mazepa to raise his children and assigns him the title of a military comrade. The Cossack officers recognize him as the Hetman’s “near man”, and after a few years Mazepa receives the rank of General Saul and becomes the second man on the Left Bank.
On the instructions of Samoylovich Mazepa, he regularly visits Moscow, where he receives the favor of Prince Golitsyn, a favorite of Princess Sophia, who in fact had all power in her hands with flattery and humiliation.
Meanness and cynicism in the desire to stipulate and betray his friend, subordinate or benefactor, fully manifested in Mazepa during the unsuccessful Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689, organized by Prince Golitsyn.
Due to slander by Mazepa, hetman Samoilovich was convicted of the failure of the first Crimean campaign by the efforts of Prince Golitsyn, he was accused of treason and sent to Siberia, and his son, who was brought up by Mazepa, was beheaded. Hetman Mazepa appropriated half of the confiscated property.
After the fall of Samoilovich Golitsyn, who took a bribe from Mazepa and respectfully related to his education, which he was different and shone, had a decisive influence on the election of Mazepa in 1687, hetman of the Left Bank. There is a petition to Peter I, in which Mazepa writes that he was forced to give a bribe to Golitsyn for the hetman's post in the amount of 11 thousands of chervonets "partly from the belongings of aloof hetman Samoylovich, and partly from his own little name." Cossack officers elected Mazepa as hetman he rewarded by distributing estates, colonel and other posts.
Shortly after the fall of the princess Sophia and the transfer of power to Peter I, Mazepa wrote a denunciation to the tsar on Golitsyn, whom he accused of failing the second Crimean campaign, in which Mazepa himself took part, being already a hetman of the Left Bank. As a result, Golitsyn was deprived of all the regalia and exiled to the Arkhangelsk region.
The historian Kostomarov very clearly characterized Mazepa’s moral career:
“The moral rule of Ivan Stepanovich was rooted from his youth, noticing the decline of the force on which he had previously relied, was not hampered by any sensations and promptings, so as not to contribute to the harm of the previously falling benevolent force for him. Treason to their benefactors more than once already showed in his life. So he changed Poland, having passed to her enemy Doroshenko; so he left Doroshenka as soon as he saw that his power was fluctuating; so, and more shamelessly, he acted with Samoilovich, who warmed him and raised him to the height of the officers' rank. He did the same now with his greatest benefactor, before whom he had recently been flattered and humiliated. ”
A cunning politician and diplomat, a clever flatterer and a courtier, Mazepa skillfully won his sympathies and established the necessary connections. “No one could better, than Mazepa, enchant the right person and bring him to his side,” his closest associate, the falseman Orlik, wrote about Mazepa.
So Mazepa gained complete trust and Peter I, seeking unlimited power on the Left Bank for unhindered personal enrichment. To satisfy his unceasing greed, Mazepa used everything from embezzlement, extortion and bribery to the forced “purchase” of land from peasants, Cossacks and his companions, often accompanied by the use of military force.
On the willfulness of Mazepa, the general judge Kochubey wrote in one of his letters to Peter I: “The hetman arbitrarily controls the military treasury, takes as much as he wants and gives to whom he wants.” In total, during his reign, Mazepa managed to make fabulous capitals, assign and receive from the tsar for faithful service the lands where about 100 thousands of Little Russians and 20 thousands of Russian peasants lived, Mazepa became one of the richest landowners in Russia. (With his thirst for power and greed, today's president of Ukraine Poroshenko is very reminiscent of Mazepa. He has someone to take an example.)
There were legends about the incalculable wealth of Mazepa. Partially they are confirmed by contemporaries. In the memoirs of Gustav Zoldan, approached by Charles XII, he describes how he went into the room to the dying Mazepa, and he asked him “to watch his things carefully ... namely, the chest and two barrels full of ducat, and a pair of travel bags, which were all his jewels and a large number of gold medals. "
All these riches with incredible cruelty were knocked out by the hetman’s administration from the population of the Left Bank and its unfortunate comrades, on whose property and land Mazepa laid eyes. Unable to withstand oppression, bullying and countless extortion, the peasants in large numbers fled not only to Russia, to Zaporizhia or to the Don, but also to the Right Bank, which was under Polish rule. Death threatened and those who hid the fugitives and helped them escape from the excesses of Mazepa.
Ukrainian adherents of Mazepa are trying to present him as a pious and pious man, for his charity in the construction of temples and monasteries. In reality, these are only external manifestations of piety, for which he used not personal, but stolen funds.
The ending should ...
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