The nuclear baton of the US Navy (part 5)

31
By the middle of 50-s of the XX century, it became clear that in the near future, American long-range bombers would not be able to deliver atomic bombs to targets in the territory of the USSR and the countries of the Eastern bloc. Against the background of the strengthening of the Soviet air defense system and the appearance in the USSR of its own nuclear weapons In the United States, the creation of intercontinental ballistic missiles, invulnerable to air defense, began, and research on the development of anti-missile systems was launched.

In September, the United States Air Force Vandenberg 1959 began the deployment of the SM-65D Atlas-D first ICBM missile squadron. The 117,9 t launch mass was capable of delivering a WNNXX 49 thermonuclear warhead with a power range over 1,45 9 km. Although the Atlas exceeded the first Soviet P-000 ICBM in a number of parameters, as well as in the G-7, it required a long pre-launch preparation and filling with liquid oxygen to start. In addition, the first American ICBMs at the launch position were stored in a horizontal position and were very poorly protected in engineering terms. Although more than one hundred Atlas missiles were at the peak of their deployment in combat duty, their resistance to a sudden disarming nuclear strike was estimated to be low. After a massive deployment in the US territory of the HGM-7 Titan and LGM-25 Minuteman ICBMs deployed in high-security mine launchers, the issue of combat stability was resolved. However, as the US nuclear arms race was gaining momentum, additional trumps were needed. In 30, US President D. Eisenhower approved a plan to create a naval strategic nuclear missile system. At the same time, at the first stage, the deployment of ballistic missiles was envisaged both on submarines and on missile cruisers.



In the 50s, American chemists were able to create effective formulations of solid jet fuel, suitable for use in missiles for various purposes. In addition to anti-aircraft and anti-submarine missiles in the United States from the very beginning, they actively worked on solid-fuel ballistic missiles. It is known that rockets with a jet engine running on solid fuel, compared to a liquid engine, which uses two components stored separately from each other: liquid fuel and an oxidizing agent, are much simpler and safer to operate. The leakage of liquid rocket fuel and oxidizer is very likely to lead to an emergency: fire, explosion or poisoning of personnel. U.S. Navy experts recommended abandoning the option of creating a ballistic missile for submarines (SLBMs) ​​based on the medium-range liquid rocket PGM-19 Jupiter, since the presence of missiles with explosive volatile components of fuel and oxidizer on the boat was considered an excessive risk. In this regard, the leadership of the US Navy applied to the Department of Defense for permission to independently order the development of a rocket for fleet.

Almost simultaneously with the design of the solid-fuel ICBM LGM-30 Minuteman, Lockheed Corporation began work on a medium-range ballistic missile designed for deployment in nuclear submarines. The contract to create a solid-fuel propulsion system was concluded with the company Aerojet-General. Taking into account the increased loads at the "mortar" start from a submerged position, the rocket body was made of heat-resistant stainless steel. The first stage engine working on a mixture of polyurethane with the addition of aluminum powder (fuel) and ammonium perchlorate (oxidizer) developed 45 T traction. The second stage engine developed more 4 T traction and was filled with a mixture of polyurethane with a polybutadiene, acrylic acid and oxidant copolymer. Engine running time of the 1 th stage - 54 with, 2 th stage - 70 with. The engine of the second stage had a cut-off thrust device, due to this it was possible to adjust the launch range. The rocket was controlled by ring baffles mounted on each of the nozzles and articulated with hydraulic actuators. A rocket of length 8,83 m and a diameter of 1,37 m, in the curb state weighed about 13 t.


Prototype SLBM UGM-27A Polaris A-1 on the test site


Flight tests of the prototype of the first American SLBM began in September 1958 of the year on the launch pad of the Eastern Missile Range located at Cape Canaveral. At first, the tests were unsuccessful, and it took five launches for the rocket to fly normally. Only 20 on April 1959, the flight task was completed in full.

The first carrier of the UGM-27A Polaris A-1 missiles were nuclear submarines of special construction of the “George Washington” type. The head boat in the series USS George Washington (SSBN-598) was transferred to the fleet in December 1959. Total US Navy from 30 December 1959 year to March 8 1961 year received five nuclear missile boats of this type. The overall layout of nuclear-powered submarine missile carriers of the George Washington type with vertical mines placed behind the wheelhouse turned out to be very successful and has become a classic for strategic boats.


Nuclear submarine with ballistic missiles USS George Washington (SSBN-598)

The rapid construction of the first American nuclear-powered submarines with ballistic missiles (SSBNs) was facilitated by the fact that George Washington was created on the basis of the Skipjack-type nuclear-powered torpedo boat project. This approach has reduced the time to build a series of SSBNs and saved significant financial resources. The main difference from Skipdzhek was the 40-meter rocket compartment inserted into the hull after the wheelhouse, in which 16 rocket launchers were placed. The “George Washington” SSBN had an underwater displacement of slightly more than 6700 tons, the hull length was 116,3 m, and the width was 9,9 m. The maximum underwater travel speed was 25 nodes. Immersion depth - 220 m.


Launch of the UGM-27A Polaris A-1 SLBM launched from the SSBN submarine

20 July 1960 of the year from the board of the George Washington SSBN, which was at that time in a submerged position, near Cape Canaveral, for the first time in the world, a ballistic missile was successfully launched. Less than two hours later, the second rocket was successfully launched. The rockets could be launched from a depth of no more than 25 m, at a speed of no more than five knots. Prelaunch preparation for the launch of the first rocket lasted approximately 15 minutes after receiving the corresponding order. The interval between rocket launches was 60-80. The preparation of the missiles for firing and the control of their technical condition were provided by the automated control system Mk.80. During the launch, the rocket was ejected from the launch shaft with compressed air at a speed of up to 50 m / s, to a height of about 10 m, after which the main engine of the first stage was turned on.

Autonomous inertial control equipment Mk I weighing about 90 kg ensured the conclusion of the Polaris to the desired trajectory, stabilization of the rocket in flight and the start of the second-stage engine. A fully autonomous inertial guidance system with a launch range of 2200 km provided a probable circular deviation (CVL) of 1800 m.However, for several reasons, the first series of missiles were not recommended for targets located at a distance of more than 1800 km. Which, when striking deep in Soviet territory, forced rocket-propelled submarines to enter the area of ​​operation of the anti-submarine forces of the Soviet Navy.

As a combat load, the rocket carried the monoblock thermonuclear warhead W47-Y1 weighing 330 kg and power 600 кт, which, taking into account the QUO, made it effective against large area targets. Given the relatively short range of the Polaris A-1 missiles, combat patrols of boats equipped with these missiles occurred mainly in the Mediterranean and in the North Atlantic. To reduce the time required for American SSBNs to arrive at the position area and optimize operating costs, an agreement was signed with the British government in 1962 to create a forward base in the Holy Loch Bay of the Irish Sea Firth of Clyde Bay. In response, the Americans pledged to provide the Polaris missiles, designed to arm British submarines of the Resolution type.

Despite some drawbacks of the “George Washington” type boat, the American nuclear missile potential was seriously strengthened. American SSBNs looked much more advantageous than the first Soviet nuclear-powered strategic-class submarine cruisers (SSBN) of the 658 Ave., which initially housed three P-13 liquid-propellant ballistic missiles with a launch range of 600 km. Moreover, missiles of this type could only be launched on the surface, which significantly reduced the chances of accomplishing a combat mission. To surpass the American “George Washington” SSBNs with the Polaris A-1 SLBM, only the SSBN of the 667 Ave. with the 16 SLBM P-27 was possible. The main Soviet boat of this type entered service in the 1967 year. The P-27 rocket was equipped with a 1 MT monoblock thermonuclear warhead and had a launch range of up to 2500 km with the KVO 1,6-2 km. However, unlike the American solid-fuel SLBM "Polaris", the Soviet-made rocket engine operated on liquid toxic fuel and a caustic oxidizer that ignites combustible substances. In this regard, in the course of operation, emergency situations with casualties were not uncommon, and one boat of 667AU av. Was killed by a rocket blast.

Although the UGM-27A Polaris A-1 SLBM at the time of its appearance was superior to the Soviet counterparts, this missile did not fully satisfy the American admirals. Already in the 1958 year, simultaneously with the beginning of flight tests of the first serial modification, the development of the UGM-27B Polaris A-2 variant began. The main emphasis in the creation of this rocket was made on increasing the launch range and the drop weight, while maintaining maximum continuity with the Polaris A-1, which made it possible to significantly reduce technical risk and costs. The most radical innovation applied in the new modification of Polaris was the use of fiberglass reinforced with composite resin to create the body of engines of the second stage. This, in turn, made the second stage easier. The resulting mass reserve made it possible to place on board the rocket a larger supply of solid fuel, which in turn increased the launch range to 2800 km. In addition, the UGM-27B Polaris A-2 became the first American SSBN to use missile defense weapons: six false warheads and dipole reflectors — used on a portion of the trajectory outside the atmosphere and on the downstream branch to the atmospheric section, as well as jammers, included on the initial part of the atmospheric section. Also, to counteract the means of missile defense after the separation of the warhead, a second stage withdrawal system was used to the side. This made it possible to avoid targeting anti-missile missiles at the second-stage propulsion system, which has significant ESR.

When launching, the rocket was ejected from the mine not with compressed air, as in the case of the Polaris A-1, but with a steam-gas mixture produced by an individual gas generator for each rocket. This simplified the missile launch system and made it possible to increase the launch depth to 30 m. Although the main launch mode was to start from an underwater position, the possibility of launching from a floating boat was experimentally confirmed.

The nuclear baton of the US Navy (part 5)

Submarine Launch UGM-27B Polaris A-2


The missile of length 9,45 m according to various sources had a starting weight from 13600 to 14700 kg. She carried a thermonuclear warhead W47-Y2 with power up to 1,2 Mt. According to the information published by Lockheed Martin, the Polaris A-2 CSP was 900 m, according to other data, the accuracy of the hit was at the level of Polaris A-1.


USS Ethan Allen Nuclear Ballistic Submarine (SSBN-608)


Polaris A-2 missiles were equipped with Etienne Allen-type submarines, each of the five SSBNs of this project had 16 mines with SLBMs. Unlike the “George Washington” type submarines, the new project submarines were developed as an independent design and were not an alteration of nuclear torpedo submarines. SSBN "Etienne Allen" has become the largest, which has improved the conditions of habitability of the crew. Its length is 124 m, width is 10,1 m, underwater displacement is 8010 t. Maximum submerged speed is 24 node. The working depth of the dive is up to 250 m. The maximum achieved on the test is 396 m. A significant increase in the depth of the dive, achieved compared to the George Washington SSBN, was due to the use of a new high-yield strength steel casing to build a solid hull. For the first time in the United States on nuclear submarines of the Etienne Allen type, measures were taken to reduce the noise of the power plant.

The USS Ethan Allen head missile submarine (SSBN-608) entered into service on November 22 on the 1960 of the year - that is, less than a year after the USS George Washington SSBN (SSBN-598) received it. Thus, at the end of the 50 and the beginning of the 60 in the United States, two underwater strategic missile-carriers were being built at once, which demonstrates how extensively preparations were made for a nuclear war with the Soviet Union.

In the period from the second half of the 1962 to the summer of the 1963, all the Eten Allen SSBNs became part of the US Navy's 14 submarine squadron. They conducted combat patrols mainly in the Mediterranean. From here it was possible to deliver nuclear strikes on the cities of the European part and the southern regions of the USSR. Also, the UGM-27B Polaris A-2 SLBMs were equipped with the first Lafayette-type 8 boats.

Evolutionary version of the development of boats of the type "Ethen Allen" were SSBN type "Lafayette". They managed to significantly reduce the acoustic visibility, as well as improve stability and control during the implementation of missile launches.


Loading SLBMs on the Lafayette-type SSBN


The submarine USS Lafayette (SSBN-616) officially entered into service on 23 on April 1963. Its length was almost 130 m, hull width - 10,6 m, underwater displacement - 8250 t. Maximum underwater travel speed - 25 nodes, dive depth - 400 m.


Nuclear submarine with ballistic missiles USS Lafayette (SSBN-616)


The difference of the boats of this project from the Eten Allen submarine was a more elaborate design and a significant modernization potential, which later allowed the Lafayette-type SSBN to be equipped with more advanced ballistic missiles. However, despite the relatively high flight and operational characteristics with the combat readiness of the UGM-27A Polaris A-1 and UGM-27B Polaris A-2 missiles, serious problems arose. After several years of operation, it turned out that due to the design flaws of the thermo-nuclear warheads W47-Y1 and W47-Y2 there is a high probability of their failure. In 60, there was a moment when we had to remove and send for revision up to 70% of the warheads deployed on the Polaris A-1 / 2 missiles, which of course seriously reduced the strike potential of the naval component of the American strategic nuclear forces (SNF). .



To confirm the combat characteristics of the Polaris SLBMs and the operational reliability of the 6 thermonuclear warheads of May 1962, as part of Operation Frigate, which in turn was part of the Dominic nuclear test series, on board the Etienne Allen submarine part of the Pacific Ocean, the UGM-27B Polaris A-2 ballistic missile was launched. The missile with combat equipment, flying more than 1890 km, exploded at an altitude of 3400 m, a few dozen kilometers from the Pacific atoll Johnson, which had a control and measuring complex with radar and optical means. The power of the explosion amounted to 600 kt.


A snapshot of the cloud formed after the Fregat explosion, taken through a periscope from the side of a diesel-electric submarine USS Carbonero (SS-337)

In addition to the equipment located on the atoll, American submariners from Medregal (SS-480) and USS Carbonero (SS-337) submarines, who were underwater at a distance of more than 30 km from the epicenter, observed periscope tests.

Since the Polaris A-1 / A-2 rockets and their warheads were created in a great hurry, there were a number of technical flaws in their design. In addition, the developers did not have the opportunity to quickly implement the latest technical achievements in full. As a result, the Polaris UGM-27C Polaris A-3 has become the most advanced missile in the Polaris family of ballistic missiles. Initially, the leadership of the Ministry of Defense opposed the creation of this modification, but due to the design features of the missile mines, George Washington and Etienne Alain submarines were unsuitable for equipping with promising UGM-73A Poseidon-C3 missiles.

In the third serial modification of Polaris, analyzing the experience of operating missiles during combat patrols and applying a number of fundamental technological improvements: in electronics, materials science, engine building and solid fuel chemistry - it was possible not only to improve the reliability of the missile, but also significantly improve its combat performance. The new modification of the SSBN demonstrated on tests an increase in range, accuracy of fire and combat effectiveness. To modify the Polaris A-3, based on the research of the specialists of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, General Electric and Hughes created a new inertial control system that had a smaller mass on 60% than the equipment of the SLBM Polaris A-2. At the same time, much attention was paid to increasing the resistance of electronics to ionizing radiation and the electromagnetic pulse.

The Polaris A-3 SLBM largely inherited the design features and layout of the Polaris A-2. The rocket was also a two-stage, but its body was made of fiberglass by winding fiberglass with epoxy sizing. The use of fuel with a new formulation and increased energy characteristics, as well as a reduction in the weight of the engine and on-board equipment of the rocket, resulted in the fact that, almost without changing the geometric dimensions compared to the previous model, it was possible to significantly increase the firing range while simultaneously increasing the drop weight.

With a length of 9,86 m and a diameter of 1,37, the rocket weighed 16200 kg. The maximum launch range was 4600 km, the CWE is 1000 m. The throw weight is 760 kg. The UGM-27C rocket for the first time in the world was equipped with a split head, of a dispersing type: three Mk.2 Mod 0 combat units, each of which had a WNNXX 58 fusion nuclear warhead. Thus, when striking an area target, the destructive effect of three 200 CT warheads was significantly greater than that of a single 200 CT. As you know, to increase the area of ​​a nuclear explosion in 600 times, the power of the charge must be increased 2 times. And in the case of the use of scattering warheads, this was achieved due to the overlap of their affected area. In addition, it was possible to increase the likelihood of the destruction of such highly protected targets as mine launchers of ballistic missiles. In addition to the warheads, the rocket carried missile defense weapons: dipole reflectors and inflatable false targets.


UGM-27 Polaris A-3 SLBM prototype at the test site


Flight tests of the Polaris A-3 prototypes began in April 1963 at the sites of the Eastern Missile Range. Test launches from the SSBN lasted from May 1964 to April 1968. The considerable duration of the test phase was associated not only with the desire to maximally “bring to mind” a new rocket, but also with a large number of submarine rocket carriers equipped with the new SLBM. Thus, all UGM-27C missiles were re-equipped with all SSBNs of the type "George Washington", like "Etienne Allen" and 8 of boats like "Lafayette". One USS Daniel Webster (SSBN-626) submarine since its construction was armed with the Polaris A-3. In addition, the third modification of the Polaris were armed with British submarines of the “Resolution” type.


Underwater launch SLBM UGM-27С Polaris A-3


As part of the expansion of "nuclear deterrence" with missiles modification Polaris Mk.3 planned to equip the ships of the US Navy and NATO countries. All in all, American strategists wanted to deploy 200 missiles on surface carriers. In the period from 1959 to 1962, during the overhauls of old ships and during the construction of new ships on the American and European cruisers, 2-4 missile silos were installed. So, 4 silos for the Polaris Mk.3 received Italian pre-war cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi. In the autumn of 1962, the Polaris mass-dimensional models were launched from the cruiser, but the Italians never received combat missiles with thermonuclear warheads. After the "Caribbean Crisis", the Americans revised their views on the deployment of strategic nuclear weapons outside their territory and abandoned plans to deploy ballistic missiles on surface ships.


UGM-27A Polaris A-1 and UGM-27С Polaris A-3 Submarine Ballistic Missiles at the Museum Exposition

According to American data, the combat service of the SLBM Polaris A-3 in the US Navy lasted until October of the 1981 year. After that, the carrier boats of this missile complex were withdrawn from the fleet or converted into special-purpose torpedo or submarines. Although the launch of the atomic missile boats with the UGM-70 Poseidon C-73 SLBMs began in the early 3's, the UGM-27С Polaris A-3 rocket is a good example of evolutionary development with a significant improvement in combat performance.

In total, 1959 and 1968 were built by Lockheed Corporation for the 1153 Polaris missiles of all modifications. Including: “Polaris A-1” - 163 units, “Polaris A-2” - 346 units, “Polaris A-3” - 644 units. Deactivated missiles were used to develop US radar detection systems for SLBM launches, simulating Soviet P-21 and P-27 missiles. At the end of 60, at the beginning of 70, a network of radars designed to record missile launches from submarines was deployed on the US East and West Coast. Also, based on the Polaris A-3 SLBM, a STARS carrier rocket (eng. Strategic Target System - Strategic Target Rocket) with a third solid propellant stage ORBUS-1A, designed to test the satellite launch fixation system of ballistic missiles SBIRS (Eng. Space Based Infrared System - space-based infrared system).

The launch vehicle STARS 17 in November 2011 was also used in the flight tests of the planning hypersonic apparatus HGB (English Hypersonic Glide Body - Hypersonic Planning Body) in the framework of the Advanced Hypersonic Weapon (Advanced Hypersonic Weapon) program. The hypersonic gliding apparatus successfully separated from the third carrier stage and, moving in the upper atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean along a non-balancing planning trajectory, fell less than 30 minutes in the area of ​​the aiming point located on the territory of the Reagan testing ground (Kwajalein atoll) in 3700 km from the launch site. According to unconfirmed information, during the flight, a speed of about 8 M was reached. The goal of the hypersonic weapon program is that conventional combat units can hit targets at a distance of 6 000 km via 30 — 35 minutes since launch, and the accuracy of hitting the target. must be no more than 10 meters. A number of experts believe that the defeat of the target with the help of AHW will be carried out as a result of the kinetic effect of the combat unit flying at high hypersonic speed.

To be continued ...

Based on:
https://www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/1008870/105/Kolesnikov_-_Strategicheskoe_raketno-yadernoe_oruzhie.html
http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/polaris_a2/polaris_a2.shtml
https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/index.html
https://fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/slbm/ssbn-616.htm
http://window.edu.ru/resource/592/62592/files/ukrosch_ydra.pdf
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  1. +10
    30 October 2018 08: 46
    I am reading this series of articles with great interest. The American fleet has always been distinguished for the better. I look forward to continuing the review. Of particular interest is the current state of their nuclear weapons.
    1. +11
      30 October 2018 13: 16
      Quote: professor
      I read this series of articles with great interest.

      Hello! There are not too many like you. With regret, I have to admit that very few people are interested in technical topics. It is not uncommon to observe a paradoxical picture, when some "regular" of the Military Review writes on a parallel branch the wildest delirium. Although I could have increased my educational technical minimum by reading an article on the same topic in the "weapons" section. For a number of reasons, I began to write less, probably just like you, I will reach 500 and become only a reader.
      1. +7
        30 October 2018 13: 58
        Quote: Bongo
        Hello! There are not too many like you.

        And glory to Gd. wink

        Quote: Bongo
        I regret to admit that few people have become interested in technical topics.

        This has long been so. How long will your article get views? And if you would head it "Burn in the Merkava. Why did Israel keep silent about the ground operation in Gaza?""and would have written some nonsense, then you would have scored orders of magnitude more views. This is one of the reasons why I stopped writing here. Nobody needed it.

        Quote: Bongo
        For a number of reasons, I began to write less, probably the same way as you reach 500 and become only a reader.

        Firstly, you do not compare my scribbles with your articles. So shovel material like you I stopped with the university. You write not only professionally, but also interestingly. good
        Secondly, you will leave, throw off a link to your new site. I am your reader. Do not give up.

        PS
        I read a lot about materiel, etc., in bourgeois sources. There, the level is still high. hi
        1. +3
          30 October 2018 14: 15
          Quote: professor
          And glory to Gd.

          It's not always easy to communicate with you, but at least it's interesting. By the way, you seem to have been in the "bathhouse", why this time? Or what am I confusing?
          Quote: professor
          First, you don't compare my scribbles with your articles.

          I read your "scribbles" with great interest! Until now, when collecting material for publications, I come across them on other resources. And the author is not always you, but I have a good memory for technical texts, and I remember who the author was originally. However, this is our lot ... recourse I regularly see my minimally modified materials in "scientific papers" and publications of other "authors".
          Quote: professor
          Secondly, you will leave, throw off a link to your new site. I am your reader. Do not give up.

          While holding on, but you can not grasp the immensity. Work, children, wives ... fishing, hunting is also necessary. Today there was a hard storm on Amur, I thought we couldn’t sail. We were covered in a duralumin boat so that we were soaked to the skin. And in the yard + 5, the water temperature is appropriate, but adrenaline and a sense of life.
          1. +3
            30 October 2018 14: 43
            Quote: Bongo
            It's not always easy to communicate with you, but at least it's interesting. By the way, you seem to have been in the "bathhouse", why this time? Or what am I confusing?

            Was. For "provocation". Which of course was not. But this is the last time.


            Quote: Bongo
            I regularly see my minimally modified materials in "scientific papers" and publications of other "authors"

            This again tells you how good you are. good

            Quote: Bongo
            While holding on, but you can not grasp the immensity. Work, children, wives ... fishing, hunting is also necessary. Today there was a hard storm on Amur, I thought we couldn’t sail. We were covered in a duralumin boat so that we were soaked to the skin. And in the yard + 5, the water temperature is appropriate, but adrenaline and a sense of life.

            But we have warm. The water temperature in the sea and the air temperature equaled. Yes, and the sun is hot.

            My weather station.
            1. +2
              30 October 2018 14: 54
              Quote: professor
              Was. For "provocation". Which of course was not. But this is the last time.

              Careful, I do not know how anyone, but I will miss your stinginess. By the way, hello to you from my second half.
              Quote: professor
              This again tells you how good you are.

              It only speaks of someone else's laziness, and unwillingness to think independently.
              Quote: professor
              But we have warm. The water temperature in the sea and the air temperature equaled. Yes, and the sun is hot.

              But damn, I would have warmed my bones now ... ahead of a long winter. sad But on the other hand, it is problematic for you to taste the fish that we eat. And take a picture of the bear on the shore. I won't post photos, I'm sorry. Moderators mercilessly delete comments with killed bears and caught fish, you can also get banned for "flooding".
              1. +3
                30 October 2018 14: 55
                Quote: Bongo
                By the way. hello to you from my other half.

                love
                1. +6
                  30 October 2018 15: 04
                  Oleg, thanks for the flower! I love you too! Moreover, Seryozha will only read this tomorrow. lol He already broke down and went to bed. By the way, be really careful please. We will really miss you, especially your mockery of the "patriots". Who else will write "I have a girl"? wink
              2. +2
                31 October 2018 13: 16
                Oleg, Sergey,

                Please continue to write here. Unfortunately, there are not so many interesting authors left here. Looking at your efforts to improve the technical literacy of readers, I would like to create something "like" myself :) And the topic is: "Evolution of software development standards in civil aviation, their impact on flight safety." Here, I can't get myself together, the topic is vast ... But if you continue to write, there will only be more enthusiasts!

                Yours faithfully,
                Oleg
        2. The comment was deleted.
      2. +5
        30 October 2018 14: 27
        Quote: Bongo
        ... I regret to admit that few people have become interested in technical topics.

        hi ... For some reason, political analysts multiplied fellow ... on the talk show "hooked" am ... TV talk shows - this is where the source of the "infection" is ... Ordinary news on TV, and something "infected"

        ------------------------------ 3rd series ---------------- -------------
        After the massive deployment of the HGM-25 Titan ...
        HGM-25A Titan I - The first multistage intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) of the United States, which was used from 1959 to 1965. Titan I had an additional nuclear phlegmatizer (liquid, solid, or powdered, used as an impurity to an explosive (BB) to reduce sensitivity to external influences) in order to equip the US Air Force Atlas SM-65 missile. He was the first in a series of Titan rockets, but was unique among them in that he used LOX (liquid oxygen) and RP-1 (rocket kerosene) as propellants ... hi
      3. +5
        30 October 2018 16: 29
        Quote: Bongo
        For a number of reasons, I began to write less, probably the same way as you reach 500 and become only a reader.

        Earrings do you want my death ?. What then will I do on the site? wassat
        Quote: Bongo
        Although I could have increased my educational technical minimum by reading an article on the same topic in the "weapons" section.

        Earrings you have a bright head, you know how to explain well. Simple and clear.
        The fact that the majority do not want to read your articles is explained by the terrible degradation of the intellectual potential of the nation. This is a natural, albeit poorly understood, process. I hinted to you a hundred times. But you, in your naivety and faith in the Fatherland, continued to believe in the best. It is useless for them to explain even as you do. Their nature has cheated.
        My head is also not the darkest, although not the same as yours.
        And I can call you my Teacher in this kingdom of darkness.
        Although we can’t change anything, at least we can help each other (those with a sparkle in their heads).
        So you gathered us here.
        Of course, it was foolish to count on more.
        1. +4
          30 October 2018 17: 36
          Quote: KKND
          So you gathered us here.
          Of course, it was foolish to count on more.

          I subscribe to every word of yours. I can only add, and that is not my words, but Henry Ford Sr.: "Thinking is the most difficult job; this is probably why so few people do it: There is another, free translation of this quote, and it seems to me that it is closer to the topic under discussion: “For a person to think, there is no more frightening pressure than to make him think.” In the 70s-80s of the XX century, there were publications and materials about Ford in the TM magazine, I no longer remember what it was connected with.
      4. +2
        2 November 2018 10: 21
        Do not stop Sergey to write. Your articles, this is almost the only thing that can be read on. Just a holiday when a new part comes out. All these dry reviews, translations of the Western press, and Skomorokhov’s feuilleton didn’t stand close by with a deep analysis of the topics you publish. It will be a pity if we lose this.
        1. +4
          2 November 2018 15: 52
          Quote: LastPS
          Do not stop Sergei write.

          Well, until my fuse finally dried up, and topics for publication are available.
          Quote: LastPS
          Your articles are practically the only thing that can be read on BO. Just a holiday when the new part comes out.
          Thanks for the kind words, but luckily without me, there are still interesting authors whom I read with pleasure.
          Quote: LastPS
          All these dry reviews, translations of the Western press and feuilleton Skomorokhova and some did not stand with a deep analysis of the topics that you publish.

          Skomorokhov, although a very controversial personality, but a number of his articles are very interesting. As I have written more than once in the comments, for me "writing" is fun. That is why I am not bound as full-time authors by the "plan" and can afford to prepare the material with high quality. In addition, for me it is completely unacceptable for the sake of the momentary conjuncture and the increase in the number of views to mislead readers and write outright nonsense, such as Damantsev's fairy tales about our missile defense system in the Kuril Islands. hi
  2. +5
    30 October 2018 10: 20
    hi Thank. Movies on the topic:
    In September 1959, the deployment of the first SM-65D Atlas-D ICBM missile squadron began at the US Air Force Vandenberg.
    AF Vandenberg is a Ministry of Defense space and rocket test base designed to launch satellites into polar orbit from the west coast using consumable boosters (Pegasus, Taurus, Minotaur, Atlas V and Delta IV). Wing personnel also support the LGM-30G Minuteman III Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Development Assessment Program.
    The SM-65 Atlas was the first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) developed and deployed by the United States. It was built for the United States Air Force by the Convair General Dynamics Division at the Kearny Mesa assembly plant north of San Diego, California. Atlas began operating as an ICBM in October 1959 and was used as the first stage for launching satellites for half a century. The warhead of the Atlas missile was more than 100 times more powerful than the bomb dropped over Nagasaki in 1945.
    On December 18, 1958, the launch of Atlas-10B put the rocket into orbit around the Earth (without the use of an upper stage) with a "count" (signaling communication using orbital relay equipment) of the communication payload. Atlas 10B / SCORE was the heaviest man-made object in orbit, the first speech satellite and the first man-made object in space, easily visible to the naked eye due to the large mirror-polished stainless steel tank. It was the first flight in what would have been a long career for Atlas as a satellite launcher. Many decommissioned Atlas ICBMs will be used as launch vehicles, most of which will have an additional spin-stabilized upper stage solid propellant engine for military payloads in polar orbit ... hi
  3. +3
    30 October 2018 10: 59
    ... 2nd series recourse
    The first carrier of the UGM-27A Polaris A-1 missiles were nuclear submarines of a special construction of the George Washington type.
    ... As a combat load, the rocket carried a monoblock thermonuclear warhead W47-Y1 weighing 330 kg and a capacity of 600 ct
    Operation Dominic in 1962 was the only US test of an operational ballistic missile with nuclear warheads.
    . This test involved launching a Polaris A1 rocket from a submarine. The missile was launched from the USS Ethan Allen (SSBN-608) at 13:18, from the position of 1500 nautical miles east-northeast of Christmas Island. A warhead flew 1020 M. Miles toward Christmas Island before returning to the atmosphere after 12,5 minutes and exploding in the air at an altitude of 11 feet. The tested system was a combination of Polaris A000 SLBMs and W-1Y47 warheads in the RC MK-1. The MK-1 RV had a beryllium heat sink with a heat shield, and with a 1 pound warhead, it had a total weight of 717 pounds. The missile showed accuracy of about 900 yards. This warhead had an output to weight ratio of 2200 CT / kg, but the higher yield tested at Dominic Harlem doubled the yield and almost doubled the ratio to 1,84 CT / kg ... hi
    Test launches from the SSBN lasted from May 1964 to April 1968
  4. +3
    30 October 2018 13: 07
    An excellent article, especially interesting is the history of rearmament from version A1 to A3, very "master" and rational approach.
    1. +4
      30 October 2018 13: 20
      Quote: Wildcat
      Excellent article

      Thank you! hi
      Quote: Wildcat
      especially interesting is the history of rearmament from version A1 to A3, a very "master" and rational approach.

      The Americans in the modification "Polaris A-3" really managed to significantly improve the characteristics and reliability. But in many respects it was forced, the "Polaris A2 / 3" SLBM was created in a great hurry and was "raw".
      1. +4
        30 October 2018 14: 15
        Perhaps "raw", but "a good plan today is better than a perfect tomorrow," as Patton said.
        hi
        1. +4
          30 October 2018 14: 20
          Quote: Wildcat
          Perhaps "raw", but "a good plan today is better than a perfect tomorrow," as Patton said.

          Ento is accurate .. especially considering the fact when solid-propellant SLBMs appeared in our fleet.
          1. +4
            31 October 2018 03: 10
            Quote: Bongo
            Ento is accurate .. especially considering the fact when solid-propellant SLBMs appeared in our fleet.

            Sergey, welcome! Yes. the topic is very interesting and very dark. Opus (Anton) opinions on solid fuel would be very useful here, and unfortunately, very little is known about Petr Tyurin's work in this area. In the late 1950s, work began on Arsenal to create a missile weapon complex with solid-fuel ballistic missiles. Under the leadership of S.P. Korolev (OKB-1), work was carried out to create the 8K98 missile, in which Arsenal took part in the development of the second-stage propulsion system. Separately, Arsenal carried out work on the creation of a 15P96 mobile missile system with an 8K96 missile. Later, according to a separate Government decree, under the leadership of the chief designer P.A. Tyurin, a modernized 15P098P missile system was created with an 8K98P solid-fuel missile that differs from 8K98 in combat equipment, the presence of an enemy missile defense system with new propulsion systems of all levels and a new control system. Upon completion of these works, Arsenal came up with a proposal to develop a missile system with solid propellant rockets for arming nuclear submarines. The work ended with the creation and transfer to operation of the Navy of the D-11 complex with a solid-fuel ballistic missile, which approved solid-fuel ballistic missiles as a new type of weaponry for the Navy. After 1980, in connection with the transition to the creation of spacecraft, Arsenal Design Bureau stopped developing new DBKs.
            Once there was a film, and in principle there were many, a whole series: "Secrets of Forgotten Victories." There was also a film about the Sharks, the largest missile carriers of Project 941. V.P. Makeev, the creator of the R-39 missile system for these boats, considered it a failure, due to the low mass and overall dimensions of this complex, because in the USSR there was no solid fuel of the necessary parameters Therefore, for arming the SSBN 667 BDRM, VP Makeev obtained a government decree to modernize the R-29R RK to the R-29 RM Sineva RK.
            Loss of interest in shadow websites? IMHO Earlier, in the time of our youth, we either had to do a lot with our own hands and or construct something that others do not have, but now it's just a Lego constructor, where you can find everything ready in the sets, maybe I'm exaggerating, but not much, Now you can do what you want, but everything sometimes comes down to money and laziness, too lazy to read the instructions too much, too lazy to think again. Sergei, I agree with you completely and with this thought: "It is not uncommon to observe a paradoxical picture when some" regular "of the Military Review writes the wildest nonsense on a parallel branch. Although he could raise his educational technical minimum." Sergei, sorry, perhaps It may seem like nonsense, but in technical manuals and recommendations you read such things that you think who taught you and do you understand what you are writing about?
  5. +3
    30 October 2018 17: 55
    the author, in vain you worry that they read a little ... they read how much NADO.ya from many articles for lectures to pioneers I take material. it’s simple and clear about the technique that not many people write, so I'm waiting for the sequels!))))
  6. +2
    30 October 2018 18: 23
    Sergey, thanks, I just happened to see this series of your materials, I just didn't think. what did you write. I read all the available literature that I have saved, alas, little has survived. In the 60s, not far from DVOKU, there was a Voentorg store called "Military Book". There was so much interesting literature there, if you were lucky you could buy really rare books.
  7. +3
    30 October 2018 22: 34
    the cycle of articles is very excellent! I like just a lot of technical details, names, dates! I became interested because I remember how in Drogovoz's book "The Big Fleet of the Soviet Country" I read "the Americans diligently modernized their missile submarines, and the Russians built a new boat for each new one" (pp. 364-365)
  8. +1
    31 October 2018 08: 04
    However, unlike the American solid-fuel SLBM Polaris, the engine of the Soviet rocket was powered by liquid toxic fuel and a caustic oxidizer that ignites combustible substances.

    It is not entirely clear why the author, citing the advantages of solid-fuel rockets on liquid-fuel ones, does not do the opposite: he does not give the advantages of liquid-fuel rockets over solid-fuel ones. This is not correct. The reader gets the impression that liquid-fuel rockets definitely cost worse. And this is far from the case.
    1. +2
      1 November 2018 04: 19
      Quote: Loki_2
      It is not entirely clear why the author, citing the advantages of solid-fuel rockets on liquid-fuel ones, does not do the opposite: he does not give the advantages of liquid-fuel rockets over solid-fuel ones.

      The author has repeatedly cited his arguments against liquid-propellant rockets and, in his opinion, the advantage of liquid-propellant rockets in their energy excellence, but they lose in fire hazard, the duration and thoroughness of preparing for launch, which means filling the annular gaps of mines with water. Toxicity of fuel and the danger of its vapors. Amplification of fuel tanks does not always help here.
      1. +1
        7 November 2018 10: 51
        That's about what I wanted to read. Can I bring a place in the text where the author writes something similar?
  9. +2
    31 October 2018 11: 18
    Quote: professor
    Quote: Bongo
    Hello! There are not too many like you.

    And glory to Gd. wink

    Quote: Bongo
    I regret to admit that few people have become interested in technical topics.

    This has long been so. How long will your article get views? And if you would head it "Burn in the Merkava. Why did Israel keep silent about the ground operation in Gaza?""and would have written some nonsense, then you would have scored orders of magnitude more views. This is one of the reasons why I stopped writing here. Nobody needed it.
    I apologize for getting into the discussion, but "no nonsense" is needed. Even the authors and consumers of the "wildest delirium", not to mention the consumers of normal content. Otherwise, if only articles with the titles "Incredible step / unexpected answer / what they hide from us / have no analogue in the world" remain, then they will become "the only and correct opinion". As one bad man said, "The more monstrous you lie, the sooner they will believe you. Ordinary people believe big lies rather than small ones." So feed his followers with the truth! hi
    Quote: Bongo
    For a number of reasons, I began to write less, probably the same way as you reach 500 and become only a reader.

    Firstly, you do not compare my scribbles with your articles. So shovel material like you I stopped with the university. You write not only professionally, but also interestingly. good
    Secondly, you will leave - throw off the link to your new site. I wouldn’t want to, but if it comes to that, a link to a new site is highly desirable hi I am your reader. Do not give up.

    PS
    I read a lot about materiel, etc., in bourgeois sources. There, the level is still high. hi
  10. +2
    31 October 2018 11: 28
    Quote: Bongo
    Quote: professor
    Was. For "provocation". Which of course was not. But this is the last time.

    Be careful, I don’t know how anyone, but I’ll miss your acridity.

    I join, sometimes when there is nothing to read from new articles, you can simply read the comments of the respected Professor. hi Very curious and emotional comments. hi .
  11. 0
    28 December 2018 08: 35
    We are now 15 years behind them in solid-fuel marine rocket science. Although they surrendered the last missile to the fleet in 1990 ...
  12. 0
    28 December 2018 08: 37
    Quote: Amurets
    The author has repeatedly cited his arguments against liquid-propellant rockets and, in his opinion, the advantage of liquid-propellant rockets in their energy excellence, but they lose in fire hazard, the duration and thoroughness of preparing for launch, which means filling the annular gaps of mines with water. Toxicity of fuel and the danger of its vapors. Amplification of fuel tanks does not always help here.



    Everything has long been eliminated. It’s just that the sailors decided to have solid fuel rockets, and hence all the problems ..

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