Little-known wars of the Russian state: Russian-Livonian-Lithuanian war 1500 — 1503.

23
Despite the successful completion of the 1487 — 1494 Russian-Lithuanian war (for more details, see article: Little-known wars of the Russian state: Russian-Lithuanian "strange" war 1487 — 1494.), the question was not closed. Ivan III Vasilievich considered the outcome of the war unsatisfactory. The process of unification of the majority of Russian lands around Moscow was not completed. Yes, and Lithuania sought to return the land ceded Moscow state. A new war was inevitable. Even the marriage of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander Jagiellon to the daughter of Moscow sir Ivan Yelena, which was supposed to reconcile the two powers, did not stop the differences, but on the contrary, gave new reasons for conflict. Ivan was annoyed at the attempts to convert his daughter, Grand Duchess of Lithuania, Helena to Catholicism.

As a result, the Moscow sovereign makes a decision that violated the condition of "eternal peace" 1494 of the year, it forbade the princes to leave for the service to another lord. Ivan again began to accept princes in Moscow who had ceased to serve the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russian and Zhemoitsky. In April, Prince Semen Ivanovich Belsky moved to the service of Ivan III Vasilyevich 1500. Ownership of S. Belsky, Belaya, south-west of Tver, passed to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The reason for his departure was that the prince called the loss of the “caress” of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, as well as Alexander’s desire to translate it into “Roman law” (Catholicism), which was not the case with the previous grand dukes. The Grand Duke of Lithuania, Alexander, sent an embassy to Moscow in protest, categorically rejecting the accusations of being forced to convert to Catholicism and calling Prince Belsky a traitor. To the Lithuanian envoys who had arrived in Moscow, the sovereign of Russia not only confirmed the fact of the departure of Prince Belsky, but also announced that he had been transferred to his service with the patrimonies of the princes of Mosalsk and their relatives, the princes of Hotetovskys. The reason for their transition to the side of Moscow was also called religious oppression.

In the same April, the princes Semyon Ivanovich Starodubsko-Mozhaysky and Vasily Ivanovich Shemyachich Novgorod-Seversky transferred to the service of Moscow. As a result, huge lands in the east of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, including the cities of Belaya, Novgorod-Seversky, Rylsk, Radogoshch, Gomel, Starodub, Chernigov, Karachev and Khotiml, became part of the Moscow Grand Duchy. War has become inevitable.

On her eve, Alexander Kazimirovich Jagiellon was taking steps to strengthen the foreign policy position of Lithuania. He initiated the renewal and confirmation of the Gorodel Union 1413 of the year. He was supported by his brother, the Polish king, Jan Olbracht. In May 1499 of the year in Krakow the union act was confirmed by the Polish gentry, and in July of the same year by the Lithuanian nobility in Vilna. In the same year a decree of the Vilna Sejm was issued, according to which henceforth neither the Grand Duke of Lithuania could be elected without the consent of the Polish gentry, nor the Polish throne could be occupied without the consent of Lithuania. And on October 25, 1501 of the year came out of the Melnitsky Privilege, which established that since then Poland and Lithuania should constitute a single state, under the control of one king, elected in Krakow. This rule was applied in the same year - Jan Olbracht died unexpectedly, and Alexander became the Polish king. The main goal of the union was the military-strategic alliance - Lithuania and Poland could now conduct defensive and offensive operations together. Poland was threatened on the southern frontiers - the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire, and on the eastern frontiers - Moscow.

In addition, Lithuania has strengthened ties with the Livonian Order and began to establish contacts with the Great Horde. True, neither Poland, nor Livonia, nor the Great Horde could render immediate assistance to Lithuania.

The outbreak of war

Ivan III decided not to expect the campaign of the Lithuanian troops against the defectors, the arrival of Polish forces to help Lithuania, and in May 1500 opened the hostilities. Russian troops acted on a clear plan. According to Ivan III, Russian forces were to attack in three directions: 1) north-west (on Toropets and Belaya), 2) west (Dorogobuzh and Smolensk) and 2) south-west (Starodub, Novgorod-Seversky and other cities of Seversk land ). On the eve of the war were formed three rati. In addition, a reserve was created to support those troops, against which the Lithuanians will act. The southwestern direction was considered to be the main one at the first stage of the war (due to the desire to gain a foothold in the Seversky lands).

The Russian army marched almost simultaneously with the departure of messengers with the declaration of war to Lithuania (the ambassadors were Ivan Teleshov and Athanasius Sheenok). The troops commanded - exiled Kazan Khan Mohammed-Emin and Yakov Zakharich Koshkin. Russian troops in the southwest direction occupied Bryansk, Mtsensk and Serpeysk (their owners went over to the side of Moscow). Without a fight, the cities of Chernigov, Gomel, Pochep, Rylsk and others surrendered. The Moscow authorities recognized the princes Trubetskoy, Mosalskie. In the western direction, Russian troops were also successful. Dorogobuzh was taken.

The Russian command received information about military preparations in Lithuania. The most dangerous direction was considered western. From the side of Smolensk, a strike was expected on Dorogobuzh. The reserve of Tver army, commanded by the governor Daniil Vasilyevich Scheni-Patrikeev, was sent here via Vyazma. The reserve has teamed up with a detachment of Yuri Zakharich Koshkin, D. Schenya led the entire army. The number of Russian troops in this area increased to 40 thousand people. It was the right decision. From Smolensk, the 40-thousandth Lithuanian army led by hetman Konstantin Ivanovich Ostrozhsky moved through Yelnya. 14 July 1500 was held on the Battle of Vedrosh (several kilometers from Dorogobuzh), which became the key event of the Russian-Lithuanian war 1500-1503.



Vedroshskaya battle

Before the battle, the Russian army was located in a camp on the Mitkovo field (near the village of Mitkovo), which was located 5 km west of Dorogobuzh, behind the rivers Vedrosh, Celia and Trosna. True, historians do not have exact data about the battlefield: some researchers believe that the battle did not occur to the west, but approximately 15 kilometers southeast of Dorogobuzh, on the banks of the modern Selnje and Ryasna rivers.

The only bridge in these places was thrown over the Bucket. Learning about the approach of the enemy. The Russian governors built the Big Regiment, and the bridge was not destroyed. The right flank of the Russian rati was turned to the Dnieper, not far from the Trosny's confluence, the left was covered by a dense forest. An ambush was set up in the same forest - the Watch Regiment commanded by Yuri Koshkin. On the west bank, units of the Front Regiment were put forward, which was supposed to start a battle and withdraw to the east bank of the Vadroshi, substituting Lithuanians for the blow of the Big Regiment.

Unlike the Russian command, the Lithuanian hetman did not have accurate information about the enemy. Information about a small Russian detachment was received from the defector. On July 14, Ostrozhskiy attacked advanced Russian units, overturned them and began to pursue. The Lithuanians crossed the river and joined the battle with the forces of the Big Regiment. Furious slashing continued 6 hours. The forces were about equal and both sides fought courageously. The outcome of the battle was decided by the Russian ambush regiment. Russian troops hit the flank of the enemy, went to the rear of the Lithuanians and destroyed the bridge. The enemy has lost the opportunity to retreat. The Lithuanians fell into a panic, a large number drowned, trying to escape, others were captured, including Hetman Konstantin Ostrogsky. All Lithuanian wagon train and artillery were captured. The number of dead Lithuanians is estimated differently - from 4-8 - to 30 thousand killed and prisoners. There is no information about Russian losses.

It was a serious defeat - the most combat-ready units of the Lithuanian army were killed or captured in the battle. In addition to the hetman, other eminent Lithuanian commanders were captured - Grigory Ostovich Trotsky, voivode, Ivan Litavor (marshals) Marshal Ivan Lutavr, Governor Nikolai Glebov, Nikolai Zinoviev, Princes Drutskys, Mosalskie and other noble people. Having suffered a crushing defeat, Lithuania was forced to move to a defensive strategy.

Russian troops continued successfully launched campaign. In the southwestern direction of August 6, voivode Yakov Koshkin took Putivl. In the northwestern direction, the Novgorod-Pskov army of Andrei Fyodorovich Chelyadnin, advanced from the Great Onions of August, took Toropets and then Belaya. At the same time, an ally of the Moscow State, the Crimean Khan Mengli I Giray, raided the south of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. At the end of the year, Russian sovereign Ivan III planned to develop the achieved success and make a winter hike to Smolensk, but the severe winter of 9 — 1500. did not allow to execute the conceived.

War with Livonia (1501-1503)

Back in 1500, the Lithuanian Embassy was sent to the Grand Master of the Livonian Order Walter von Plettenberg (Master of the Livonian Order from 1494 of the year to 1535 of the year), with a proposal for an alliance against Moscow. Remembering the previous conflicts with Lithuania, Master Plettenberg gave his consent to the union not immediately, but only in 1501. The successes of the Russian troops in the war with Lithuania alarmed the Livonians, and they decided to help the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. 21 June 1501 was signed a treaty of alliance in Wenden. The master even tried to convince the Pope Alexander VI to declare a crusade against Russia, but the idea failed.

Back in the spring of 1501, more than 200 Russian merchants were arrested in Dorpat, their goods were looted. The Pskov ambassadors sent to Livonia were detained. The war with Livonia threatened the northwestern Russian lands. The Moscow monarch Ivan III sent a detachment from Novgorod to Pskov under the leadership of princes Vasily Vasilyevich Shuisky and the Tver army under the command of Daniil Alexandrovich Penko (Penko). In early August, they joined in Pskov with a detachment of Prince Ivan Ivanovich Gorbaty. 22 August army under the authority of Daniel Penko came to the border, where there were clashes with Livonian troops.

26 August 1501, the Livonian army led by Master V. Plettenberg crossed the Russian border near the town of Ostrov in order to unite with the allied Lithuanian forces on Russian territory and strike at Pskov. It should be noted that Master Walter von Plettenberg was one of the greatest leaders of the order for all his history.

Already on August 27, the forces of Plettenberg came together with the Russian army in the battle on the River Seritsa in 10 versts from Izborsk. The forces of Livonians and Russians are estimated at about 6 thousand people. The main feature of the Livonian detachment was the presence in it of a significant amount of artillery: field guns and manual tweezers. The advanced Russian regiment (Pskov) unexpectedly came across large forces of the Livonians. The Pskov, under the command of mayor Ivan Tenshin, attacked the Livonian vanguard and overturned it. In pursuing the enemy, the Pskov came across the main forces of the enemy, who managed to deploy batteries. Livonians fired at the Pskov, one of the first to die was Ivan Tenshin. Pskov under fire began to depart. Livonians transferred fire to the main forces of the Russian detachment. The Russian forces mixed up and withdrew, leaving the wagon train. The reasons for the defeat of the Russian army, in addition to the skillful use of artillery by the enemy, was also in the unsatisfactory organization of intelligence, the interaction between the Pskov and Novgorod-Tver units of the army. In general, both sides suffered minor losses. The main thing was that the Russian army was demoralized and gave the initiative to the enemy.

Russian forces retreated to Pskov. The Livonian Master did not pursue them and organized a siege of Izborsk. The garrison of the Russian fortress, despite the heavy shelling, repelled the attack of the enemy. Plettenberg did not linger and moved to Pskov, it was not possible to take fords across the Great River. Livonians 7 September laid siege to a small island fortress. The guns were brought down to the town. With the help of incendiary projectiles managed to cause fires. On the night of September 8, the storming of a stormed fortress began. The city was captured, during the assault and massacre Livonians destroyed the entire population of the Island - 4 thousand people. After that, the Livonians hastily retreated into their territory. Researchers cite two reasons for the withdrawal of the Livonians: 1) an epidemic began in the army (the master also fell ill), 2 was the position of the Lithuanian allies - the Lithuanians did not come to the aid of the Livonians. The Polish king, Jan Olbracht, died and the Grand Duke of Lithuania had to resolve issues related to the succession to the throne. A small detachment was sent to help the Livonians, but it appeared when the Livonians already retreated. The Lithuanians laid siege to the Opochka fortress, but could not take it and soon retreated.

Inconsistency of actions of opponents took advantage of Ivan III Vasilyevich. In October, a large Moscow army led by voivods Daniel Shchenya and Alexander Obolensky moved to the north-western borders. It included the Allied detachment of the Kazan Tatars. Connecting with Pskov, the army at the end of October crossed the border and invaded Livonia. The eastern regions of Livonia, especially the Dorpat bishopric, were terribly devastated (sources have reported 40 thousand dead and gone to full). Livonian Master tried to take advantage of the fact that Russian troops divided, devastating enemy territory. On the night of November 24 1501, he attacked the Moscow army under the castle Gelmed, near Dorpat. At the very beginning of the battle, voivode Alexander Obolensky died, the Russian troops mixed up and retreated. But soon the Russian and Tatar cavalry overthrew the enemy, the battle ended with a significant Russian victory. The Germans were driven ten miles away.

In the winter of 1501-1502, the Russian army under the leadership of Scheny made a trip to Revel. The German lands were devastated again. In the spring of 1502, the Livonians tried to answer. German knights attacked in two directions: a large detachment moved to Ivangorod, and another to the Red town (a fortress belonging to the Pskov land). 9 March there was a battle at Ivangorod outpost. In the battle Novgorod governor Ivan Kolychev died, but the enemy attack was repulsed. 17 March The Germans laid siege to Red Town, but could not take it. Upon learning of the approach of the Pskov rati, the Germans lifted the siege and retreated.

In early autumn, the Livonian Master launched a new offensive. At this time, the main Russian troops in the western direction besieged Smolensk and Orsha. 2 September 15-th. Livonian army approached Izborsk. Storm Russian garrison repulsed. Plettenberg did not linger and moved to Pskov. 6 September the Germans began the siege of Pskov. Attempts to destroy part of the fortifications with the help of artillery and create gaps were not crowned with success. In the meantime, the army under the leadership of Scheni and the princes Shuisky came out of Novgorod to help Pskov. The Germans began to depart, but at the Smolin Lake were overtaken. September 13 battle took place at the lake Smolin. Livonians were again able to take advantage of the inconsistency of the actions of the Russian regiments and won. But, apparently, the success of the operation is exaggerated (the loss of Russian 12-thousand troops - 3-8 thousand soldiers) is reported, since the Livonians could not take advantage of the victory, and were driven abroad. Already in the winter of 1502, the troops of the princes Semyon Starodubsky-Mozhaysky and Vasily Shemyachich made a new raid on the lands of Livonia.

Little-known wars of the Russian state: Russian-Livonian-Lithuanian war 1500 — 1503.

Vendensky castle.

War with the Great Horde and Lithuania

At this time, the great Horde Khan (the remnant of the Golden Horde, after the separation of the other Khanates) had a significant benefit to the great Lithuanian prince. Sheikh Ahmed Khan. In the 1500 year and the first half of 1501, he fought against the Crimean Khanate, but in the fall of 1501, his forces made a devastating raid on Seversk land. Rylsk was plundered, Novgorod-Seversky. Some units even reached the outskirts of Bryansk.

But, despite the attacks of the forces of the Livonian Order and the Great Horde, the Russian command in the autumn of 1501 of the year organized a new offensive against Lithuania. 4 November 1501, the battle took place at Mstislavl. The Lithuanian army under the command of commander Mikhail Izeslavsky tried to stop the Russian forces, and was completely defeated. The Lithuanians lost about 7 thousand people and all the banners. True, to take Mstislavl failed. Russian troops were limited to the destruction of Mstislavl district. The troops had to be transferred to the south in order to oust the Tatar detachments from the Seversk land.

Sheikh Ahmed Khan was unable to deliver a second strike: in the winter - summer of 1502, he fought with the Crimean troops. The Great Horde Khan suffered a crushing defeat. Sheikh Ahmed Khan fled to Lithuania, where he was soon arrested by former allies. The Great Horde ceased to exist. Her lands temporarily became part of the Crimean Khanate.

At this time, Ivan III Vasilyevich was preparing a new offensive to the west. The goal was Smolensk. Significant forces were gathered, but the siege of Smolensk, begun at the end of July 1502, ended in vain. The artillery shortage affected, the Lithuanians put up stubborn resistance and soon were able to move considerable forces to the fortress. Russian troops moved away from Smolensk.

After that, the nature of the war changed. Russian troops moved from large marches and sieges of fortresses to raids in order to devastate frontier volosts. At the same time, the Crimean detachments of Mengli I Girey invaded Lithuania and Poland. The districts of Lutsk, Turov, Lviv, Blavlava, Lublin, Vishnetsk, Belz, and Krakow were devastated. In addition, Stephen Moldavsky attacked Poland. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was drained of blood and could not continue the war. The Poles were engaged in the defense of the southern and south-western borders.

The truce

The King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander Jagiellon, having previously agreed to the Master of the Livonian Order Plettenberg, with the mediation of the Hungarian King Vladislav Jagiellon and the Pope Alexander, began the search for a peace agreement with the Moscow state. At the end of December 1502, the Hungarian ambassador Sigismund Santay arrived in Moscow, who was able to persuade Ivan to peace negotiations. In early March, the Lithuanian and Livonian embassies arrived in the Russian capital of 1503. Lithuania was represented by Peter Miskovsky and Stanislav Glebovich, and Livonia was represented by Johann Gildorp and Klaus Golstvever.

Peace could not be agreed, but they signed a truce for 6 years. The Blagoveshchensk truce was signed on 25 March 1503. As a result of this agreement, a vast territory was withdrawn to the Russian state - about a third of the entire Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Russia received the upper reaches of the Oka and Dnieper with 19 foreign cities, including Chernihiv, Novgorod-Seversky, Gomel, Bryansk, Starodub, Putivl, Dorogobuzh, Toropets, etc. It was a significant Russian success. weapons and diplomacy. In addition, Moscow was gaining an important strategic advantage over its main western adversary - the new Russian-Lithuanian border now passed in 100 km from Smolensk and 45-50 km from Kiev. Ivan III Vasilyevich understood that this was not the last war with Lithuania, the process of reunification of the Russian lands had not yet been completed. Both sides are actively preparing for a new war.

2 April 1503 was signed a truce with the Livonian Order. According to it, the status quo ante bellum was restored, that is, the powers returned to the state of borders before the outbreak of hostilities.
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23 comments
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  1. Rodver
    -1
    26 May 2012 10: 37
    Glorious battles. Development and formation of the Russian state.
  2. +4
    26 May 2012 11: 44
    I more and more like articles on this topic. Reading them is interesting and informative.
    I thank the site administrators and the authors of these articles and wish them further creative success ..
  3. +2
    26 May 2012 12: 12
    It is regrettable that little is written about such wars.
    1. 0
      27 May 2012 10: 43
      Deniska999,
      They write not only little, but generally try not to spread about the tsarist period.
    2. Indigo
      0
      27 May 2012 10: 50
      Hmm! but "pushing" 72 hours of study in so-called schools. Holocaust, not the History of the Russian State, what will we get in the end and the bottom line?
  4. jury08
    -3
    26 May 2012 13: 45
    This is an ordinary predatory war of the Moscow state!
    1. 0
      26 May 2012 15: 26
      Restoring the integrity of Russia (Russian state) - is it a war of conquest?
      1. Slavyan I.
        -2
        26 May 2012 19: 58
        Why do you consider Russia and the Russian (Russian) state as a single ethnocultural and territorial entity?
      2. Algerd
        0
        18 November 2012 00: 35
        Yes! only there are a couple of points - Russia, this is not the Kiev region and the nearest principalities by chance? it would be possible to talk about the restoration of integrity if the Kiev prince said such a thing. "restoration" .. and what state was before the so-called fragmentation to restore it?
    2. -2
      27 May 2012 21: 33
      And you look at what cities they "captured".
      They freed their own.
      .
  5. jury08
    +2
    26 May 2012 17: 08
    And who gave Moscow the right to collect Russia, to Russia (Kiev) having an indirect relationship? Why not Novgorod, Tver, Pskov and finally Lithuania?
    1. +1
      27 May 2012 10: 48
      jury08,
      But didn’t others have rights? And where does Kiev? Kiev is only part of common Russia. Great Svyatoslav collected Russia from the Danube to the Volga. Did he need some right for this?
    2. Indigo
      +2
      27 May 2012 10: 54
      ..... take a card and poke your finger in any city and ask your question on all aspects of history, science, etc.
    3. +2
      27 May 2012 12: 10
      Who gave the right to William the Conqueror to occupy the land of the Celts. Who gave the German knights the right to seize the Baltic. What was the matter of Philippe the Beautiful to absolutely non-French Provence and German Burgundy? But all these seizures took place under the banner of the restoration of the state. What answer?
    4. 0
      27 May 2012 21: 08
      Political Will. The rest of the centers had less of this component, therefore Moscow took the lead in the process of "collecting stones."
    5. 0
      27 May 2012 21: 41
      If Tver were stronger, the center of unification would be there.
    6. 11Goor11
      0
      27 May 2012 23: 05
      jury08
      It just so happened! Only now, is it not strange that voices sound saying that Siberia is too big to belong to one state?
      And do you know what they call people who give to scammers at the station, in exchange for the illusive hope of an incredible win, their money earned by hard work?
    7. Algerd
      0
      18 November 2012 00: 26
      support! Muscovy was named Rus in order to begin to "collect" Russia, ie. the occupation of neighboring lands. this war was a war of Russians against Belarusians. sad pages of our history .. The Vitebsk region after that wars is still the most uninhabited, and the total losses of Lithuania amounted to 50% of the population. (modern Lithuania in those days was called Zhamoit, Samogotia). Unfortunately, modern Russian historians somewhat distort such events. no matter how bitter they are, facts are facts - history is all the same.
  6. gorilla1962
    +4
    26 May 2012 19: 57
    The history of our Fatherland, unfortunately, is not widely covered in the school curriculum. For many years I can’t understand why our schoolchildren should study the history of the West to the detriment of knowing their own history in full detail.
    It is my deep conviction that the school should only have the history of Russia, and it can include at the end of each chapter a small excursion "And at this time in other countries" ...
  7. Morani
    +2
    27 May 2012 01: 26
    Something in the army of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania there are no Lithuanian surnames and names. Explain dear Russians :)
    1. +3
      27 May 2012 12: 22
      Why explain - Gedemin fussed when there was a confusion in Russia. And while the Lithuanian princes were tolerant, everything suited everyone. When Lithuania began to swash with Poland and, as a result, attempts to take the Orthodox Church under the paw of the pope, it was then that the Ruriks fled from the territory of the former Kievan Rus to close relatives in Muscovy. By the way, in Poland at that time (up to the 17th century) there were also many Russian surnames. And then all the Slavs who adhered to Orthodoxy were called Russian. For example, Dmitry Ivanovich Vishnevetsky-Baida is a Russian nobleman, and his native nephew Konstantin, an associate of the Impostor, is a Polish gentry.
      1. Morani
        0
        27 May 2012 16: 29
        and were the Belarusians in Vel Kn Lithuania or were they like Poles or were they not?
        1. 0
          27 May 2012 16: 32
          they were called Russian
        2. tven
          +3
          27 May 2012 17: 28
          In those days, the Lithuanians were mainly representatives of the Slavic peoples, i.e. mostly current Belarusians, western Ukrainians, etc. basically, by the Catholic faith Zhemaiti, it seems that the Aukštins and Prussians (present Lithuanians) made up only an insignificant part, consisting of tribes living in the region of present Lithuania.
        3. vlaval1
          0
          28 May 2012 11: 06
          Belarusians were called Litvin !!!
          There are several concepts of ethnogenesis of Belarusians:
          “Finnish” by I. A. Laskov — the ancestors of the Belarusians were the Finno-Ugrians, assimilated by the Baltic tribes in the Bronze Age;
          “Baltskaya” by V. V. Sedov — the Balts were an ethnic substratum (sub-base), as a result of mixing and mutual assimilation of the Balts with the newly arrived Slavs, the Belarusian ethnic group was formed;
          “Tribal” (E.F. Karsky, M. Greenblatt, M.V. Dovnar-Zapolsky, V.I. Pitcheta) - ethnic consolidation of the Krivichi, Radimichi, Dregovichi, Volyn and other tribes according to various socio-economic, political , military and religious reasons in the X-XII centuries [20] [21];
          “Old Russian” (S. A. Tokarev, P. N. Tretyakov, B. A. Rybakov) - Belarusians formed on the site of the Old Russian people, along with Ukrainians and Russians as a result of the collapse of Kievan Rus in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries.
          There were also Polish and Great Russian concepts, now irrelevant. Their essence was that the ethnic territory of Belarusians was considered as primordially Polish or primordially Great Russian, respectively. Now other opinions are being expressed.
      2. +1
        28 May 2012 08: 11
        rexby63,
        Tot add. Until the 13 century inclusively, the Principality of Lithuania professed the Vedic faith of the ancestors, therefore it was tolerant. Therefore, with the Pagan Horde, the Allies walked (one of the reasons).
        1. 0
          28 May 2012 18: 56
          I agree, but not really. Only with the renegade Jagail (second half of the 14th century) Lithuania began to deviate from the traditions of their ancestors
          1. Algerd
            0
            18 November 2012 00: 52
            Jagiello is not such a renegade. Lithuania-Belarus did not depart from the traditions of the ancestors. we still celebrate purely pagan holidays, around superstition and witchcraft. Belarus ranks 11th in the world as the most non-religious state. all kinds of marriages and baptisms are just political moves.
      3. Algerd
        0
        18 November 2012 00: 44
        it's all about the presentation of information. the nobles of those times (and not only) were peculiar and could perform various actions in favor of their wealth, for example, the adoption of a particular faith. very good often historians of Russia recorded the Belarusian Catholic gentry in the Poles, the Orthodox in the Russian for some reason. 1/3 of the Russian noblemen are the Lithuanian Orthodox gentry, the same book. Trubetskoy, etc., the concept of "Russian" as a nationality was not perceived in those days. During the Livonian War, Orthodox Litvin prisoners were called Belarusians. in the 19th century, there was a change in many names of countries, peoples, and now it is sometimes not easy for a modern reader to understand.
  8. -2
    27 May 2012 15: 54
    Without representatives of the northeast of Russia, modern Russia would not exist. Lithuania could have annexed the rest of it, but it would still fall under Poland, (Lithuania is tiny and without the "clear-noble" did not keep b) and there Austria and Turechina did not miss their ...
    1. Algerd
      0
      18 November 2012 01: 50
      The population ON was approx. 10 million people, VKM - approx. 4 million
  9. jury08
    +2
    27 May 2012 21: 42
    tven,
    Medieval Lithuania is the present Belarus-Belarusians (Muscovites gave us this name after the sections of the Republic of Poland), but there were Litvinians, modern Lithuanians are Zhmudins, Russians at that time were Ukrainians, Orthodox Lithuania - by faith they belonged to the Russian Orthodox Church of Kiev- they called themselves Rusyns, but no one called Muscovites or Muscovites before Peter the Russians.
    To the one who had the right to collect Russia, is there another question? -The Lithuanian princes had no less Russian blood than the Moscow ones! And for us, Belarusians were aggression, and not the mythical gathering of Russia, by the way as for Tver, Pskov and Novgorod ! Only on this ON did it go to the union, giving Ukraine to the Poles as it couldn’t fight on the 2 fronts by the Horde then Moscow and the Order.
    1. Morani
      +1
      27 May 2012 22: 08
      Maxim Bogdanovich

      Pursuit


      Only in my heart I restlessly rest
      For my country my dear fear, -
      I recall the Holy Brahma holy
      And fighters on mighty horses.

      In white foam the horses sweep
      Tear, fight and snore heavily ...
      Older Lithuanian Pursuit
      Do not break, do not calm, do not hold back.

      In an infinite distance you fly,
      Before you, after you - years.
      Are you in a hurry to chase?
      Where did the paths go and where?

      Or they, Belarus, trot
      For your children - a terrible race! -
      What you forgot, renounced
      And sold, given in full?

      Beat in their heart - beat with swords,
      Do not be outcasts!
      Let them know how the heart is at night
      He can only beg for his homeland.

      Holy Mother, Motherland!
      Unable to endure this pain ...
      Sorry. You accept in the world of a son,
      Let me die for you! ..

      All fly and fly these horses
      Silver harnesses rattle loudly ...
      Older Lithuanian Pursuit
      Do not break, do not calm, do not hold back.

      1916
    2. 0
      28 May 2012 12: 10
      This was a process typical of the whole of post-medieval Europe, when the small fragmented principalities (counties, duchies, etc.) gradually united to form a single national state. As a rule, such associations did not occur voluntarily, but by force of arms, when a stronger sovereign added the possessions of the weaker to his power. Historically, it turned out that in Eastern Russia the principality of Moscow was the most powerful, and it was it that became the center of the reunification of Russian lands. Perhaps the Tver or Ryazan, Starodubsky or Volyn princes and had no less rights to seniority than the Moscow, but Moscow proved to be stronger and it was they who fell the historical mission of reuniting Russia.
      As for Lithuania, there is a difference in the terminology used in Russia and Belarus. In Russia, it is customary to call the Lithuanians the Baltic (and not the Slavic people) Catholic religion. Russian Orthodox princes from the ON are not called Lithuanians.
      The assertion that before Peter the Great Russians were not called Russians is absurd. There are so many written sources that refute this argument that it is pointless to argue. By the way, in those days, in the definition of "friend or foe", religion rather than nationality was much more important. In this sense, the Orthodox sovereigns of All Russia, the Grand Dukes of Vladimir, Moscow, Novgorod, etc. had much more rights to the lands of Orthodox Russia than the Catholic Grand Dukes of Lithuania, Russia and Zhemoytsky, as they called themselves.
    3. Algerd
      0
      18 November 2012 00: 49
      that's all there is!
  10. jury08
    +1
    28 May 2012 13: 12
    alebor,
    Well, Jagailo-Yakov, Vitovt-Yuriy Orthodox names given at their first baptism of the Kiev Russian Orthodox Church, which baptized Rus. The Moscow Russian Orthodox Church had nothing to do with Kiev and was essentially autocephaly. By your logic, Catholics like France have great rights to German and Polish Catholics.
    1. Algerd
      0
      18 November 2012 00: 48
      and Polotsk was baptized 2 years earlier than Kiev! What is not the center of Russia ?! but Moscow is clearly not drawn to such a title, especially this territory, which was inhabited by Finno-Ugric tribes, what kind of Russia is it? Until the very end of the 17th century, the GDL fought for the souls of the Orthodox between their Orthodox Church and the Moscow Church, which wanted to subordinate the Lithuanian. here, no less interesting battles were fought ..
  11. Algerd
    0
    18 November 2012 00: 32
    how unfortunate that even if they write about such wars, then distorting everything and everyone ..
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  14. 0
    1 May 2018 07: 14
    A good article, but the participation of Ukrainian and Belarusian troops in the war is not sufficiently reflected. or is it another universe? In which they do not know about these great nations?

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