The first battle for Tsaritsyn

100 years ago, 6-8 September 1918, the first defense of Tsaritsyn ended. The Red forces drove the enemy away from the strategically important city. 6 September 1918 of the year on behalf of the Military Council of the North Caucasus Military District Stalin telegraphed to Sovnarkom: “The attack of the troops of the Tsaritsyn district was crowned with success ... The enemy was utterly defeated and rejected for the Don. Tsaritsyn's position is strong. The offensive continues. ”

As a result of September 6, the Reds rejected the Volunteer Army units from Tsaritsyn for a sufficiently long distance (more than 50 kilometers to the west), beyond the bend of the Don River. But at the same time, the Reds did not inflict a serious defeat on White, and they were preparing for a new assault on the city. On September 8, in the city, people's commissar Joseph Stalin sent a telegram about the liquidation of the Social Revolutionary underground in Tsaritsyn to the chairman of the SNK, Vladimir Lenin. In mid-September 1918, the Don Army launched a second attack on Tsaritsyn.

Situation in the region

In the spring of 1918, the situation in the south of Russia worsened. In late March, a Cossack uprising began on the Don. In April, the 1918 Ode in Novocherkassk announced the creation of the Great Don Army. On the basis of the rebel units and the detachment of General P. Kh. Popov, who had returned from the Steppe campaign, the creation of the Cossack Don Army began.

By the beginning of May, the cities of Rostov, Nakhichevan-on-Don, Taganrog, Millerovo, Chertkovo were occupied by German troops. The leadership of the Don Soviet Republic was evacuated to Tsaritsyn. The general P. N. Krasnov was elected the ataman of the Great Don Army in Novocherkassk. He waged war with Soviet Russia and made an alliance with Germany. In the same period, the detachment of M. Drozdovsky broke through to the Don and the volunteers of A. Denikin returned from the unsuccessful First Kuban campaign.

On May 28, a meeting was held in the village of Manychskoy to organize joint actions by the main anti-revolutionary forces of the south of Russia with the participation of generals Krasnov, Denikin, Alekseev. General Krasnov proposed to the Volunteer Army to jointly attack Tsaritsyn, which, according to his plan, was to become the base for the further White offensive in the Middle Volga region. Here, according to Krasnov, the Volunteer Army was to consolidate and unite with Ataman A. Dutov, the Orenburg Cossacks. The command of the Volunteer Army, however, rejected this plan. Volunteers considered themselves enemies of the Germans, unlike Krasnov, and saw themselves as allies of the Entente. In addition, it was impossible to leave in the rear a strong North Caucasian grouping of the Red Army. Denikin believed that the Kuban and the North Caucasus, after the defeat of the Reds, would be a powerful base and rear for further combat operations against the Bolsheviks.

Therefore, Denikin began the second Kuban campaign. 25 June The Volunteer Army captured the Torgovaya station, cut off the North Caucasus railway link with central Russia and moved to the Grand-Princely with the goal of helping the Don Army to seize the Salsk district, which was supposed to provide for the rear of Tsaritsyn. June 28 Grand Duke was taken, and after a two-week stop on July 10, the Volunteer Army turned south on Tikhoretskaya. And the Cossacks Krasnov planned to completely clear the red areas of the Don region from the Reds and take Tsaritsyn to eliminate the threat to their right flank and rear.

Peter Nikolayevich Krasnov - Major General of the Russian Imperial Army, Ataman of the Great Don Army

Tsaritsyn, thanks to a significant working population, was one of the main revolutionary centers of south-east European Russia. Economically and militarily, it was important to both sides as an industrial center. The strategic importance of Tsaritsyn was determined by the fact that it was an important communications hub that linked the central regions of Russia with the Lower Volga region, the North Caucasus and Central Asia, and through which the center was supplied with food, fuel, etc. For the White Cossack command, mastering Tsaritsyn created the possibility of connecting with troops of the Orenburg ataman Dutov and provided the right flank of the Cossack army in the Voronezh main direction for Krasnov.

As I. Stalin noted: “Taking Tsaritsyn and interrupting communication with the south would ensure the achievement of all tasks by the enemy: it would unite the Don counterrevolutionaries with the Cossack leaders of the Astrakhan and Urals forces, creating a unified front of the counterrevolution from the Don to the Czechoslovaks. It would secure the counterrevolutionaries, internal and external, the south and the Caspian, it would leave the Soviet troops of the North Caucasus in a helpless state ... This mainly explains the persistence with which the White Guards of the south try to take Tsaritsyn ”(Stalin. About the South of Russia,“ Truth "No. 235, 1918 g.).

The organization of defense. Tsaritsyn conflict

6 May 1918 was decreed by the decree of the CPC North Caucasus Military District, which included the territory of the Don region, Kuban and the North Caucasus. On May 14, by order of the Chairman of the Supreme Military Council L. Trotsky, Lieutenant-General of the General Staff A.Ye. Snesarev was appointed military leader of the district. He was assigned the task of collecting detachments and combat groups scattered over a large area and organizing opposition to the Don Krasny Army approaching Tsaritsyn. Immediately after the arrival of 26 in May at Tsaritsyn, Snesarev energetically set about organizing defense, spending a lot of time in detachments and units that were fighting. May 29 Sovnarkom RSFSR appointed I.V. Stalin was responsible for conducting the “food dictatorship” in the south of Russia and seconded him as an emergency commissioner of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for the procurement and export of grain from the North Caucasus to industrial centers. At the same time, Stalin was ordered to "restore order (in the troops), to unite the detachments into regular units, to establish the correct command, expelling all of the defiant." Arriving 6 on June 1918 of the year in Tsaritsyn, Stalin took power into the city, led the defense in the Tsaritsyn area.

23 June, at the insistence of Stalin, Snesarev gave the order number 4 to unite all the red troops of the right bank of the Don into a group under the general command of K. E. Voroshilov, who managed to break through at the head of the Lugansk working detachment to Tsaritsyn. The Red Army troops in the Tsaritsyn area (about 40, thousand bayonets and sabers, over 100 guns) consisted of scattered detachments; the most battle-worthy were the detachments of the 3 and 5 of the Ukrainian armies, who had retreated here under the onslaught of the German troops. On July 19, the Military Council of the North Caucasian Military District was created (chaired by I. Stalin, members of KE Voroshilov and S. K. Minin).

A conflict erupted between Stalin and Snesarev, partly due to the general negative attitude towards military experts, and partly because Stalin considered the general to be Trotsky's protege. As a result, Snesarev with all his staff was arrested. Moscow, however, demanded the release of Snesarev and his orders. The Moscow commission that arrived, headed by Okulov, a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, decided to leave Stalin and Voroshilov in Tsaritsyn, and to take Snesarev back to Moscow. Formally, Snesarev remained the military leader of the North Caucasus region until September 23 1918. In fact, Stalin became the military leader in the Tsaritsyn area. Snesarev was appointed commander of the Western Defense District, established between the Northern and Southern Fronts, then commanded the Western Army.

I. Stalin on Tsaritsyn direction

In addition, another conflict has occurred. Order No. 1 of the Military Council of the North Caucasian Military District from 22 July 1918, the former military colonel of the tsarist army Kovalevsky was temporarily appointed military district officer; Colonel Nosovich, also from the military specialists, became the chief of staff of the district. At the same time, Kovalevsky was introduced to the District Military Council. However, already 4 of August, he is displaced from all positions, as he considered the defense of the district a hopeless deed. By order of Stalin, the Tsaritsyn Cheka arrested all the staff of the artillery directorate of the district headquarters, and the staff itself had liquidated it. 6 August was eliminated the county's economic administration. 10 August 1918 was dismissed and clearly anti-Soviet-minded Nosovich from the post of the district chief of staff. However, Nosovich and Kovalevsky soon, already 13 August, were released from arrest by order of Trotsky on bail inspection, which arrived led by the Chairman of the Supreme Military Inspectorate Podvoisky on the eve of Tsaritsyn. On the same day, the liberated military experts with the inspection team left for Kamyshin. Later, in October 1918, Nosovich with secret documents went over to the side of the Volunteer Army. This caused the second arrest of the district headquarters, Kovalevsky, by order of the Special Department for Counter-Revolution and Spying on the Southern Front in early December 1918, was shot "for transferring military information to the White Guards" and "communication with the leaders of the White Guard."

Having accused the first defeats of military experts, Stalin made large-scale arrests. There were good reasons for these repressive measures. The local counterrevolutionary organization, which stands for the support of the Constituent Assembly, has grown significantly stronger and, having received money from Moscow, was preparing for an active campaign to help the Don Cossacks in the liberation of Tsaritsyn from the Bolsheviks. The counter-revolutionary organization was headed by engineer Alekseev who arrived from Moscow and his sons. The uprising was scheduled at the time of the White Cossacks to the city. The special edition of the newspaper “Soldier of the Revolution” reported: “August 21 1918 in the 17 hour. in Tsaritsyn the plot of the White Guards was revealed. Prominent conspirators are arrested and shot. The conspirators found 9 million rubles. The plot was nipped in the bud by measures of Soviet power. ” The conspirators reckoned that at least three thousand people armed with 6 machine guns and 2 guns would take part in the mutiny. The British Vice-Consul Barry participated in the preparation of the plot, the French consuls - Sharbo and Serbia - Leonard. Later, speaking at the Eighth Congress of the RCP (b), V.I. Lenin would say: "To the credit of the Tsaritsyns, that they opened this conspiracy of Alekseev."

M. Grekov. On the way to Tsaritsyn

Fighting

In July 1918, the Don Army of Krasnov (up to 45 thousand bayonets and sabers, 610 machine guns, over 150 guns) launched the first attack on Tsaritsyn: a detachment of Colonel Polyakov (up to 10 thousand bayonets and sabers) received a mission to strike from the south of Velikyokyak detachment from the Velikyokyk area to strike from the Velikykar area, from the Velikyokyk area. ; the operative group of General K. K. Mamontov (about 12 thousand bayonets and sabers), concentrated in the Verkhnekurmoyarskaya - Kalach area, was to be the main forces to attack Tsaritsyn; the operative group of General A.P. Fitzhkhelaurov (about 20 thousand bayonets and sabers) delivered a blow from the Kremenskaya, Ust-Medveditskaya, Chaplyzhenskaya area to Kamyshin.

24 July 1918 of the Red Army defending forces were divided into sections: Ust-Medveditsky (head FK Mironov, around 7 thousand bayonets and sabers, 51 machine gun, 15 guns), Tsaritsynsky (head A. I. Kharchenko, about 23 Thousands of bayonets and sabers, 162 machine guns, 82 guns) and the Salsk group (Head G. K. Shevkoplyasov, about 10 Thousands of bayonets and sabers, 86 machine guns, 17 guns); in Tsaritsyn there was a reserve (about 1500 bayonets and sabers, 47 machine guns, 8 guns).

In early August, the Fitzkhelaurov task force, advancing to the north, rejecting the red parts 150 km, reached the Volga along Tsaritsyn to Kamyshin, interrupting the message from the Tsaritsyn group to Moscow. The Mamontov group, which was advancing in the center, 8 August broke through the front and threw the Reds from Don to Tsaritsyn, capturing Kalach. 18 - 19 in August of the part of Mamantov, breaking through the junction of the Communist and Morozov divisions, captured the suburbs of Tsaritsyn, Sarepta and Erzovka, and started fighting directly outside the city. However, the group Polyakova, advancing along the railway Tikhoretsk - Tsaritsyn from the area of ​​art. The Grand-Ducal town to the city from the south, which was supposed to provide the right flank and rear of the Mamantov group, got bogged down in local battles and never came to Tsaritsyn. In addition, the Don units had little heavy weapons and infantry regiments necessary for regular combat operations and the assault of cities. Obviously, there was hope for an uprising in Tsaritsyn himself, which was to help the Krasnovites take Tsaritsyn.

One of the best cavalry commanders of the Civil War, Major General Konstantin Konstantinovich Mamontov (Mamantov) (1869 − 1920)

The Red Command pulled up reinforcements, mobilized, and formed working regiments, which were immediately thrown to the front lines. This made it possible to repel the enemy offensive and go on the counterattack. On August 23, the Red forces attacked the flank and rear of Mamantov’s group. Belokazaki were forced to start a retreat. On August 29, 1918, the Reds liberated Kotluban and Karpovka, and on September 6, Kalach. The front moved 80-90 miles to the west. An important role in defeating the whites was played by F.N. Alyabyev’s armored trains. Actively operated sailors of the Volga military flotilla under the command of K.I. Zedin. On September 6, 1918, on behalf of the Military Council of the North Caucasian Military District, Stalin telegraphed to the Council of People's Commissars: “The offensive of the troops of the Tsaritsyn district was successful ... The enemy was utterly defeated and thrown back behind the Don. Tsaritsyn’s position is strong. The offensive continues. ”

In these battles, the Red Army defeated four divisions of the Don Army. White lost 12 thousand killed and captured, 25 guns and more 300 machine guns. Losses of the Red Army estimate up to 60 thousand people killed, wounded and prisoners. The White Cossack attack on Voronezh - Moscow was temporarily stopped. On the whole, the situation in the Tsaritsyn sector was unstable, it was far from a decisive victory for the Red Army. Indeed, the Don government decided on a new offensive against Tsaritsyn, an additional mobilization of the Cossacks into the army was begun. In mid-September 1918, the Don Army launched a second attack on Tsaritsyn.

V.I. Lenin 19 September 1918 of the year sent a greeting telegram to Tsaritsyn’s defenders: “Soviet Russia notes with admiration the heroic feats of the communist and revolutionary regiments of Khudyakov, Kharchenko and Kolpakov, the cavalry of Dumenko and Bulatkin, the armored trains of Alyabyev, the Military-Volga flotilla. Hold the Red Banners high, carry them forward fearlessly, eradicate the landlord-general counter-revolution mercilessly and show the whole world that socialist Russia is invincible. ”

Comments

[Olgovich]

the Don parts had little heavy weapons

White had few weapons of any kind, especially the catastrophic situation was with the ammunition that had to be obtained in battle. At the same time, the Reds possessed innumerable arms reserves of the 12 millionth Russian Army captured after the October Revolution.
And still, in such difficult and unequal conditions, Russia fought.

Mass supplies of weapons began only after 7 months ...

[Matroskin]

Is it Krasnov Russia?

[Looking for]

And his photograph, hanging in a loop. Is it accidentally not?

[naidas]

Olgovich did not master the article:
The guns of the white 150, the red 15 + 82 + 17 + reserve 8 = 122

[Mordvin 3]

Quote: Olgovich

White had few weapons of any kind, especially the catastrophic situation was with the ammunition that had to be obtained in battle.

Ah tachanka, Rostov, our pride and beauty!
Envy silently.

[vladimirvn]

It is surprising that the reds survived. Soviet power at that moment hung in the balance.

[teron]

The reds were better organized than the whites. The Bolsheviks had a single center, one goal. And for white:
"The volunteers considered themselves enemies of the Germans, unlike Krasnov and saw themselves as allies of the Entente."
What unity is there?

[Aviator_]

The Reds had an Idea that the Whites did not have. The whites were going to return everything back (to chew "French rolls"), but the majority of the population of Russia did not want to continue feeding the freeloaders (landlords and capitalists).

[The centurion]

Quote: Aviator_

The whites were going to return everything back (to chew "French rolls"), but the majority of the population of Russia did not want to continue feeding the freeloaders (landlords and capitalists).

“The Don army went beyond the Don and entered the territories occupied by the population of central Russia. This line became not only a front line, but also a political line. and she was destined to withstand and withstand this centuries-old boiling cauldron of struggle.But the population of these middle Russian provinces was the most disadvantaged in terms of land allotments.The great reforms of the sixties freed the peasants from the dependence of the landlords, but did not resolve the main issue of land tenure. for the discontent of the peasants and gave excellent pretexts for the propaganda of the Bolshevik agitators.The revolution opened this sick abscess, and it was resolved spontaneously, regardless of state decrees, by a simple "black" redistribution, with the help of the unauthorized seizure of land by peasants from large owners ( landlords, monasteries, churches and states). tyanstvo received over 150 million dessiatines of land, was freed from the annual payment of 700 million rubles in gold for the lease of land and from debts of 3 billion rubles. This gave an increase in the peasant allotment in 1918 in comparison with the previous year by an average of 15%. For the Russian peasantry, which accounted for up to 75% of the population, the land issue began and ended all political problems, and political slogans were acceptable only to those that promised them land. They did not care at all whether such regions as Poland, Finland, the Baltic States, the Caucasus and others would become part of the Russian state, forming a great and indivisible Russia. On the contrary, these conversations terribly frightened the peasants, they saw in them the danger of returning to the old order, and for them it meant the loss of the land they had seized without permission. It is therefore understandable that the arrival of the white armies in these provinces, returning the old order, did not arouse enthusiasm among the local residents. The fact that the appointed governors announced a new democratic redistribution of land, which allegedly would be dealt with by special land authorities, these speeches were not taken into account, because a new partition was promised only three years after the restoration of order in the entire Russian state. From the point of view of the distrustful Russian peasant, this meant "never." The Bolsheviks, on the second day of their stay in power, adopted the "Decree on the Land", actually legalizing the "black redistribution", and thereby decided the outcome of the Civil War in Central Russia in their favor. It was for this land increase that Russian peasants fought in the ranks of the Red Army. "
https://topwar.ru/71910-kazaki-v-grazhdanskuyu-voynu-chast-iii-1919-god-russkaya-vandeya.html

[BAI]

Yes, the Reds have very little territory left. If White took Tsaritsyn and united, it would have been tight.
And - why the author writes that

Don units had few heavy weapons

?
We read the author:

In July 1918, the Don Army of Krasnov (up to 45 thousand bayonets and sabers, 610 machine guns, over 150 guns)

They were opposed by:

On July 24, 1918, the defending forces of the Red Army were divided into sections: Ust-Medveditsky (commander F.K. Mironov, about 7 thousand bayonets and sabers, 51 machine guns, 15 guns), Tsaritsinsky (chief A.I. Kharchenko, about 23 thousand bayonets and sabers, 162 machine guns, 82 guns) and the Salskaya group (chief G.K.Shevkoplyasov, about 10 thousand bayonets and sabers, 86 machine guns, 17 guns); there was a reserve in Tsaritsyn (about 1500 bayonets and sabers, 47 machine guns, 8 guns).

To avoid disputes: 15 + 82 + 17 + 8 = 122 (and that, after all, it is possible to calculate differently).
White had more heavy weapons (guns) than Reds!
Even numerically, 7000 + 23000 + 10000 + 1500 = 41500 reds were inferior to whites.
Nevertheless, the whites are broken.

[Andrey591]

"People's Commissar Joseph Stalin," People's Commissar of what?

[albert]

People's Commissar for Nationalities.

[Black joe]

A lot of things were decided by Tsaritsyn's affiliation - South Russian Verdun.
And it's not just that)

[Yak28]

The white movement was actually anti-Russian, because among the leaders and commanders of the white movement there were a lot of officers who had been working for foreign intelligence since the tsarist times. And these characters acted not in the interests of Russia, but in the interests of England, Germany and their wallet. idea, a new Russia and faith in victory, therefore their victory is a regularity.

[Hadji Murat]

Reds are straight heroes with little strength against the armada of whites and interventionists ... agitation of the Soviet era in action ....

[naidas]

Yes, no arguing against the people, neither with money in 1918, nor with technology in 1941.

[Altona]

Today we know this city as Stalingrad (the Khrushchev name Volgograd). Stalin defended him twice. Stalingrad is the most striking reminder to all enemies of what awaits them in Russia.

[Koshnitsa]

For you, Don Cossacks are the enemies of your Russia?

[Saburov]

Quote: Koshnitsa

For you, Don Cossacks are the enemies of your Russia?

For me, yes. And not only.

Historically, the Cossacks were the most uneducated and frenzied defenders of the monarchy and nobility in the army. It was they who were entrusted with all the punitive operations, the dispersal of the protesting workers and the blockade of the peasants. They were hammered into their heads from the pulpits that all power was from God, and they did not need to write and read. As a result, it was the Cossacks who went into revolution against their people. For which they were justly destroyed. And now this handful of mummers, who legally do not want to serve, want to receive money and power for their "circus shows".

With the Cossacks it was necessary to finish completely after the Second World War. Since the number of Cossack units who fought for the USSR during the Second World War, was incommensurably less than the number of Cossack units who fought for Nazi Germany.

For example, one of the 15 Cossack Cavalry Corps SS included:

1-I Cossack Division
1th Don Cossack Regiment
2th Siberian Cossack Regiment
4th Kuban Cossack Regiment
1 Cossack Artillery Regiment
2-I Cossack Division
3th Kuban Cossack Regiment
5th Don Cossack Regiment
6 Tere Cossack Regiment
2 Cossack Artillery Regiment
Plastun brigade (it was planned to deploy to the 3 th Cossack division)
7 Plastun Regiment
8 Plastun Regiment
Reconnaissance battalion
Communications battalion
Separate reconnaissance battalion
Sapper battalion

Or the same Separate Cossack Corps (Third Reich) composition:

41-I Cossack Plastonic Division
1-I Don Cossack Plastonic Brigade
1-th Don Cossack Plastun Regiment
2-th Don Cossack Plastun Regiment
2-th combined Cossack plastonic brigade
3-th Kuban Cossack Plastun Regiment
4 Terek-Stavropol Cossack Plastun Regiment
2-I Cossack Plastonic Division
3-th combined Cossack plastonic brigade
5-th combined Cossack plastun regiment
6-th Don Cossack Plastun Regiment
4-th combined Cossack plastonic brigade
3 Cossack Spare Plastun Regiment
Separate Cossack squad
Separate rack shelves
1 Cossack Horse Regiment
Ataman Cossack Equestrian Convoy Regiment

PS So history does not tolerate the subjunctive mood.

[Koshnitsa]

Quote: Saburov

that the Cossacks were the most uneducated

Literacy among Cossacks was several times higher than literacy among peasants.
But you don’t understand this.

[Saburov]

Quote: Koshnitsa

Quote: Saburov

that the Cossacks were the most uneducated

Literacy among Cossacks was several times higher than literacy among peasants.

I applaud your proof

Cossacks were several times more literate, among the absolutely illiterate peasantry! Bravo!

Now in order. We take several sources from the archive.
Literacy // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 ext.). - SPb., 1890 — 1907.
The population of Russia for 100 years (1813 — 1913). Statistical essays. Rashin A.G. Literacy of the population in Russia in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Y. Chernetsovsky “Russia and the Soviet Union in world politics of the XX century. Part 1, St. Petersburg, 1993. "

We look at the entire Russian Empire 21,1% literate for the period 1913 year.

Meanwhile, Y. Chernetsovsky wrote: “if, when drafted for military service, before the war, in Germany there were 0,06% illiterate, in England - 1%, in France - 3,4%, in the USA - 3,8%, in Italy - 30% , then in Russia - 61%. ” We look at the archive. Converges.

And what literacy could there be in the Russian Empire, when by 1914 there were 1000 students per 59 people of the total population: in Russia 143, in Austria - 152, in Great Britain - 175, in Germany - 213, in the USA - 148, in France - 146, in Japan - 2 people. Per capita spending on education was still paltry compared to developed countries. In England, they were 84 rubles. 2 rubles per person, in France - 11 rubles. 1 K., in Germany - 89 p. 21 k., And in Russia - XNUMX kopecks. And besides, this money was distributed between the Ministry of National Education and the "Holy" Synod. And then the fat-assed priests "starve" and produce id ... in seminaries will cease.

After the revolution 1905 — 1906, the Russo-Japanese War and the reforms of 1906 — 1907. the Duma raises the question of adopting a law on the conduct of universal primary education. In 1906, a bill of the Minister of Education P. von Kaufmann was submitted for consideration. Some provisions of this law were adopted on May 3 of 1908, according to which state funding for MNEs was sharply increased, and paragraph 6 of the law established free (but not universal) primary education. But the discussion of the bill on universal primary education, meanwhile, was postponed several times, and dragged on until the 1912 of the year. 6 June 1912 The State Council finally rejected the bill on universal education. Universal primary education was introduced by the Bolsheviks.

Make friends with documents and analysis. What literacy could be in the Russian Empire if the main revenue of the state was from the sale of vodka (Wine Monopoly)? If the people of the tsarist government consciously soldered.

PS Enough already thoughtlessly swallow monarch - priests' tales. Be smarter.

[Koshnitsa]

Quote: Saburov

We look at the entire Russian Empire 21,1% literate for the period 1913 year.

Little liar Saburov, this is the data for the 1897 year. You are lying very ineptly, they beat for it, for such cheating is petty.

[Saburov]

Quote: Koshnitsa

Little liar Saburov, this is the data for the 1897 year. You are lying very ineptly, they beat for it, for such cheating is petty.

The generally accepted and reliable figures are 1897 of the year - 21 percentage of the literate population. Often you have to meet the information that appeared, obviously, from unfair quoting about 40 and even 45 percent literate by 1917 year. Obviously, the above literacy rates of European Russia carry over to the whole empire.

The 41 percentage of literacy of the population of the European part of Russia by 1917 does not contradict the aggregate data on the 21 percentage of literacy by empire in the 1897 year. It should be noted that, for example, the same Mironov derives figures for the European part of Russia using a complex mathematical model of calculations (since objective, generally accepted data that would not be called into question do not exist).
The author notes that the data on the literacy of the population, for example, of the Baltic states (which was part of the empire at that time) are even more impressive: “... literacy of the population of both sexes over 14 years was 93% in Estland, 90 in Livland, and Kurland - 80% »
There is every reason to believe that the situation in Poland and Finland looked similar. While the literacy of the population of Central Russia was at an average level, Siberia and Asia remained extremely low. It is not surprising that the general literacy rate of the country's population “collapsed” after the separation of Poland, Finland and the Baltic states.
The next important factor is the very concept of "literacy" as applied to the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. As in the case with the examples given in other chapters, in the issue of education in Russia, not only absolute indicators should be considered, but also its qualitative level. For tsarist Russia, the concept of literacy was relevant. reading skills (as we recall, elementary public schools taught reading, writing, and the first four steps of arithmetic). The bulk of the population, recorded as “literate” in the 1897 census of the year, today would fall into the category of complete ignoramuses.
For example, N. A. Korf found that 8,3% forgot how to read or read mechanically, not understanding what they read (but according to the research methodology they still ended up in “literate” - DL); 7,1% could not subscribe; 15,2% forgot the first two actions of arithmetic, etc. "

[atos_kin]

Stalingrad is the most striking reminder to all enemies of what awaits them in Russia.

Evidence of the revival of Russia will be the return of Stalingrad to the map of Russia and the world. So far, Russia is under the control of the minions of capitalism. For them, Comrade Stalin is a class enemy.

[Koshnitsa]

As a result, on September 6, the Reds discarded parts Volunteer army from Tsaritsyn a fairly large distance (more than 50 kilometers to the west), beyond the bend of the Don river.
Or maybe Donskoy, Samsonov? And then some kind of alternative is obtained.

[Altona]

Quote: Koshnitsa

For you, Don Cossacks are the enemies of your Russia?

-------------------------
Where did your Cossacks have Russia? On separate pieces of the torn away South? This is the first thing. Second, all the drowners for the monarchy, including you, do not cry that today's Russia is only a fragment of the tsarist Russia that existed before Warsaw. So Mr. Kosnitsa, first with Olgovich, return to the origins. And then all your "patriotic" cry looks like a murder for the belongings lost a long time ago in the form of a sack of flour, warm pants, and a ruble sewn into a shirt. This is not something that is ugly, but somehow it looks like foolishness.

[Koshnitsa]

They fought for Russia against the international trash, is that bad. Against the Bronstein, Sverdlovs, Rosenfelds, Dzhugashvilek and Blankov. Is it bad?

Quote: Altona

that today's Russia is only a fragment of the tsar’s, which was before Warsaw.

Well, these are the borders drawn by the communists. They transferred all the Russian lands to all Bantustanov.
The borders of Russia the borders of the German occupation by agreement of the Kaiser and Lenin.
Who transferred the Russian South Siberia to some kind of Kazakhstan? And Donbass to Ukraine? That's it ...

[Saburov]

Quote: Koshnitsa

They fought for Russia against the international trash, is that bad. Against the Bronstein, Sverdlovs, Rosenfelds, Dzhugashvilek and Blankov. Is it bad?

It is extremely bad to fight against your people! Moreover, the Jews Bronstein, Sverdlov, Rosenfeldy, Ossetian Dzhugashvili and Great Russian Ulyanov were subjects of the Russian Empire. I am extremely amused by your ignorance. Lenin’s father I.N. Ulyanov (son of a Russian serf), mother M.A. Blank (of Swedish-German origin), and according to your monarchist concepts, is a son a Jew? Dzhugashvili Joseph Vissarionovich. Father is Ossetian, mother is Georgian. A son of course a Jew! But why didn’t you fight against the Romanov family? There are generally Russian blood 1%. Or are you not aware that this is a German surname, that for example the same William 2, was a direct relative of Nikolai 2? There is nothing Russian from Catherine 2.

Or why didn’t you be indignant when the Romanovs gave oil development in the Caspian to all kinds of Shell, Nobels and Rothschilds? Or that all the minerals in the Republic of Ingushetia, like industry, were in the hands of foreign capital? Moreover, all these enterprises in Russia did not belong at all. Take, for example, the book Securities of the Russian State, published in Moscow in 1995. In it, the authors provide photographs of samples of securities. Having carefully examined these photos, we see that the Russian industry was practically divided between Western states. For example, shares of enterprises, banks and railways of the Russian Empire had inscriptions in Russian, German, English and French, except for distribution addresses in St. Petersburg and Moscow, had distribution addresses in Europe and the United States.

For example, in the hands of in. joint-stock companies accounted for 70% of coal production in the Donbass: wherever you look - continuous Yuzy, Cruzy, Beaulieu, Harrimans. Roughly 90% of platinum production in Russia was in the hands of foreign companies - as was a fair share of gold mining. Do you remember the Lena execution in 1912? how wages in Russia were five times, or even eight times lower, for example, than in France.

Quote: Koshnitsa

The borders of Russia the borders of the German occupation by agreement of the Kaiser and Lenin.

Ignorance grew stronger.

All that Lenin was accused of was allegedly financing from the Germans, it was traveling in a car across Europe and visiting Lenin at the German Embassy in Bern and referring to Sisson's documents (a set of several dozen documents allegedly proving that the Bolshevik leadership consisted of direct German agents controlled by directives of the German General Staff, acquired at the end of 1917 by the special envoy of the US President in Russia Edgar Sisson for 25 thousand dollars and published in Washington in 1918. Currently, most about scientists proved that Sisson’s documents were completely falsified and fabricated by Polish writer and journalist Ferdinand Ossendowski, the author of fakes made after the October Revolution and known as “Sisson’s documents”, for which he used fake forms from institutions that never existed): Sisson E. One hundred red days . New York, 1931, P. 291 — 292; Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States. 1918. Russia. Vol. 1. P. 371) At the time, not a single serious author believed in the authenticity of the "Sisson documents," regardless of his political position, including such persons who devoted themselves to the question of Lenin's German money as Melgunov, Kerensky, and Burtsev.

What do we see? What turns out to be German intelligence writes the order in OPEN text! Only a complete layman could believe in these documents.

PS ... the drawback of the Soviet education system was the attempt to form a human creator, and now the task is to nurture a qualified consumer who is able to skillfully use the results of the creativity of others.
Minister of Education A. A. Fursenko. So you are the consumer, only you haven’t got the qualifications yet.

[Koshnitsa]

You are generally funny!
Lenin was the grandson of a Jew by mother and Ilya Nikolaevich was the son of a Chuvash and Kalmyk. Narrow-eyed and burry Great Russians do not exist in nature.

[Saburov]

Quote: Koshnitsa

You are generally funny!
Lenin was the grandson of a Jew by mother and Ilya Nikolaevich was the son of a Chuvash and Kalmyk.

Have you tried to argue your nonsense? Look ignorant and go ... m is not difficult. It is enough to blur something ridiculous, read on the Internet. Especially on the sites monarchously on the whole head.

The story about Lenin's Kalmyk origin was launched by the opportunist Shaginyan (opportunism is understood as "pursuing one's own interests, including by deceit"), and not in any way supporting their "conclusions" with valid documents. Auntie was obsessed with mysticism. She even perceived the Revolution as an event of a Christian-mystical nature. Which, moreover, stated, "You arranged Gorky so that he does not need anything, Tolstoy receives 36 thousand rubles a month. Why am I not arranged the same way?"

Lenin's father, Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov, is a statesman, teacher, supporter of universal equal education for all nationalities. Valid state adviser. Nowhere, in what documents does it go like a chuvash. His father is a Nizhny Novgorod serf peasant. Lenin's grandfather, Alexander D. Blank - a physiotherapist. Comes from a family of German colonists invited to Russia by Catherine II.

And Lenin is of course a "Jew".

Some "nationalists" lack of logic leads to madness.
With the “Theory of the Jewish Conspiracy” they are trying to explain all the real and fabricated troubles of Russia. However, they do not refer to statistics, but to rigged ducks or simply the fruits of a sick imagination.

Quote: Koshnitsa

Narrow-eyed and burry Great Russians do not exist in nature.

Why there is burriness, ask a speech therapist. I can tell you a hundred great Russians with burrs. For that there are "nationalists" who are sick in their heads, who even write the word Great Russian in their native language with errors.

[E.S.A.]

Quote: Koshnitsa

Narrow-eyed and burry Great Russians do not exist in nature.

Yah? I know at least three people, native Russian, who have speech defects: two in the form of "French" and 1 person with an "English" version of burr.
And about the "narrow-eyed" you need to be more careful, in Vyatka-Kirov or in the Urals there are dofig of those who, for the insult with the word "nerus", can give in the face.

[Koshnitsa]

Quote: Saburov

With the Cossacks it was necessary to finish completely after the Second World War.

How is this? To kill all women and children from Cossack families?
So the Communists tried to do this repeatedly, it didn’t work, they drowned in blood.

[Saburov]

Quote: Koshnitsa

How is this? To kill all women and children from Cossack families?

No one killed women and children. You have not been able to show this “mythical” document of yours about the destruction of Cossack families by Sverdlov with the subsequent “eating” of Cossack children by Sverdlov himself. Aren't you tired of talking monarchy? This is how you have to stick ... your head so as not to even demand proof? Schizophrenia begins with the breakdown of thought processes.

PS History is taught from documents and archives.

[Koshnitsa]

Why do I need to prove something to you?
We drowned the Sverdlov monument in Karasun, the normal names were returned to the streets of his name, they spat and went on.

[Koshnitsa]

Quote: Saburov

Dzhugashvili Joseph Vissarionovich. Father is Ossetian, mother is Georgian.

And is Saakashvili’s father an Armenian? The great-grandfather of the pockmarked was Ossetian, and his alcoholic father was already Georgian. And Dzhugashvili and Ulyanov-Blank and Sverdlov and Dzerzhinsky grew up in Russophobic families, hatred of everything Russian was instilled in them from childhood

Quote: Saburov

There, in general, Russian blood 1%.

What do you think is Russian blood and how does it differ from German if these peoples originated from the same tribes. Can you explain?

Quote: Saburov

when did the Romanovs give oil development in the Caspian to all kinds of Shells, Nobels and Rothschilds?

This is business, baby and investment. Lenin generally wanted to give the whole Far East in a concession.

[Saburov]

Quote: Koshnitsa

And is Saakashvili’s father an Armenian? The great-grandfather of the pockmarked was Ossetian, and his alcoholic father was already Georgian. And Dzhugashvili and Ulyanov-Blank and Sverdlov and Dzerzhinsky grew up in Russophobic families, hatred of everything Russian was instilled in them from childhood

Quote: Koshnitsa

What do you think is Russian blood and how does it differ from German if these peoples originated from the same tribes. Can you explain?

Quote: Koshnitsa

This is business, baby and investment. Lenin generally wanted to give the whole Far East in a concession.

Oh everything! This is a clinic! Go to the psychiatrist! And urgently!

If you even have facts and irrefutable evidence, it provokes a violent, inadequate reaction. As in the book of the same name by Dostoevsky ... I hope you yourself guess what it is called.

[Koshnitsa]

Quote: Saburov

All that Lenin was charged with was allegedly financing from the Germans, it was traveling in a car across Europe and Lenin visiting the German embassy in Bern

This is enough to put against the wall during the war. Treason of the purest water.

Quote: Saburov

referring to Sisson's documents (a set of several dozen documents allegedly proving that the Bolshevik leadership consisted of direct agents of Germany, managed by directives of the German General Staff.

Well, it’s indisputable. One fact of passage through the territory of Kaiser Germany is a confirmation of this.
And if Sisson’s documents are fake, then why did Lenin hide them in his personal archive?
And it turns out, as with Lenin's syphilis, Ilyich could not say, but was treated with antisyphilis drugs.

Quote: Saburov

and now the challenge is to nurture a qualified consumer who is able to skillfully use the results of the creativity of others.

You can see it.

[Saburov]

Quote: Koshnitsa

And if Sisson’s documents are fake, then why did Lenin hide them in his personal archive?

Tell me honestly you de..il?

How could he hide them in a personal archive if they have been in the USA since 1918?
And were purchased at the end of 1917 of the year by the special envoy of the US president in Russia Edgar Sisson for 25 of thousands of dollars from the publisher of these fakes Ferdinand Ossendovsky?

PS You need to be shown in a zoo with such mental development.

[Koshnitsa]

Quote: Saburov

You need to be shown in a zoo with such mental development.

I’m not a Soviet patriot, they’re showing you there now.

[Koshnitsa]

Quote: Saburov

The Lena mines belonged to the English gold mining company Lena-Goldfils ..

Under the Communists, this company continued to work, khe-khe ... But a thousand people were shot at these mines in the 1937 year.

[Saburov]

Quote: Koshnitsa

Under the Communists, this company continued to work, khe-khe ... But a thousand people were shot at these mines in the 1937 year.

Who was shot? When? Documents to the studio!

[Koshnitsa]

A total of 1938 people were shot in Bodaibo in 948, which is almost four times more than in 1912, even if we take the Zvezda newspaper as the estimate of the number of victims. The burial places of the victims of 1938 have not yet been discovered. The above list does not contain persons sentenced in the so-called second category to various terms. So the true scale of the terror was actually even greater. The district's economy was practically paralyzed.
https://tverdyi-znak.livejournal.com/3001432.html

[Saburov]

Quote: Koshnitsa

A total of 1938 people were shot in Bodaibo in 948, which is almost four times more than in 1912, even if we take the Zvezda newspaper as the estimate of the number of victims. The burial places of the victims of 1938 have not yet been discovered. The above list does not contain persons sentenced in the so-called second category to various terms. So the true scale of the terror was actually even greater. The district's economy was practically paralyzed.
https://tverdyi-znak.livejournal.com/3001432.html

So I knew! What are you absorber of delusional articles!

We look down articles.
Sources:
Archive of the FSB in the Irkutsk region. 7912 case.
Aleksandrov A., Tomilov V. "Two Lena shootings" // Newspaper "Vostochno-Sibirskaya Pravda". May 28, 1996
Two executions. 1912 - Lensky execution, 1962 - Novocherkassk execution.
But there was one who did not shoot ...
Smirnov S. “Lensky execution”: the truth butted with politics

Archive of the FSB in the Irkutsk region. 7912 case.

There is no such thing and never existed.

On 28 on May 1996, the East Siberian Pravda newspaper published an article entitled “Two Lena shootings,” in which, with reference to case No. 7912 from the FSB archive in the Irkutsk Region, it stated that in 1938 in the city of Bodaibo, 948 was executed by the verdict of Troika. workers of the Lena mines. The events described in the article do not find confirmation in historical sources, links to the source of the article and case No. 7912 have not been established.

This information is even on the wiki.
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB
But you do not get to the cerebellum, check the information.

Smirnov S. “Lensky execution”: the truth butted with politics.

Also your brother in the monarchy of the brain.
I took all the information based on an article from a newspaper

PS If you do not understand the difference between a document and a clumsy written article, then you need to take a course in a drug dispensary. So that they bring you back to reality.

[Koshnitsa]

I gave you a link, there are indications of documents.
What do you think is Russian blood and how does it differ from German if these peoples originated from the same tribes. Can you explain?
Are you able to answer this question?
Archive of the FSB in the Irkutsk region. 7912 case.

There is no such thing and never existed.
Prove. Submit to court and refute. Like, everything, nonsense and nobody was shot there.

[Koshnitsa]

Quote: Saburov

Cossacks were several times more literate, among the absolutely illiterate peasantry! Bravo!

You lie again, Saburov. The census of the 1920 year showed literacy among Russian young men in 82%.

Quote: Saburov

Universal primary education was introduced by the Bolsheviks.

For the nationals, yes, but the Russians have already received mass education.

[Saburov]

Quote: Koshnitsa

You lie again, Saburov. The census of the 1920 year showed literacy among Russian young men in 82%.

How many??? Show me these numbers? I repeat once again for the especially gifted among the underdeveloped. It’s necessary to confirm your nonsense at least with something!

[Koshnitsa]

The census of 1920, google.

[Saburov]

Quote: Koshnitsa

0
Census of the 1920 year, googly

How can one lie so stupidly?

Why should I google. I have an archive on hand.

I’ll explain to you, all historians have known facts!

Literacy of the population, broken down by age in the 42-mind provinces.
Bulletin of the Central Statistical Bureau No. 64, p. 22-23.
Literacy of people over 5 years according to the census is 37,2%.

And that is thanks to the law "on universal compulsory education" introduced by the Bolsheviks.

PS You either do ... to, or pretend.

[Saburov]

Quote: Koshnitsa

For the nationals, yes, but the Russians have already received mass education.

What national minorities. Holy Citramon, what are you talking about ...

There was no and could not be universal primary education in the Republic of Ingushetia.

Prior to 1907, compared with most Western countries, the education system in Russia was inadequate and disorganized. The most intensive steps were taken during the 1907 — 1912 period. For the first time in history, the proposal was presented not in the form of a discussion article, but in the form of a draft law (“On the introduction of universal primary education in the Russian Empire”; submitted to the Duma on November 1 of 1907 of the year). The preliminary consideration in the commission on public education, where the bill arrived on 8 of January 1908 of the year, lasted almost 2 of the year, until 10 of December 1910 of the year). After three readings (24, 26 January and 12 February 1911 years) 19 March Duma approved the draft and submitted it to the State Council. For its part, the State Council demanded that the obligation to complete the introduction of universal primary education in 10 years be removed from the bill. The Duma protested this and a number of other amendments; the conciliation commission created by 28 on January 1912 did not come to a compromise, despite the reciprocal step of the State Council, which increased annual allocations by 5% (500 thousand rubles). Since during the discussion of the report of the conciliation commission (May 21) “the Duma remained on all fundamental issues with its initial decision”, the State Council rejected the draft law on introducing universal primary education on June 6 on June 1912, and this issue was not officially raised in the Russian Empire. Also, another major bill on secondary school reform was not adopted. Despite the change in the political regime in the country, “the legislative basis of general education continued to remain sedentary; there was no single codified normative act; many norms have come into conflict with time. ”

On measures to eliminate the decline in literacy in high school // Russian School. - SPb., 1913.
Universal Education // Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia. T. 1. M., 1993;
Compulsory education // Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia. T. 1. M., 1993.

[Koshnitsa]

Quote: Saburov

Oh everything! This is a clinic! Go to the psychiatrist! And urgently!

All white-ticketers are so bold on the internet.

[Koshnitsa]

In Russia, after discussions at the State Duma in 1908-1912, education reform was carried out with the introduction of general primary education, which was planned to be completed in about half of Russia's provinces (in the European part) before 1918, and in full, throughout the empire, by the end 1920's. In fact, by the 1917 year, almost full coverage of primary education was provided in the European part of the Republic of Ingushetia among boys, but among girls - only at 50% Saprykin D. L. “Educational potential of the Russian Empire” (IIET RAS, Moscow, 2009)
This is much better than that of the Bolsheviks, Krupskaya herself complained that we, they say, are lagging behind tsarism.

[Saburov]

Quote: Koshnitsa

In Russia, after discussions at the State Duma in 1908-1912, education reform was carried out with the introduction of general primary education, which was planned to be completed in about half of Russia's provinces (in the European part) before 1918, and in full, throughout the empire, by the end 1920's. In fact, by the 1917 year, almost full coverage of primary education was provided in the European part of the Republic of Ingushetia among boys, but among girls - only at 50% Saprykin D. L. “Educational potential of the Russian Empire” (IIET RAS, Moscow, 2009)
This is much better than that of the Bolsheviks, Krupskaya herself complained that we, they say, are lagging behind tsarism.

... are you really like that? I repeat once again for those who are in the tank.

After the revolution 1905 — 1906, the Russo-Japanese War and the reforms of 1906 — 1907. the Duma raises the question of adopting a law on the conduct of universal primary education. In 1906, a bill of the Minister of Education P. von Kaufmann was submitted for consideration. Some provisions of this law were adopted on May 3 of 1908, according to which state funding for MNEs was sharply increased, and paragraph 6 of the law established free (but not universal) primary education. But the discussion of the bill on universal primary education, meanwhile, was postponed several times, and dragged on until the 1912 of the year. 6 June 1912 The State Council finally rejected the bill on universal education.

Saprykin D. L. “The educational potential of the Russian Empire” - is an ALTERNATIVE HISTORY built on ABA YES ANYWHERE!

On the cover is the name of the academic institute where the author works (IIET RAS), which is misleading. It creates a false impression that the book supposedly went through all the stages of preparing a publication in the academic council and / or RIO (editorial and publishing department) - all these attributes are mutually exclusive with the mark "In the author’s edition" ("samizdat").
The book at the named institute did not pass scientific approbation. The author only supposedly made a report about her at the seminar. The seminar, by virtue of its status as a hearing and, possibly, oral discussion, without protocols, is not authorized to make scientific conclusions. In addition, the announcement of the seminar is not a confirmation of the fact of its holding; the composition of the participants is unknown.

Due to the lack of a publishing house (printing from the original layout provided by the author), respectively, there is no scientific or technical editor. Hence: spelling errors (topic: education !!!), arbitrary spelling with capital letters of the terms that are accepted in academic science (if it is not a question of quoting) to write in capital: State, Revolution, Church, Tsar, etc. But with a capital, some surnames, etc.
No references to this work were found in the scientific works of third parties.

At the same time, on the Internet there is a “promotion” of books on forums and blocks, which is sometimes aggressive in relation to critics. In terms of ideology, all resources promoting the book are homogeneous, and their contents are often tendentious. When comparing content in some cases, there are signs that PR books are carried out by one or two people using the same theses and illustrations. Due to this, many links to the source imitating its popularity have been “wound up” on Yandex.

A number of claims by the author come into sharp conflict with domestic and foreign mainstream. Central among them is the notion of “reforms of Count Ignatiev” introduced into circulation, not as an unrealized plan, but as a fact that took place thanks to Nicholas II. In this part, the largest of the scientists who today is opposed in absentia by Ph.D. Saprykin, today is a prof., Corr. Russian Academy of Education M.V. Boguslavsky (see “The Inglorious End of School Reform”), who adheres (like many of his predecessors) to the assessment of reforms as failed, and the very concept of “educational policy” as applied to Nicholas II as non-existent (decree ed. ., 2002, p.3). It should be noted that, perhaps due to the private-initiative, rather than the scientific nature of the publication, Saprykin’s book didn’t fall into the academician’s field of view, and so far neither Boguslavsky, nor any other recognized scientist has responded to this “bold hypothesis”.

PS I'm sorry for you ... honestly.

[Koshnitsa]

Quote: Saburov

PS I'm sorry for you ... honestly.

Pity yourself and the USSR too, khe-khe ...
You are told that the Krupskaya Pisces itself recognized the failure of the Bolsheviks in the educational program and lamented the successes of tsarism.

[Koshnitsa]

Quote: Saburov

If the people of the tsarist government consciously soldered.

Just like in the USSR!

[Saburov]

Quote: Koshnitsa

Just like in the USSR!

Of course, only the exact opposite.

[Koshnitsa]

You tell me that in the USSR there was no general drunkenness and alcoholism, boy?

[Koshnitsa]

Quote: Saburov

Go father Nizhny Novgorod serf.

From the Chuvash village, khe-khe, and married to a Kalmyk, incest was mixed there, according to the Russian writer Soloukhin, a heavy inheritance.
Mother’s father, baptized Jew Israel Mordechai Blank, great-grandfather Mordechai Blank, it's simple.
All the brothers and sisters of Ulyanov are an anthropological disaster, a mixture of different races and tribes.
Rude to you, I advise my mother.

[Koshnitsa]

Quote: Saburov

Archive of the FSB in the Irkutsk region. 7912 case.

There is no such thing and never existed.

SOURCES. Archive of the FSB in the Irkutsk region. Case 7912. Is the source in doubt? Or did Novodvorskaya sneak into the FSB archive again and falsify everything? And didn’t this lady get into your brain?

[Koshnitsa]

And there are no links in the wikipedia article about the lack of a case. A-tya!
Andryushenka Franz is not proof.

[Koshnitsa]

Quote: Saburov

And that is thanks to the law "on universal compulsory education" introduced by the Bolsheviks.

The words are not a boy, but girls.
How do you imagine the fulfillment of this crazy tale in the conditions of GV? That's it.
Among the Red Army men 82% are literate, all of them were educated under the Tsar.

[Saburov]

Quote: Koshnitsa

Among the Red Army men, 82% are literate; they all received education under the Tsar

That is, the literacy of the population older than 5 years according to the census 1920 - 37,2%

Have you suddenly formed 82%?

Briefcase in your hands and back to school to study! Urgently!

PS They will recruit children to the fleet - then suffer.

[Koshnitsa]

In Yakutia and Transcaucasia? Trying to juggle, but it doesn’t work, my little leftist.
I will hurt you in the arms.

[Koshnitsa]

http://web-arhive.ru/view?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmaksudovsergei.com%3A80%2Findex.php%2Fsssr%2Fsiwilwar%2F67-2012-04-27-18-46-51&time=20150717061719&f=1
Russian literacy in the Red Army - 86,15%
I'm sorry.

[Koshnitsa]

Quote: Saburov

PS You either do ... to, or pretend.

In that case, I would be like you.
Why do you need me to palm off the data of Yakutia and Transcaucasia? Like you think this bullshit scans here? Ugly.