Russian-Swedish War 1590 — 1595
18 May 1595 in the village of Tyavzino near Narva a peace treaty was concluded between Russia and Sweden. Tyavzinsky world marked the end of the Russian-Swedish war 1590-1595.
The causes of the war
The cause of this conflict between the Russian kingdom and Sweden was the desire of Moscow to return the fortresses of Narva (Rugodiv), Ivangorod, Yam, Koporye and the surrounding territories, which were lost during the hard years of the Livonian war. Initially, the Russian government tried to resolve the matter with the world, seeking the return of the seized territories by diplomatic means. The Swedish king Johan III (reigned in 1568 — 1592 years) was not going to concede the occupied territories and sought to conclude a peace treaty that legally recognizes the new eastern borders of the Swedish kingdom. He even threatened Moscow that if she refused to recognize the new borders of Sweden, hostilities would be resumed.
Apparently, the Swedish monarch was counting on military support from his eldest son, Sigismund Vaz (Sigismund III), who had occupied the throne of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth since the end of 1587. At the same time, Johan was not embarrassed by the 15-year-old Warsaw truce concluded between Russia and Poland in August of 1587. In addition, part of the Polish nobility was annoyed by the new king - he tried to establish an absolutist order, which the Seym was fighting against, and did not resolve the territorial dispute with Sweden over Estonia.
In an effort to demonstrate military force and frighten Moscow, the Swedes organized a series of attacks on Russian border territories. In July 1589, a Swedish detachment ravaged the Kandalaksha volost, several settlements were burned, and 450 people were killed. In the autumn, the Swedes devastated the Keretsky and Kemsky volosts. As a result, the war became inevitable, and it had to be started as soon as possible, before Sigismund III established himself in Poland.
War. Hike 1590 of the Year
Moscow began to concentrate troops to the Swedish borders. In June 1590, part of the Right Hand Regiment under the command of Prince I. I. Golitsyn was transferred to Novgorod. On August 10, an army of five regiments under the command of Princes B. K. Cherkassky and D. I. Khvorostinin set out for the Swedish borders. In Novgorod, two regiments were selected from this army and sent to the border with Swedish Estonia, to Pskov. These were covering troops. At the same time, the main Russian army, numbering approximately 35 thousand people under the overall command of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, was preparing to strike Sweden. It began to move north in the fall and winter of 1589. The army was supposed to solve the problem of returning the cities of Rugodiv, Ivangorod, Yam, and Koporye to Russia.
In early January, 1590, the army was concentrated in Novgorod. On January 6, reconnaissance units headed by A. I. Koltovsky and I. Bibikov were sent to the Pit-City. 11-th horsemen hundreds were sent to destroy the enemy territory. On January 18, the main forces marched. A separate detachment was sent for the siege of Koporia.
On January 26, 1590, the Russian army arrived at Yam (Yamburg). The Swedish garrison of 500 men did not try to be heroic and capitulated the next day on the condition of free passage. Some of the German mercenaries went over to Russian service. A garrison was left in Yam, and the army moved to Ivangorod and Narva. A battering ram "detachment" was also heading there from Pskov. On January 30, the advanced Russian detachment led by M. P. Katyrev-Rostovsky and D. I. Khvorostinin reached Ivangorod. At its walls, the Russian forces were attacked by a 4-strong Swedish detachment covering the border. In a heavy battle, the Swedes were defeated and retreated to Rakvere (Rakovor). The main forces in this area, led by General G. Baner, were located in Rakvere. On February 2, the main forces of the Russian army approached Ivangorod and Narva. Siege works were started. On the night of February 4-5, Russian batteries began bombarding the fortresses. Russian cavalry units were sent to ravage the area around Rakovor.
On February 19, an assault on Narva and Ivangorod was undertaken, but the Swedes repelled it, and the Russian troops suffered significant losses. The Pskov 3rd Chronicle reports 5 dead, but this is probably an exaggerated figure. In total, 5-6 thousand people took part in the assault, and it is unlikely that the overwhelming majority of them died during the battle. The Russians resumed bombarding the fortresses. The very next day, February 20, the Swedes asked for a truce. Negotiations were initiated on the initiative of the head of the Narva garrison, K. H. Horn. Meetings of the Russian and Swedish delegations took place on the Narva River, and when the negotiations reached a dead end, the Russian artillery resumed shelling. Russia was represented by the Duma nobleman I. P. Tatishchev, then by the clerk F. P. Druzhina-Petelin. The Russian side took a firm position and demanded the return of the "sovereign's estates": Narva, Ivangorod, Koporye and Korela. The approach of spring made the Russian delegation more accommodating, and it agreed to peace in exchange for the transfer of three cities to the Russian sovereign - Yam, Ivangorod and Koporye. On February 25, 1590, a preliminary truce for a period of 1 year was signed in the Russian camp near Narva. According to this truce, the Swedish side transferred the above-mentioned three cities to Russia.
The Swedish King Johan III refused to make peace on Russian terms. Horn was sentenced to death for surrendering Ivangorod. Baner was dismissed for failing to provide timely assistance to the garrison of Narva and Ivangorod. K. Fleming was appointed commander-in-chief. The number of troops in Estonia was increased to 18 thousand people.
In early October, another attempt was made to solve the case by diplomatic means. On the bridge, which was transferred from Ivangorod to Narva, passed the next round of negotiations. But they ended in vain.
In November, the Swedes violated the truce with Russia and tried to repel Ivangorod with a surprise attack. Their attack was repelled. In pursuit of the Swedes, the Russian troops besieged Narva (Rugodiv), but by order from Moscow retreated to their former positions. In December, Swedish troops carried out a series of raids on the border of Pskov and ravaged the environs of Yama and Koporye.
Further fighting
10 On January 1591, the turncoat informed the Russian commanders about the 14 offensive of the thousand corps commanded by General Yu. N. Boye on Koporje. The Russian army of three regiments under the command of Prince DA Nogtev-Suzdal and MM Krivoi-Saltykov came out to meet the Swedish army from Tesovo. A detachment of Prince F.A. Zvenigorodsky approached her for help from Nut. The battles in Koporsky district went on for three weeks. As a result, in February 1591, the Swedes retreated.
In the summer of 1591, the Swedes launched a new attack. It was coordinated with the Crimean Tatars - a horde under the leadership of Khan Gaza II Geray (Giray) made a campaign against Moscow. As a result, the main Russian forces were diverted to the south. The Swedes attacked the Novgorod and Gdov lands. Having received the news of the Swedish attack, the Bolshoi Regiment commanded by the governor P. N. Sheremetev and the Advanced Regiment headed by Prince V. T. Dolgoruky set off from Novgorod the Great. The Swedes were able to smash the Front Regiment with a sudden blow, Dolgoruky was captured.
The Russian command was able to strengthen the defense of the northern borders after repelling the attack of a huge horde of Gaza Gerai, who in June-July attacked Moscow. In late August, Prince S. M. Lobanov-Rostovsky delivered reinforcements from the capital to Novgorod, 1591. In early September, three more regiments were sent to Novgorod under the command of Princes T. R. Trubetskoy and I. V. Velikiy Gagin. The garrisons of Nut and Ladoga were replenished to impede the actions of the Swedes in the Karelian direction.
A feature of the war of 1590-1595. is the presence, in addition to Karelian and Estland, of a third front of hostilities - they became the Russian North, Pomorie. The Swedes stepped up their efforts in this direction, trying to interrupt the sea communication of Russia with Western Europe through Scandinavia. To do this, the Swedish troops sought to seize the White Sea coast in order to completely isolate Russia. The first information about the actions of the "Svej Germans" in Lapland and Pomerania dates back to the summer of 1590. The commander of the Swedish forces in this area was the Governor of Osterbotnia (historical Province of Finland) P. Bagge. In July 1590, the Swedish monarch sent him instructions, in which he proposed to prepare and carry out an attack on the Russian North, ruin it, take all its spoils and all the prisoners to Kexholm County. The Swedes ravaged the lands of the volost Keret and Kovda. In the winter of 1590-1591, a new Swedish raid was committed. The Swedes reached the White Sea, captured the Pechenga monastery. 116 monks and laity were killed in it.
Then the Swedes besieged the Kola prison and ravaged its surroundings, but could not take it. This was followed by new attacks. In August 1591, the Swedes devastated the Kemsky volost, approached the Sumy prison, besieged Coke. After a series of fierce battles, the Swedes were forced to retreat. In September 1591, a new Swedish squad led by S. Peterson crossed the border and destroyed the Sumy volost belonging to the Solovetsky Monastery. The Swedes laid siege to the Sumy jail, burned it down, but could not take it again. At the same time, the Swedish army led by Field Marshal K. Fleming launched an offensive in the Karelian direction. Swedish troops ravaged the outskirts of Pskov.
Moscow, alarmed by the sharply increased activity of the enemy, sent troops to the Solovetsky Monastery under the command of the brothers Andrei and Grigory Volkonsky. The arrival of reinforcements made it possible to displace the Swedish troops from the lands of the Russian North and move on to raids on enemy territory. Russian troops crossed the border and ravaged the Swedish volosts of Oloy, Liinelu, Sig and others. In addition, in order to respond to the attack on the Novgorod, Gdov and Pskov lands, the tsar's governors prepared a campaign against Vyborg. The Russian army - 6 regiments, was led by princes F. I. Mstislavsky and F. M. Trubetskoy. On January 6, 1592, the Russian army left Novgorod, and on the 30th was at Vyborg. The advanced Russian units were attacked by Swedish troops leaving the fortress. After a fierce battle, the Swedes could not withstand the attack of the Ertoulny (advanced, reconnaissance) regiment, which was reinforced by Streltsy and Cossack hundreds, and retreated. The Swedes suffered significant losses. The Russian army did not waste time besieging the powerful fortress and moved on the next day, devastating the area around Vyborg, and then Kexholm. On February 14, the Russian army returned to its lands, having captured significant captives and loot.
Military operations affected the Russian North. In January, 1592, a campaign of G. Volkonsky, reinforced with artillery, marched from Sumy prison. Crossing the border, the Russian troops ravaged the Swedish border lands and returned safely. At the end of the summer of 1592, the Swedes launched another attack on the Sumy prison, but were defeated by G. Volkonsky.
Truce and Tyavzinsky peace treaty
On January 20, 1593, Sweden and the Russian Empire concluded a two-year truce. But the Swedes violated it, continuing attacks on the bordering Russian lands. Thus, in March 1594, a Swedish detachment invaded the Novgorod lands, and in April, the Lappish volosts. At that time, Moscow was striving for peace (the threat of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth entering the war arose, King Johan died, and the Swedish throne was taken by the Polish King and Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund III), so it did not organize retaliatory actions.
In the village of Tyavzino near Narva, negotiations on concluding a peace treaty began. The Russian state was represented by the okolnichy and viceroy of Kaluga Ivan Turenin, the stolnik and viceroy of Elatom Estafiy (Ostafiy) Pushkin, and the clerks Grigory Klobukov and Posnik Lodygin. They had clear instructions – to insist on concluding peace on the condition that the Swedes return Narva and Korela (Kexholm). As a last resort, the Russian ambassadors were allowed to offer the Swedish side up to 50 thousand Hungarian gold ducats as compensation for Narva. Sweden was represented by the royal advisers Sten Baner and Christer Claesson; the viceroy of Estland Boye; the commandant of Narva Arved Stålarm, as well as the secretaries Niklas Rask and Hans Krank. The Swedes were willing to cede only Korela, and even then for a fantastic sum at that time – 400 thousand rubles. The negotiations dragged on and proceeded slowly.
Only 18 of May 1595 was signed by Tyavzinsky peace treaty, the “eternal peace” between Russia and Sweden. The Russian state recognized the right of Sweden to the Estland principality together with a number of fortresses - Revel, Narva, Wesenberg, Nyslott and others. Sweden was ceded part of Karelia - land to the Top-lake and Vyg-lake. Swedish ambassadors agreed to transfer the Korela fortress (Kexholm) with the adjacent territory to Russia. The Swedes also conceded cities taken by Russian troops during the 1590 campaign of the year - Yam, Koporye, Ivangorod. The Swedish side recognized the city of Oreshek and Ladoga for Russia. The Swedes pledged not to attack the Russian border lands. In turn, Moscow pledged not to start a war against the Swedish possessions. Both sides agreed to exchange all prisoners, without ransom.
In general, although Russia returned a number of Russian territories, the task was not completed in full. Russia had to officially recognize the province of Ostrobothnia as belonging to Sweden. Merchants from other countries were allowed to trade with the Russians only through the Swedish cities of Vyborg and Reval, Russia could not establish sea ports, conduct trade through Ivangorod - trade could only be conducted from the Narva side, but not the Ivangorod side. This violated Russia's economic and strategic interests.
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