Stories about weapons. T-18. The first Soviet serial tank

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Talking about the first Soviet tanks, and even using the term "serial", you can talk about the "Tank M", and about the T-16, and about the T-17.



All of the above combat vehicles were released in quantities of more than 1 units, which in principle makes it possible to talk about mass production. However, if we are talking about factory serial production, and not a screwdriver assembly, here, without any doubts and reservations, the firstborn of the Soviet tank construction was T-18.

959 made machines - this is exactly what is considered to be a series.



In the design of T-18 or MC-1 (“Small accompaniment”, model 1), the same old Renault FT-17 is clearly visible. It was this machine that became the reference in the production of all the above models.

Stories about weapons. T-18. The first Soviet serial tank


But there was nowhere to go, in the Russian Empire there were no tanks at all, so only the path of licensed production remained. For which, in France, the official license for the production of FT-17 was purchased.

In 1924, the Tank Building Commission’s requirements for an infantry escort tank were developed.

In accordance with them, the creation of a tank with a mass of 3 tons, with weapons from an 37-mm cannon or machine gun, 16-mm armor and a maximum speed of 12 km / h was assumed.

In this case, with 1924, there was an active study of captured foreign tanks. More than other Soviet military experts liked the Italian "Fiat 3000", which was a creation based on the "Renault 17".



In the spring of 1925, after reviewing the project at the Red Army headquarters, the requirements were adjusted: the allowable weight of the tank was increased to 5 tons in order to accommodate a more powerful engine and the simultaneous installation of a gun and a machine gun.

By March 1927, the first prototype was completed, receiving the T-16 index. The prototype tank was very similar to the Renault 17, but it had a shorter body length, less weight and better mobility. But the main thing - the tank was much cheaper than the first-born of the Soviet tankoprom "Tank M".

The tests, however, revealed a huge number of flaws, and the prototype was not approved.

The second prototype, during the construction of which all comments were taken into account, was completed by May 1927 of the year and went to the tests under the symbol T-18. The tests ended successfully, and in June 1927, the tank was put into service under the designation “small tank escort arr. 1927 G. ”(MC-1) or T-18.


T-18 (MC-1) sample 1927 g.

Combat weight, t: 5,3
Crew, prs: 2

Dimensions:
Body length, mm: 3500, 4380 with a “tail”
Width, mm: 1760
Height, mm: 2120
Ground clearance mm: 315

Booking: rolled steel, 8-16 mm

Armament: Hotchkiss 37-mm cannon (or PS-1), projectile 104 ammunition, 2 6,5-mm Fedorov machine gun or Degtyarev DT-29 machine gun with 1040 ammunition ammunition.



Engine type: inline 4 ‑ cylinder carburetor air cooling
Engine power, l. c: 35
Highway speed, km / h: 16
Speed ​​over rough terrain, km / h: 6,5
Cruising on the highway, km: 100



Ground pressure, kg / cm²: 0,37
Gradeability: Grad: 36
Breakable wall, m: 0,5
Overcoming ditch, m: 1,85
Overcoming ford, m: 0,8



In general, he is still an "ugly duckling." However, even in the contours of the T-18, it was impossible to discern the silhouette of the T-34 and, all the more, the T-90, it was our first production tank.



They built the firstborn at the Leningrad plant "Bolshevik" and the Motovilikhinsky machine-building plant in Perm.

Strange, but the life of the first child was very long and rich. Despite the clumsy and frankly not sparkling TTH.

Years of operation MC-1 / T-18 in all directories are listed as 1928 to 1942 year. But even before the Great Patriotic War, he managed to make war.

The baptism of fire T-18 received during the conflict on the CER in November 1929. In the autumn, the Trans-Baikal Group of the Special Far Eastern Army (ODVA) was given a company of 10 tanks, which took part in the Mishanfussky offensive operation 17-19 in November.



Combat tests showed insufficient power of high-explosive fragmentation projectile 37-mm guns, but in general, the tanks have worked successfully.

By the beginning of the 1938 of the year, the T-18 who were in the ranks had reached an extreme degree of wear. However, instead of being scrapped and sent for scrap, a different fate was prepared for the tanks.

By order of the People's Commissar of Weapons Vannikov from 2 in March 1939, all remaining T-18s in the ranks were decommissioned, and 700 of them were placed at the disposal of the fortified military districts.

In fact, the construction of fortified areas of the Leningrad Military District 1934 with decommissioned T-160 tanks as BOTs, armored firing points, began in 18.



The tanks transferred to the fortifications were subject to re-equipment for the pair guns of the DT, DA-2 machine guns or on the 45-mm guns of the 1932 model.

Engines and transmissions were dismantled from faulty tanks, and armored hulls were buried along the turret into the ground or simply installed as a BOT at bridges, intersections of roads and in other places convenient for defense.

Those tanks that could still move and were in a satisfactory technical condition were attached to the garrisons of the fortified areas for use as mobile firing points.



The converted T-18 pillboxes were mainly concentrated on the western borders of the USSR, but a rather significant number (around 140) was also installed in the fortification system in the area of ​​Lake Hassan, where in 1938 there were battles with Japan.

Information about the combat use of T-18 in the Great Patriotic War are mainly fragmentary. Most of the tanks, concentrated on the western borders of the USSR, were destroyed or captured in the first days or weeks of the war, although a few copies were used a little longer.

The tanks T-18 and BOT based on them fought with the enemy in fortified areas. It is known about the fights with their participation in Osovetsky, Vladimir-Volynsky and Minsk Fortified regions.



The last known combat use of the T-18 relates to the battle for Moscow, in which the 1941 units of the T-1942 units from the 9 tank brigade were used in the 18-150 of the winter.

Placed in the area of ​​Lake Hassan in the form of fortifications T-18 were in service until the beginning of the 1950-s, when they were excluded from the system of fortifications and abandoned.

But nowadays, the Far Eastern T-18 are the objects of the search engines and restorers. And, oddly enough, but the number of T-18 in our country is not calculated in units.



In the Far East of Russia alone, at least eight remaining T-18 are known, one of the tanks took part in the 9 Parade of May 2018 in the city of Ussuriysk.



Tank T-18, which served as a model, is located in the Museum of the national military stories in the village Padikovo Istrinsky district of Moscow region.

The basis for the restoration of this exhibit was a tank corps found by search engines on the battlefields of the Great Patriotic War.

Restoration has been underway for more than two years and is actually nearing completion. At the moment, the 90% car is original, and since the issue of restoration in the museum is raised, I am sure that in a year we will be able to see it on the go.

And, accordingly, we will show the tank from the inside.
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  1. +7
    19 May 2018 06: 13
    Experience ... The son of difficult mistakes ... This machine made our tank troops massive ... And this is precisely its main merit ...
    1. +2
      19 May 2018 06: 22
      In our city, "Youth Military Patriotic Societies" have long been taking a closer look at what to "dig up" and restore
      1. Cat
        +10
        19 May 2018 06: 40
        Let them hurry up, otherwise we will dig everything up and take them to the Urals !!!

        T-18 at the Museum of Military Glory of the Urals (Verkhnyaya Pyshma).
        1. +4
          19 May 2018 06: 47
          Quote: Kotischa
          otherwise we’ll dig it out and take it to the Urals !!!

          T-18 at the Museum of Military Glory of the Urals (Verkhnyaya Pyshma).

          Give to each city the Museum of Military Glory. And so that in a prominent place good
          1. +2
            19 May 2018 18: 10
            and that would drive and shoot laughing
        2. +6
          19 May 2018 07: 31
          Quote: Kotischa

          T-18 at the Museum of Military Glory of the Urals (Verkhnyaya Pyshma).

          The museum was created by Alexander Kozitsyn, who died in 2009 in a car accident, and his brother Andrei Kozitsyn, the gene, continued the business. Director of UMMC. Not far off is another UMMC automobile museum “XX Century AUTO” - the largest collection of retro cars, motorcycles and bicycles in Russia. In a 4-story building on the square
          12 thousand square meters The 130-year history of automobile transport in our country and the world is presented.
          1. Cat
            +16
            19 May 2018 08: 42
            If serious! The comment you have provided is a vivid example of the “role of the individual! Alexander and Andrei Kazitsyna, instead of yachts, villas and suitcases of dough, adorned their hometown with the“ military iron ”museum !!!
            And so that everyone "burst with envy" I will say that the entrance to the Open Air Museum is free !!!
            And what have you come to our Urals to add? Nearby four more closed museum pavilions are still being built !!!
            And the last nail - the question of creating a tank training ground is being considered !!!
            And now without aplomb, I had occasion to communicate several times with the guys who put their hearts into this museum. I’ll only say one deep bow to them from the whole Urals and Mother Russia for their workdays from the swamps of the Far East to the offices of officials somewhere in Kaliningrad and the excursion site in Pyshma!
            Last thing!
            On May 35, in the city of Verkhnyaya Pyshma, a mock-up of a heavy T-XNUMX tank took place in full dress !!! Yes, after three-quarters of a century !!!
            Regards, Your Cat!
            1. +3
              19 May 2018 10: 31
              Quote: Kotischa

              Why did you come to our Urals

              Yes, I’m from Yekaterinburg, from Uralmash, to the museum if I’m on the bus for 30-40 minutes, though it’s been there for a long time about 1,5 years.
          2. +1
            19 May 2018 18: 19
            Quote: bionik
            Andrey Kozitsyn gene. Director of UMMC.

            Gene. directors are hired (shareholders), so that there would be someone to go to the prosecutor's office and all sorts of supervision and sit in jail. But the deed is done and good is being done. Whether Mr. Gen. Deer does not own. controlling stake? Well, good luck to him.
        3. +5
          19 May 2018 09: 04
          Quote: Kotischa
          T-18 at the Museum of Military Glory of the Urals (Verkhnyaya Pyshma).

          Moreover, the tank from Pyshma clearly took part in the hostilities: dents from bullet hits in the turret and manhole cover are visible, a small gap in the hull was visible near the right front skating rink.
      2. +5
        19 May 2018 10: 46
        Quote: Chertt
        long look closely-what would "dig up" and restore

        Or maybe, instead of “peering,” take it, and dig something up ... and restore ?! wink And it’s not clear when your “bridegroom” will end! request
    2. +4
      19 May 2018 07: 22
      Quote: Vard
      This machine made our tank troops massive ...

      All the same, now, knowing the scale of the production of tanks in the USSR, it is worth recognizing that the MS-1 is still a small production tank.
      1. Cat
        +5
        19 May 2018 07: 47
        Quote: svp67

        All the same, now, knowing the scale of the production of tanks in the USSR, it is worth recognizing that the MS-1 is still a small production tank.

        Spin from left to provo or vice versa, anyway MS-1 - FIRST SERIAL !!!
        1. +7
          19 May 2018 09: 54
          Quote: Kotischa
          Spin from left to provo or vice versa, anyway MS-1 - FIRST SERIAL !!!

          The first production tank is the Russian Renault, known for the head vehicle Freedom Fighter Comrade Lenin, the Krasnoye Sormovo plant. The board of the plant assembled on August 22, 1919 and decided to give the first "worker-peasant tank" nine months later, and by the end of 1920, make 5 armored units consisting of 1 cannon and 2 machine gun tanks each (or 15 tanks). The disassembled (and sometimes incomplete) trophy Renault arrived at the plant in October 1919, and work began on its copying from the beginning of December. The work progressed with great difficulty, especially since the engine was supposed to give the AMO plant, and the armored plates - Izhorsky. Sormovites did not have any experience in building tanks, but when the work came to a standstill, the engineering wit of engineers N. Khrulev, F. Nefedov and V. Kalinin helped out, or the Mauser and the "kind word" of Commissioner I. Gaugel. The work was complicated by the fact that a number of prototype components were lost during disassembly and transportation (for example, gearbox) and they had to be designed and manufactured again. Nevertheless, the construction period was met and on September 1, 1920, the commissar of the central armor I.Kh. Gaugel sent a telegram to Moscow with the following content: another fourteen followed, and the same Renault, which shortly before that had been ruthlessly untwisted “to the screw”, was thoroughly repaired. Sormovskie tanks are better known by the name of the head vehicle of the series - "Freedom Fighter Comrade Lenin."
          http://www.geocaching.su/?pn=101&cid=14775
          1. +3
            19 May 2018 18: 30
            Quote: Amurets
            Sormovskie tanks are better known by the name of the head vehicle of the series - "Freedom Fighter Comrade Lenin."

            I saw him at the turn of the century at the entrance of the Sormovsky plant. Is it worth it yet? Did not like-minded Mr. Nemtsov’s associates?
            1. +1
              19 May 2018 21: 47
              Unfortunately, the original cars could not be saved. Both in Kubinka and in Sormovo there are mock-up remodels.
          2. +1
            20 May 2018 20: 35
            To solve problems in this area, an engineer Kalinin was assigned to the AMO plant, who was appointed responsible for the "motor unit". But even he, perhaps, would not have been able to cope with such a difficult task if it had not been for the help of two French specialists, Dem and Rosier, who had previously been engaged in automobile production at Renault and sympathized with the Soviet regime. It also helped that, at the end of November 1919, by order of V. Lenin, two cars of the “Renault” system of the “heavy” and “lightweight” types were sent to the Sormovsky plant (via AMO).
            The representative of Centrobroni, Commissioner I. Gaugel, who often openly interfered with the production process, was involved in monitoring the construction of tanks at the plant ... however, his peculiar working methods (Gaugel simply "put" the person he considered a saboteur into a jail and kept him there while there was no solution), sometimes it helped a lot to solve problems with contractors.

            The difficult path of "Russian Renault" armedman.ru
      2. +7
        19 May 2018 18: 32
        Quote: svp67
        All the same, now, knowing the scale of the production of tanks in the USSR, it is worth recognizing that the MS-1 is still a small production tank.

        959 cars in 3 years, even by the standards of the USSR - this is a series. Only 1 pc. less than the T-40 was released. smile
        Small-scale ones are the T-50 and T-35. Even the T-28 with its 503 cars is already serial.
        1. +2
          20 May 2018 01: 55
          Quote: Alexey RA
          959 cars in 3 years, even by the standards of the USSR - this is a series. Only 1 pc. less than the T-40

          Well, everyone got away ... Only you miss one moment. Destination Tank, tank strife. How many Red Army small (light) amphibious tanks were required to equip reconnaissance units, such as the T-40, and how many tanks were needed to accompany infantry in battle? So a thousand T-40s, that's really a LOT. But a thousand MS-1 is LITTLE. For NPP tanks this is a small series.
      3. +1
        19 May 2018 21: 54
        When products were produced on a large scale, they called it not mass production, but mass production.
  2. +6
    19 May 2018 07: 12
    I admire something else - for 20 years, they built an entire tank industry from scratch and produced thousands of the most advanced tanks in the world! Isn't this a miracle!
    Moreover, comparing with the last decades of modern Russian "suffering".
    Only the development of modern China comes close to the feat of the Soviet people of those heroic years.
    1. Cat
      +7
      19 May 2018 08: 10
      Quote: kunstkammer
      I admire something else - for 20 years, they built an entire tank industry from scratch and produced thousands of the most advanced tanks in the world! Isn't this a miracle!
      Moreover, comparing with the last decades of modern Russian "suffering".
      Only the development of modern China comes close to the feat of the Soviet people of those heroic years.

      Dear all the industrialization of the USSR before the Great Patriotic War - this is a huge price! The question is different. Are you and are now ready to pay at "such" rates?
      The development of China is precisely development, and not a “miracle,” as you put it, and not a “price,” which I personally mean by this word.
      Yesterday, in a car, I listened on the radio to a passage from a speech by an unknown person who expressed two clever things that I’m ready to sign up for!
      I am not against the monarchy, on the contrary, I am a supporter of the monarchist system, but I understand perfectly well that in modern Russia a monarchy is not possible!

      Significant projects such as the Crimean Bridge are possible only with stripped down democracy and partially planned econimics. A market economy will never invest money in projects such as the Crimean Bridge and the Cosmodrome. It is more profitable for her to cut money quickly and a lot. Grandiose projects are a marker of a state with limited democracy headed by a recognized leader.

      Well, somewhere like that! I’ll add from myself that it is important in society a nationwide idea, states that do not have it are looking for a nationwide enemy. Those who can’t cope with this are looking for - the enemy of the world scale!
      Yours!
      1. +6
        19 May 2018 08: 41
        You distorted my words, put your definitions in them, and ... on the basis of this, put me your refutation!
        It's original!
        But I will not argue with you. It makes no sense.
        I only note that the construction of the bridge under the conditions of Russian cave capitalism really requires "heroic" efforts ... as well as the Cosmodrome and the Zenith Arena ... further on at all stations.
        I don’t know whether to cry here or to be happy! If we take any Soviet five-year plan (without Gorbachev), then grandiose factories, structures, nuclear-powered ships, space ships and other masterpieces were introduced an order of magnitude more.
        And there wasn’t like monarchism then ...
        1. Cat
          +2
          19 May 2018 09: 04
          Like democracy!
          But there was a planned economy, which made it possible to build the "engineering giants", but also caused the collapse of the USSR economy.
          So I'm for something in between!
          1. +5
            19 May 2018 10: 49
            The reason for the collapse of the USSR economy was first the Khrushchev reforms, and then the Kosygin-Liberman reform of the 1965 of the year when they tried to correct Khrushch Kukuruzny’s voluntary experiments with this method. Then, of course, the Kosygin reform was curtailed, but they did not return to the previous version of planning, as a result they got stagnation and collapse.
      2. +2
        19 May 2018 12: 35
        Significant projects such as the Crimean bridge are possible only with stripped down democracy and partially planned econimics
        Based on this thesis, in the USA, Taiwan, China, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, Japan, for many years, stripped down democracy and partially planned economy. Here you can safely join France and Britain with their Eurotunnel, as well as Switzerland with its Gottard Tunnel.
        1. +5
          19 May 2018 18: 36
          Quote: Curious
          Based on this thesis, in the USA, Taiwan, China, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, Japan, for many years, stripped down democracy and partially planned economy.

          And what - is there democracy in China? belay Well, except under the leadership of the lifetime Secretary General of the CPC Central Committee ...
          And in Japan, democracy is not so clear. About democracy, the Saudis generally smiled.
          1. +2
            19 May 2018 19: 19
            I deliberately, say, "shuffled the deck." But you quietly walked around the USA, Britain, France, Switzerland in particular, and the planned economy in general.
    2. +1
      19 May 2018 10: 15
      And they lost everything accumulated over 20 years in two months. Worthy of "admiration", like the triple-lost fleet.
    3. +1
      19 May 2018 18: 43
      Quote: kunstkammer
      I admire something else - for 20 years, they built an entire tank industry from scratch and produced thousands of the most advanced tanks in the world! Isn't this a miracle!

      Our country is always like that. In 1999, Russia was almost destroyed. And today, in 2018, a dozen nuclear-powered submarine cruisers Boreev 955 and Ash 885 are simultaneously being built at Sevmash
  3. +4
    19 May 2018 07: 51
    In the Pskov UR, they were planning to install a BOT on the T-18, but did not have time, the border with the Baltic states disappeared. And they got it, they were uncaught, to the Germans. The hulls were scrapped, but the ventilation hood (hatch) from the tower dispersed to local farms. Until recently, there were bowls for cattle feed from these caps.
  4. +1
    19 May 2018 08: 11
    "In the design of the T-18 or MS-1 (" Small escort ", model 1), the same old Renault FT-17 is clearly traced"
    FIAT 3000, more precisely which in turn is the development of FT-17
    1. Cat
      +8
      19 May 2018 08: 46
      In the author’s article did something else bother me? Did we buy a license for the FT-17?
      1. +6
        19 May 2018 09: 07
        The author, most likely, confused the Renault tank with the Christie and Vickers 6-ton tanks.
    2. +5
      19 May 2018 13: 10
      Quote: Kibb
      In the design of the T-18 or MS-1 (Small escort, model 1), the same old Renault FT-17 is clearly traced

      The author kept silence that the first Soviet tank was named “Russian Renault” and represented an almost complete copy of the French light tank Renault FT-17.
      1. +4
        19 May 2018 13: 36
        Well this is not MS-1, but tank M, KS ("Comrade Lenin")
        1. +3
          19 May 2018 17: 37
          Quote: Kibb
          Well this is not MS-1, but tank M, KS ("Comrade Lenin")

          Russian “Renault” (also “Renault-Russian”, “Tank M”, “Tank KS” (Krasnoye Sormovo); in a number of sources it is called “Tank“ Freedom Fighter Comrade Lenin ””, after the name of the first tank in the series) - the first Soviet tank and the first Russian tank launched into serial production. Classification refers to light tanks of direct infantry support. It was an almost complete copy of the French light tank Renault FT-17 (Renault FT-17). It was produced in 1920-1921 at the Sormovsk plant (Nizhny Novgorod) in a small series of 15 cars.
      2. Cat
        +6
        19 May 2018 13: 47
        Russian Renio was almost a complete copy, with the exception of the gearbox and a number of other components and assemblies. Which someone stole when transporting the tank to the factory in Krasnoye-Zamorovo.
        MS-18 had enough chips to be considered a domestic development. For example, an engine located across the hull, weapons, etc.
      3. +1
        19 May 2018 22: 07
        In the documents of the plant, it passed as a tank of the Renault type, the Renault or Renault system with the Fiat engine. "Russian" in the title of the series was added much more. And the first tank had a very specific name, "Fighter For Freedom, Comrade Lenin." And since the sample arrived in Somovo in a very looted state, the degree of identity of the Soviet and French tanks is very far from 100%. This is especially true of the motor group.
  5. +3
    19 May 2018 09: 25
    Quote: Kotischa
    In the author’s article did something else bother me? Did we buy a license for the FT-17?

    Italians also did not buy a license. Let's make a discount on the military and post-war mess
    Threat engine in the T-18 like the original and your own?
    1. +3
      19 May 2018 15: 30
      Quote: Kibb
      The engine in the T-18 is like the original and your own?

      Yes. Motoblock was created by A.A. Mikulin. E.A. Teeth. Tank engines.
      1. +3
        19 May 2018 15: 32
        And here is the continuation:
  6. +6
    19 May 2018 11: 14
    "Why in France was purchased an official license for the production of FT-17 "
    The phrase claims to be a historic discovery in the history of Soviet tank construction. I would very much like to know the source of this information, since even the French do not have it.
    1. +7
      19 May 2018 14: 09
      Right now, the French here revered this info. Big bugs flip through. They say MONEY WAS TRANSFERRED NON-FISH !!! And they demand a penalty. Accurate with historical facts necessary.
  7. +2
    19 May 2018 14: 03
    The first mass use of the Red Army tanks in a military conflict on the CER:
    http://armedman.ru/voennyie-kampanii/1919-1936-vo
    ennyie-kampanii / boevoe-kreshhenie-sovetskih-tanko
    v-conflikt-na-kvzhd.html
  8. +1
    20 May 2018 01: 21
    Quote: svp67
    Quote: Vard
    This machine made our tank troops massive ...

    All the same, now, knowing the scale of the production of tanks in the USSR, it is worth recognizing that the MS-1 is still a small production tank.


    Do not compare the scale of the production of tanks at the dawn of the tank era of Russia with mass production in the USSR. This is not the case when "everything is known by comparison." But in general, a demon is a demon, not a series. request
  9. 0
    20 May 2018 02: 41
    I wasn’t at the parade, but before the parade I saw this tank prepared.
  10. +1
    20 May 2018 02: 43

    Monument in the village of Primorsky, Khasansky district.
  11. +2
    20 May 2018 02: 49


    Well, I saw such tanks in the village of Posyet, also in the Khasansky district.
  12. 0
    24 August 2018 14: 28
    In general, a good article, spoiled by little things. The PS-1 Syachintov cannon is the same Hotchkiss 37-mm, just assembled with us with minor modifications. The FIAT-3000, which served as a starting point, could not be studied as a trophy. This tank was officially purchased for disassembly by screw. The "surviving" tanks are armored hulls from the UR, on which they piled wild and completely inappropriate layouts of guns and funny running gears made from garbage found at the nearest dump.

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