150 anniversary of the birth of PA Stolypin
Opponents of statehood would like to choose the path of radicalism, the path of liberation from the historical past of Russia, liberation from cultural traditions. They need great upheavals, we need a great Russia!
P.A. Stolypin
P.A. Stolypin
150 years ago, on April 15, 1862, a child was born in the Stolypin family, living at that time in Dresden, Germany. The boy was named Peter and soon brought to Russia to the family estate of Srednikovo. Arkady Dmitrievich, the father of Peter Arkadyevich, was an active participant in the defense of Sevastopol; during the Russian-Turkish war he served as governor-general of Eastern Rumelia, later headed the grenadier corps in Moscow, and he was commandant of the Kremlin Palace. Mother, Natalya Mikhailovna (nee Princess Gorchakova), presented her husband with three sons - Mikhail, Peter, Alexander, and daughter Maria. Alexander, the younger brother of Peter Arkadyevich, became a journalist and was one of the organizers of the October 17 Union.
The childhood years of Peter Stolypin were held in the family estate, where he and his brother received home education. Then he entered the Vilna gymnasium, where he studied for six years, but in 1879, in connection with the service of his father, the whole family moved to the city of Orel, and in the Orel gymnasium Peter finished his education. In 1881, he received a certificate of maturity, in August of that year, he became a student at St. Petersburg Imperial University in the natural department of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics. As a student, Stolypin was interested not only in physics and mathematics, differing in breadth of his outlook, he enthusiastically plunged into the study of botany, chemistry, agronomy, geology and zoology.
Peter's elder brother Mikhail Stolypin died in a duel in 1882, and Peter married his bride, Olga Neidgardt. Before his death, Mikhail himself put his bride's hand in his brother's hand. The union of Peter and Olga is a classic example of family ministry: the Stolypin had five daughters and a son.
After graduating from university in 1884, Stolypin began his career as a civil servant, joining the Ministry of the Interior. Two years later, Stolypin transferred to the Ministry of Agriculture, occupying a very modest post of assistant clerk. A year later, Stolypin became the district leader of the nobility, and already in 1899, he headed the provincial nobility. In addition, Stolypin is awarded the title of honorary justice of the peace.
Career Stolypin rapidly went up the hill, and in 1902, he took the post of governor of Grodno, and in February 1903, he became the Saratov governor. It was during the Saratov period of his career that Stolypin demonstrated his outstanding managerial talent. Improvement of the city was in full swing: the streets of Saratov were covered with asphalt and lit with gas lamps, water supply systems, hospitals and educational institutions were built that meet European standards. It was in Saratov that the first attempts were made on the young governor. The strong personality of the state official Stolypin, who had taken a tough stance against the rebels from the very beginning of the 1905 riots of the year, did not give rest to extremists.
For competent and effective actions to curb the actions of extremists in the Saratov province, Stolypin received the title of chamberlain of the court of His Imperial Majesty and the personal gratitude of Nicholas II.
26 April 1906 of the year Stolypin was appointed Minister of the Interior, and 8 of July of the same year, as a result of the dissolution of the State Duma and the resignation of I. L. Goremykin, Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin became Prime Minister.
People thirsting for great upheavals could not accept the fact that Stolypin became the second person after the Emperor in the country, and already 12 in August 1906 at the dacha of the Prime Minister a bomb was detonated. As a result of this atrocity, twenty-three people died, thirty-five were injured, Peter Arkadyevich’s daughter Natalya, who suffered severe injuries, and Prime Minister’s three-year-old son Arkady were among the wounded.
The most well-known reform of Stolypin was the land reform, the purpose of which was to create in Russia a class of small owners, the emergence of strong farms. The purpose of the changes was to transform the peasant into the owner, the owner of his land plot, that is, the endowment of his property rights. To implement this goal, the government has taken a range of measures. First, by order of 9 in November 1906, peasants received the right to consolidate their allotment into ownership, becoming full-fledged owners of their own land, they could take out a loan from the Peasant Bank against the security of their property. The second principal direction of agrarian reform was the implementation of the resettlement policy. A huge number of peasant families moved to regions in dire need of settlement, namely, Siberia and the North Caucasus, which was a vital condition for the normal development of the country. The government issued concessional loans to migrants, provided funding for the relocation, and at first donated state land to peasants.
As a result of land reform in the country's agriculture, colossal changes occurred that affected the majority of its population.
Special attention of the great Russian reformer was enjoyed by the defense and security of the country. In connection with this significant achievement of Stolypin was the implementation of military reform in the country. The defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. demonstrated the need for transformation in the army. Within the framework of the overdue reform, three main directions are distinguished: the formation of new principles for manning the army, the rearmament of the armed forces, and the construction of infrastructure. Under the reform, a new Military Charter was approved, in which the order of army conscription was clearly spelled out, the powers of draft commissions were determined, as well as benefits on conscription. As a result of the reform, the monetary allowances of officers radically increased. The negative experience of the naval war with Japan determined the installation of a new linear fleet Of Russia. The strategic military interests of the state were taken into account when laying new railways. The construction of the Amur Railway was dictated precisely by considerations of facilitating the mobilization and transfer of forces to the Far Eastern outskirts of the empire.
As the initiator of the military transformations, Stolypin was a principled opponent of Russia's involvement in the global confrontation that emerged on the eve of the First World War. Stolypin foresaw the disastrous impact of the future war on the economy and the social sphere and tried to prevent Russia from joining it, in particular, by making titanic efforts so that the Bosnian 1908 crisis would not result in a big war.
In August 1911, Peter Arkadyevich was to travel to Kiev, where the whole imperial court was to be present at the opening of the monument to the Tsar-Liberator Alexander II. On the days of the celebrations in Kiev, Stolypin was asked to be extremely cautious, since the security department had information about a possible assassination attempt on the representatives of the government and the imperial court.
1 September 1911 was shown at the Kiev Theater in the performance of the play “The Tale of Tsar Saltan”. The presentation was attended by many government officials, Emperor Nicholas II and Chairman of the Council of Ministers P.A. Stolypin. At the beginning of the second act, a terrorist approached Stolypin and fired a pistol at him twice. From a direct wound in the heart of Peter Arkadyevich, the reward, once received by him from the hands of the Emperor - the cross of St. Vladimir, saved him. The bullet entered Stolypin’s body at an angle, breaking through the lung and liver. The second bullet pierced the left hand. According to eyewitnesses, having settled into a chair, Stolypin utterly: “Happy to die for the king!”
The injury was so severe that they decided not to do the operation, since its outcome was obvious: in any case, Stolypin would not have sustained blood loss. Peter Stolypin died 5 September 1911 of the year. His ashes rest on the territory of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra.
Heading the imperial government, Stolypin was not afraid to take on a huge burden - to turn Russia face to progress and ensure the country a stable development, which, no doubt, would not only guarantee Russia an indisputable leadership role in world politics, but also predetermine the harmonious evolutionary development of society for many decades to come. Stolypin's death launched a chain of tragic events in stories The Russian state of the 20th century, the worst of which was the 1917 disaster of the year and the fratricide that followed.
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