Cables and parachutes for submariners

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Soon after the appearance of submarines, the problem arose of rescuing their crews in case of accidents. It was necessary to create some means for safely leaving the boat, including from great depths. Simple at first glance, the task was significantly complicated by some features of the human body. So, when lifting from a depth in a soft hydro-overalls, you should move at a certain speed or make stops after several meters of depth. If this is not done, then because of too abrupt changes in the pressure of water in the blood, gas bubbles, primarily nitrogen, begin to form. All this can lead to damage to the walls of blood vessels or even gas embolism. The result - a variety of internal injuries, up to incompatible with life.

Cables and parachutes for submariners


The way out was obvious: you need to make some means by which the submariner can control the speed of the ascent. The simplest means of such a lift is a simple buippe cable with marks. In such a case, the submariner in the hydro-overalls leaves the boat, for example, through a torpedo tube and finds a buirep of a pre-released buoy. If you have special breathing mixes in this way, you can rise from the depths to 100-120 meters.

The exit method on buirep is simple and effective, it is applied still. But he has one significant drawback. The accident of the submarine and the subsequent imprisonment under water are a strong stress for a person. The subsequent rescue operation also does not add calm. As a result, a nervous divers can forget about the instructions and go all the way up to the rescue surface. And get a barotrauma, perhaps even fatal. The idea is that divers of the rescue service should insure a rising submariner. But not always rescuers can make it in time.

There was a demand for a new rescue tool that automatically monitors the speed of recovery. Various ideas and designs were proposed in our country and abroad. For example, back in the fifties in the United States invented a special winch with a barometric regulator. The implication was that the submariner leaves the boat, fastens the end of the cable on its outer surface and begins to swim upwards. The winch, fastened on his belt, unwinds the cable at the required speed for a given depth and, smoothly emerging, the person simultaneously undergoes recompression. However, this tool was never adopted. The fact is that the new American submarines had almost no protruding elements on which a carbine with a cable could be fastened, and the submarin’s “walking” on the surface of the submarine in search of a suitable place for the carbine, to put it mildly, confused the military. Over time, the idea came about to completely abandon any cables connecting the boat and the man. There were also many ideas in this direction, but only one was destined to reach practical implementation.

In the 60-ies of the last century, the ISP-60 submariner isolation kit was adopted. Hydro-overalls and an insulating breathing apparatus allowed the development of new methods of lifting to the surface to begin, in addition to the buipup exit. This is how the free ascent method appeared. It allows you to evacuate from depths from 50 to 250 meters when exiting with the flooding of the compartment and locking in the rescue hatch, respectively. Studies on the optimal ascent rate showed that a submariner with free ascent from a depth of about 50 meters should move no faster than one meter per second, and after ascent it should be sent to the pressure chamber for recompression as quickly as possible. For ascent from greater depths, the recommended ascent rate was less. The question arose: how to provide it? The solution found the most original: once you need to reduce the speed of approaching the surface of the water, then why not take as a basis a means of reducing the speed of approaching the surface of the earth - a parachute? As a result, the parachute system PP-2 was created.

1 - parachute with a central line; 2 - exhaust spring parachute; 3 - satchel; 4 - Link Link; 5 - automatic ascent AB-2; 6 - trailed carbine; 7 - buckle; 8 - link; 9 - Case


The essence of the parachute system is as follows: with free ascent, the submariner's overalls filled with the gas mixture have positive buoyancy and pull the person upwards to the surface. Submariner, coming out of the boat, released a parachute of a small area. Due to the high water pressure at a greater depth, it effectively slows the person up to the desired speed. Upon reaching a depth of 60 to 80 meters, the automatic ascent machine that is part of the PP-2 system clears the knapsack of the main parachute. He opens up and continues to slow the climb, not allowing the person to move upward too quickly. Theoretically, the parachute system allows you to rise from the depths to two hundred meters, but there is no information about the practical confirmation of these figures in the public domain. Similarly, the details of the PP-2 tests, as well as information on the application of the system in practice, have not yet been published.

According to the instructions, ascent to the surface using parachute systems is almost the same as other methods of free ascent. The only difference is in permissible depths - free ascent without PP-2 is allowed from depths to 140 meters. It should also be noted another feature of the rescue equipment submariner (SSP), which includes the parachute system. The kit, which has PP-2, is called SSP in the configuration number 1. Component number 2, in turn, has no parachute system. The rest of the kits are identical. SSP №1 relies only on those submarines that have a rescue hatch with an air supply unit. The second version of the kit, respectively, is designed for other submarines. However, the SSP with PP-2 does not have a tight binding to the rescue hatch. If necessary, the exit with a parachute can be carried out through a torpedo tube or felling, it all depends on the conditions in which the divers are located.

It is noteworthy that underwater parachutes were mass-produced only in our country. For example, in the United States, the fate of such a development ended in trials. For some reason, military officials left an American-style parachute system historical curiosity and object of jokes. The English term underwater parachute, in turn, “passed by inheritance” to special air bags used to lift cargo under water using the force of Archimedes.
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16 comments
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  1. +6
    April 5 2012 08: 21
    per article to the author +
    The first time I hear about this
    1. Sergh
      +1
      April 5 2012 08: 29
      Being still a salaga, well, about thirty years ago, he was engaged in swimming, climbed a 10-meter tower for the first time, and it’s scary to jump, but you need, yeah, drugan first freaked out, I look at him alive, then I’m shorter to the bottom right away (6 m) left, the vessels in the eyes burst, recognized the shaking. In what happens.
      1. fern
        0
        April 5 2012 19: 00
        uhs. and is it all from water pressure? it’s even scary to imagine what happens at a depth of more than 100m
  2. dmitriy2012
    +1
    April 5 2012 09: 52
    good article!
  3. nnnnnnnnn
    +2
    April 5 2012 10: 35
    When testing the SSP, five testers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, three of them posthumously, two were disabled, the developers received a bunch of state bonuses, practically the submariners did not use the SSP and thank God, parachutes on ships were a headache for the compartment commanders because they elementarily loved sleeping .. ..t due to the material. What is written that it is possible to emerge from a depth of 250 meters had to be checked on the designers of this system, then maybe the others would think to make such garbage or not.
    1. 0
      April 5 2012 12: 11
      I completely agree. The system has not received practical application. One reason is too complicated to use. Practice in practice its use is not where. According to TTX, it really seems to provide an output of up to 250 meters. But in practice it has never been applied.
    2. Mexanikk-407
      +3
      April 6 2012 19: 16
      Dear connoisseur, two are mannequins that did not come up during testing. As always, they were awarded orders and medals of those who were not involved - such a country. And the divers who really surfaced got the prize. They did not give the order. At the same time, the eardrums burst, because the creation of pressure of 30 bar occurs in this system in 55 seconds, and this is a lot, if anyone is in the topic. As for fans to play with equipment - a fact, how many times he caught sailors and warrant officers for theft. The authors of this product were tried (he was present nearby in the 10th compartment on K-117 in 1990 or 1991) to shove the rescue hatch into the mine - he didn’t give a bastard, he substituted a diver for himself, he tore his suit, the battle tests ended, After This parachute was decommissioned, but for a long time KJ drove them to the PMU ZARYA mine. Here's a story, and you say Hero gave, x ... all over the face ...
  4. +2
    April 5 2012 14: 22
    I remembered the film "72 meters" as instructed - And on musings, musings!
    I think our scientists have something else to think about!
  5. +1
    April 5 2012 16: 37
    And why not make rescue drums (for example, rocket mines) for each compartment, then they could leave the submarine from each compartment. Now, if there were such people on Kursk, then the survivors could leave it. And we would know the reason, who and for what drowned her.
    1. 0
      April 5 2012 17: 26
      There were similar capsules even on the Komsomolets (or rather it was and with its help some crew members tried to escape), but an accident on the boat does not exclude deformation of the solid hull, respectively, the "shafts" and other hatches can become an insurmountable obstacle. As well as on the Kursk.
  6. fedora
    +1
    April 5 2012 20: 58
    The rescue of L / C from an emergency submarine on the ground by free ascent from depths of more than 80 meters was rejected in the USA, Great Britain and other countries after analyzing the results of many years of research. The test results showed that even after careful preparation and training of test divers, 80% of them received lung tissue damage. Well, and if in this way to withdraw from the submarine the usual submariners, only a few will survive. All other methods of rescuing the crew of a sunken submarine depend on the depths of the submarine sinking, how quickly the rescuers will find and examine it, how quickly the rescue vehicles will be delivered, how professional the rescuers will be, etc., etc. In general, the probability of salvation is not great. Yes, rescue chambers that pop up from submarines are the most reliable means of rescue, but submarines of small displacement cannot be equipped with them. The existing individual means of saving the submariner are mainly psychological in nature and are able to bring people out of submarines from depths of not more than 80 meters. God grant our submariners never make mistakes!
  7. 0
    April 5 2012 22: 32
    If you argue out loud, you get the following picture: when a person is in his chest, at a depth of 1.5 meters, the ribs experience a pressure of about 76-78 kg. Think how long you can work pressed by Pamela Anders from all sides. An aqualung device working on compressed air - delivers a gas mixture to the lungs under the pressure that a swimmer experiences at a certain depth. Taking into account the diving depth of 10 meters, air in the lungs is supplied in 2 atmospheres, at 20 meters - 3 atmospheres, etc. Gas mixture for each depth-specific composition should be. Up to a depth of 40 meters, atmospheric air will come down, deeper-fraught. Judging from the calculation of the location of the Kursk -100 meters, the mixture should be with an increased content of helium and hydrogen. It was impossible to get out through the torpedo tube - it was destroyed, there were no airlock chambers. Even if the torpedo tubes were intact, how to get out with closed bulkheads? After all, you can't put people into the apparatus by platoon, all the more, if someone has the simplest runny nose, they remain deaf. Of course, you can. But would there be enough air to purge the devices after each exit? Let for two or three people. Taking into account the emergency situation. If the devices are on compressed air, then it is still impossible to leave even the first three. Oxygen starvation, then nitrogen anesthesia plus water temperature with barotrauma of the lungs when the torpedo tube is filled, they do not give any guarantee of the exit of even the first three who want to live. Cinema in 72 meters, it is a movie. Oxygen devices with a closed cycle, those generally only up to 20 meters of immersion, no training will save you deeper. opening the torpedo tube, even with a gentle filling, a sharp crimp will kill a diver. He will not be able to breathe because of the spasm of the sound slit of the larynx. Decompression at a hundred meters with a short-term stay at a depth of up to 10 minutes is important only in the last 10-12 meters and then in the presence of all favorable factors. But panic is an ordinary lucky person who can rush to the surface with the energy of a sprinter and the nitrogen in the blood will be like butter in a frying pan. Such a life for two or three minutes. But this is all for trained people. Ordinary inhabitants of a submarine, including the middle and senior officer class, are doomed. If in shallow water, up to twenty meters, then you are welcome to the wonderful world of aquarium observations. But our submarine beaches are beaches Not borozdjat. And in general, to go to the ground is not to go to the cinema. With a parachute delusional self-rescuer. If the author of the article has a diving book, how many hours are there?
    1. Mexanikk-407
      +1
      April 6 2012 19: 25
      He never had a book. He never read the instructions for the SSP 250, but it's a pity they wrote more beautifully there than this boob. Regarding the time spent on the ground or in the depths, there are cases of emergency ascent with standard scuba diving, when flooding with a surface vessel from 200 meters, but the stay time was really minute, and if an hour - another to sit in the compartment, and even flooded, some water without heating, if there is, of course, no fire in the compartment, then the problem is solved only in one way - at random, because oxygen in IDA-59 for decompression is not enough of course. If in SSP 250, then the brain, as the midshipman told me, surfaced in the tests, does not keep pace with the events, because it hurts my ears and the noise from the VZU 45 kgf / cm2 is large, who did not listen to the blown gearbox for 45 kg lost a lot, the rest noises are babbling, you just want to run or shit, the body decides the truth, but nobody canceled the effect of increasing the air volume in the lungs when floating with such pressure in a suit, you can’t shut your mouth, you can scream and let out gases ...
      1. 0
        April 6 2012 19: 52
        Here is what I remembered ... In IDA-59, two cylinders ... but I forgot somehow already: in one mixture with a high concentration of helium (as an inert gas), and in the other pure oxygen. The device operates in three modes, depending on the depth of the submariner. At the end of the ascent, upon reaching 15-20 m, it breathes pure oxygen, and at the very beginning, with a mixture so that the same amount of oxygen enters the body as at atmospheric pressure. As far as we were taught, the device allows you to escape (with a fairly high probability) from a depth of about 100m.
        It is possible that somewhere was wrong. If you correct me - mail for honor smile
  8. MURANO
    0
    April 6 2012 21: 13
    Quote: Alexey Garbuz
    But would there be enough air to purge the devices after each exit?

    What did you mean?
    1. 0
      April 6 2012 22: 39
      Maybe not everyone expressed or missed something, but cross out two or three compartments with communications and turn off the reactor.
      Even if you collect all the remaining personnel in a torpedo-and send everyone to the surface with a cry "on the first or second pay off!"
      In your healthy teeth there was no sudden pain when diving? Tell us what your feelings are and how you open your mouth with a mouthpiece during this attack. And how many parts does your head divide?

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