Auxiliary engines "Voyager-1" managed to start after 37-year idle

161
NASA specialists managed to build auxiliary engines for the Voyager-1 spacecraft, which was a billion kilometers away from Earth on 21, reports RIA News post office.

Auxiliary engines "Voyager-1" managed to start after 37-year idle




The engines responsible for adjusting the flight path have not been used since 1980.

The report notes that in 2014, NASA engineers began to notice a decrease in the efficiency of the main engines - “more energy was needed to turn the device in space.”

In this regard, it was decided to resume the operation of auxiliary engines, which last included during the passage of the "Voyager" by Jupiter, Saturn and their satellites.

“For this, specialists had to study outdated software and programming language. The launch of the engines was carried out on November 28, after 19.5 hours a signal was received that the engine was successfully turned on, ”the department said.

Thanks to these engines, which are still in operation after 37 years without use, the lifetime of the Voyager-1 can be extended to 2-3 of the year,
Voyager Project Leader at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Susan Dodd, said.

Recall, the mission "Voyager" in the face of twin probes was launched into space in September 1977, today a pair of these devices is the longest-lived spacecraft. Voyager-1 was a billion kilometers away from the Earth by 21 and continues to approach the boundary of the Solar System at an 61 speed of one thousand kilometers per hour.
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  1. +28
    3 December 2017 09: 14
    What safety margin was before ... And my new walk-behind tractor broke down, it’s cheaper to buy a new one for you than to repair it, so the men told me honestly ...
    1. +22
      3 December 2017 09: 15
      Auxiliary engines "Voyager-1" managed to start after 37-year idle

      Have you brought new equipment into the film studios of Hollywood? belay
      1. +12
        3 December 2017 09: 20
        Hi Sasha! hi
        Quote: СРЦ П-15
        Have you brought new equipment into the film studios of Hollywood?

        Stopudovo, because it’s impossible to verify, and old languages ​​like Fortran are only remembered by mastodons. Yes
        1. +7
          3 December 2017 09: 23
          Hi, Max!
          Quote: Jedi
          Stopudovo, because it’s impossible to verify

          Tomorrow you can expect news from them that their device was captured by aliens and will not give! Yes
          1. +17
            3 December 2017 09: 29
            I would not be surprised at all. lol As well as the fact that aliens will be drunk and in earflaps with a red star. soldier
            1. +10
              3 December 2017 10: 49
              Quote: Jedi
              I would not be surprised at all. lol As well as the fact that aliens will be drunk and in earflaps with a red star. soldier


              And in general, Russian hackers communicate with NASA on behalf of Voyager
              bully
              1. +8
                3 December 2017 10: 54
                hi
                Quote: bulvas
                And in general, Russian hackers communicate with NASA on behalf of Voyager

                S-ss! Do not shoot the whole office! lol
                1. +2
                  3 December 2017 11: 38
                  Well, the Americans began to suspect our hackers when Voyager flew to Jupiter. And where do you think they came up with the idea of ​​a modem and connect it to a telephone line? Here ...
          2. +2
            3 December 2017 11: 44
            Quote: SRC P-15
            Hi, Max!
            Quote: Jedi
            Stopudovo, because it’s impossible to verify

            Tomorrow you can expect news from them that their device was captured by aliens and will not give! Yes

            she, they will deploy it, and another 40 years you can wait for arrival
        2. +10
          3 December 2017 10: 42
          Quote: Jedi
          and old languages ​​like Fortran only mastodons remember.

          I knew mastodons who counted in machine codes in the mind. These were the programmers. Now there are no such.
          1. +8
            3 December 2017 10: 46
            Quote: Orionvit
            Now there are no such.

            In vain you are - there is. Yes
          2. +5
            3 December 2017 11: 14
            Fortran is one of the simplest programming languages. in our university, even future biologists programmed Fortran programming.
            1. +7
              3 December 2017 11: 48
              Our students in the 80s studied the possibilities of programming in the ternary system: yes, no, FIG knows. And it was not the notion of SSS, but Soviet cybernetics planned to develop just like that. And, as one old programmer who was engaged in private carriage in the 90s told me, these principles were in some places laid down in target selection algorithms for group launch of missiles by adversary.
              1. +10
                3 December 2017 13: 04
                Quote: IL-18
                Our students in the 80s studied the possibilities of programming in the ternary system: yes, no, FIG knows.

                Why the opportunity? They even released, in a small batch, computers operating not in binary but in ternary calculus. Which in the 80s successfully worked in the national economy. The ternary system (+1, -1 and 0) is much better suited for computers, expanding their capabilities and speed. But comrades from IBM, and Microsoft, have appropriated the whole world on their binary machines and their respective operating systems, which have become the standard all over the world. Well, in perestroika, and even more so in the 90s, no one was already engaged in computer systems, but it is a pity the topic was promising.
                1. +1
                  3 December 2017 14: 21
                  Quote: Orionvit
                  Quote: IL-18
                  Our students in the 80s studied the possibilities of programming in the ternary system: yes, no, FIG knows.

                  Why the opportunity? They even released, in a small batch, computers operating not in binary but in ternary calculus. Which in the 80s successfully worked in the national economy. The ternary system (+1, -1 and 0) is much better suited for computers, expanding their capabilities and speed. But comrades from IBM, and Microsoft, have appropriated the whole world on their binary machines and their respective operating systems, which have become the standard all over the world. Well, in perestroika, and even more so in the 90s, no one was already engaged in computer systems, but it is a pity the topic was promising.

                  no longer relevant, quanta rule
                  1. +2
                    3 December 2017 16: 50
                    And 37 years ago, the base, emitter, collector.
                    1. +2
                      3 December 2017 17: 54
                      Quote: IL-18
                      And 37 years ago, the base, emitter, collector.

                  2. +1
                    4 December 2017 01: 39
                    Quote: poquello
                    quanta rule

                    Alas, so far only experienced prototypes. Until the "taxi" still oh how far ...
                    1. +1
                      4 December 2017 02: 46
                      Quote: region58
                      Quote: poquello
                      quanta rule

                      Alas, so far only experienced prototypes. Until the "taxi" still oh how far ...

                      you have a perverted understanding of "taxiing" that does not stop me from blaming something,
                      It rules - if it indicates from Russian, it chooses a direction, if from English it creates a rule, and in either case it sets the prospects for the development direction.
                      1. +3
                        4 December 2017 03: 00
                        Quote: poquello
                        does not stop me from reproaching something

                        ????? request There wasn’t even a thought ...
                        But those nonetheless:
                        Quote: region58
                        Alas, so far only experienced prototypes.

                        with errors of the second level is still unable to cope.
        3. +1
          3 December 2017 11: 42
          Quote: Jedi
          Hi Sasha! hi
          Quote: СРЦ П-15
          Have you brought new equipment into the film studios of Hollywood?

          Stopudovo, because it’s impossible to verify, and old languages ​​like Fortran are only remembered by mastodons. Yes

          to the controller and other canoe of FSUs with which the machine code is converted, but the machine didn’t understand except for the previously laid down code
          1. AUL
            +2
            3 December 2017 17: 22
            Quote: poquello
            to the controller and other canoe of FSUs with which the machine code is converted, but the machine didn’t understand except for the previously laid down code
            Not at all! The fact is that code compiled from any high-level language is not optimal from the point of view of saving memory. And the memory at the time of the creation of that device was a shortage, so it was programmed in machine codes. And it had to be reprogrammed also in machine codes, in the mode of austerity of memory. And specialists in this area have either become extinct, or in deep senility. So the task was very difficult! Who, when writing a program, is thinking about saving RAM or disk if RAM is measured by Gigami? And then measured in tens of KB ...
            1. +2
              3 December 2017 17: 58
              Quote from AUL
              therefore, it was programmed in machine codes

              oh well, assembler for what
            2. 0
              4 December 2017 01: 48
              Quote from AUL
              And then measured in tens of KB ...

              ... and counted how many measures and cycles it takes to execute the command ...
        4. +19
          3 December 2017 13: 05
          "Have you brought new equipment into the film studios of Hollywood?"
          What a difference between human beings! On the one hand, there are researchers of inconceivable cosmic depths, and on the other hand, goggles and guanometes, whose level of "intelligence" surpasses the lower boundary ..
          1. +1
            3 December 2017 13: 16
            Quote: xetai9977
            "Have you brought new equipment into the film studios of Hollywood?"

            That was sarcasm
            I hope however
          2. +7
            3 December 2017 13: 44
            It’s necessary to publish similar news more often - in order to keep accurate statistics on the ignoramuses, obscurantists and other clowns grazing here on Topwar.
          3. +2
            3 December 2017 14: 21
            Quote: xetai9977
            What a difference between human beings! ....... and on the other, goggles and guanomets

            And judging by the pluses of that post, there are a lot of these individuals in VO.
          4. +3
            3 December 2017 14: 40
            Quote: xetai9977
            What a difference between human beings! On the one hand, there are researchers of unimaginable cosmic depths, and on the other hand, goggles and guanometes, the level of "intelligence" of which goes off scale at the lower boundary

            Well, yourself, as I understand it, you refer to the "researchers of unthinkable cosmic depths"? What are you just doing here, not NASA?
            1. +3
              3 December 2017 14: 46
              Sasha, stop responding to such attacks: it's like hot peppers to a Mexican dish. wink
              1. +3
                3 December 2017 14: 52
                Quote: Jedi
                Sasha, stop responding to such attacks: it's like hot peppers to a Mexican dish.

                It amuses me how pro-American mongrel protect their master. Yes
                1. +3
                  3 December 2017 14: 55
                  From this point of view - yes, I agree! good
                2. +3
                  3 December 2017 21: 36
                  Quote: СРЦ П-15
                  pro-American mongrel protect their master.

                  At one time, Giordano Bruno was burned for "heretical thoughts" and "connection with the devil" ... Does it not remind you of anything? Personally, NASA will not convince you of anything, science and technology are moving forward. It is a pity that, in this case, not with us ...
                  1. +5
                    3 December 2017 22: 03
                    Quote: region58
                    t, science and technology are moving forward.

                    Here, just a week ago, the United States hosted an international congress of supporters of the theory of flat land. feel
                    1. +3
                      3 December 2017 22: 40
                      Quote: Mordvin 3
                      An international congress of supporters of the theory of flat land was held in the United States.

                      You see ... I also sound the alarm among the bourgeoisie about education, but this does not mean that they are all completely stupid.

                      About seven red lines of green color - already button accordion ...

                      1. +5
                        3 December 2017 22: 53
                        Quote: region58
                        I also sound the alarm among the bourgeoisie about education,

                        Yes, I know. With the collapse of the USSR, education is falling, there is no competition. I think China will overtake everyone on a crooked mare.
                    2. +1
                      4 December 2017 06: 47
                      Quote: Mordvin 3
                      flat earth theory.
                      But is that not so? Here is a documented photograph of the shadow of the Earth on the moon.

                      Expert comment:
        5. +2
          3 December 2017 14: 38
          Quote: Jedi
          Stopudovo, because it’s impossible to verify, and old languages ​​like Fortran are only remembered by mastodons.

          Which fortran? assembler they re-studied wassat
          1. 0
            4 December 2017 10: 07
            There is no assembler. With a high degree of probability, a Fort with rolled up sewn code is used. In those days, in certain areas, this language was popular, especially when in RAM 1k words you need to shove a program into 3k-4k teams.
        6. +2
          4 December 2017 12: 16
          “According to calculations, Voyager-40 will fly at a distance of 000 light-years from the star Gliese 1. It’s difficult to predict the future path of the probe. After a million years, the spacecraft’s hull will be corrupted by space particles and micrometeorites, but the space reconnaissance that will forever sleep will continue his lonely wandering in interstellar space.It is expected that he will live in outer space [b] about 1,6 billion years, remaining by then the only a reminder of human civilization. "[b] - creepy actually ... Nobody will be interested in the confrontation between the RF-USA, the World Cup, the DPRK / USA conflict, the size of the boobs of the next star - and he will all fly in a vacuum as the last reminder of stupidity and the mortality of mankind ....

          https://topwar.ru/33924-fotografiya-zemli-s-rasst
          % 20oyaniya-6-mlrd-kilometrov.html
      2. PN
        +13
        3 December 2017 09: 21
        Yes, there are probably relay circuits and microchips to a minimum, so the device turned out to be tenacious.
      3. +5
        3 December 2017 09: 28
        Oh, these fairy tales fellow
      4. +45
        3 December 2017 09: 41
        He hasn’t taken anything for a long time. If anything. But it collects certain data.

        In general, it is foolish to deny the successes of the USA and the EU in deep space. The same Cassini-Huygens mission on fundamental discoveries and revisions of theories paid to the lunar programs. Now Juno. The same flight to the Comet - although it did not work out to put the probe, gave a huge amount of material. New Horizons - turned the idea of ​​Pluto and the whole distant system.

        The USSR flew mainly into near space - Venus / Mars / Moon.
        1. +26
          3 December 2017 11: 02
          Quote: donavi49
          In general, it is foolish to deny the successes of the USA and the EU in deep space.

          ++ And some people don’t care what the scientific community uses the results of Voyager and NASA in their works and discoveries.
          Quote: Primoos
          Not everything that they say in NASA, I want to believe.

          So you want or not to believe everything, or not the desire to believe grows into a fanatical denial of everything and everything from the USA?
          I myself do not like mattress but denying the obvious is at least stupid.
          1. +22
            3 December 2017 11: 50
            And this is what struck me -
            "after 19.5 hours a signal was received about the successful inclusion"

            In 40 years, only one daylight hours (even less) have been covered. And to the nearest asterisk 4 St. of the year.
            Total 365 x 40 x 4 = 58400 years belay While we are tightly attached to our piece, not even a galaxy - our stars and the surrounding area.
            1. +3
              3 December 2017 13: 51
              In Rosatom, it seemed, they promised by 2018 to bring to mind a space nuclear power plant of 1000 kW, which, in combination with electric propulsion and ion engines, will increase speed and maneuvering in space during interplanetary flights.
            2. +2
              3 December 2017 19: 51
              There is one thing on which you can almost reach the nearest star in 8 years - a pulsed explosive nuclear engine, its concept was developed back in the 60s in the Orion project, hypothetically on this engine you can develop a speed of 150000 kilometers per second - by exploding 40000 nuclear charges successively, with a power of 2 to 30 kilotons. Explosions act on the beryllium receiving plate, thereby pushing the ship, the impulses of explosions in the design of the starship are suppressed by dampers.
              1. +1
                3 December 2017 20: 54
                Quote: Vadim237
                Explosions act on the beryllium receiving plate, thereby pushing the ship, the impulses of explosions in the design of the starship are suppressed by dampers.

                That is, the receiving plate, let's say so screwed to the ship? and is part of the ship, but in this case the explosions should affect both the stove and the ship equally what will he fly? or did I misunderstand?
                1. +4
                  3 December 2017 22: 29
                  The plate and the damper device simply reduce the impact on the ship - the ship will gain speed in proportion to the impact of the pulses of nuclear explosions.
                  1. 0
                    3 December 2017 22: 45
                    That is, the explosions occur behind the ship and the beryllium stove, well then it will fly, but at first I thought that the explosions would occur between the stove and the ship.
                    1. +2
                      4 December 2017 00: 30
                      And this is generally a masterpiece -NSWR: NUCLEAR SALT-WATER ROCKET. Saltwater nuclear missile. The concept of Dr. Zubrin, which many scientists consider very far from practical implementation. Fuel - a solution of 20% enriched uranium tetrabromochromide in water (two percent solution, 2 atoms of 20% uranium per 100 water molecules). Plutonium salt is also good. Fuel tanks - a bundle of pipes wrapped in a layer of boron carbide for catching neutrons. It prevents a chain reaction. Fuel is thrown into a long cylindrical pipe of large diameter, so a nozzle is not required. Without a neutron plug, fuel begins to react. A critical mass of uranium vaporizes the water and a stream of steam carries the still reacting uranium away.

                      In fact, this is a continuous detonation in the development of the ideas of the Orions, using salt water as a reactive mass. Dr. Zubrin described it as follows: “As long as the solution is supplied to the chamber from the tubes coated with boron, the state of constant detonation of the moving fluid can be maintained continuously.” He also noted that this allows continuous acceleration as opposed to the impulses of the Orion project.

                      The question is how to limit such nuclear explosions. Zubrin is of the opinion that a competent supply of water will allow the explosion to be carried outside the cell. In his opinion, neutron convection will shift the bulk of the reaction to the outside of the chamber. Other scientists do not think so.

                      In general, such a spacecraft is very vulnerable to damage to fuel tanks (for example, from a hostile salvo). Pipe breakage - and you have a nuclear chain reaction on board.

                      The advantage of NSWR is that it is the only known solution with a high flow rate and high traction. The disadvantage is the combination of the worst problems of Orions and gas nuclear missiles. To begin with, the fact of takeoff will leave a pretty crater of a rather large size, while he himself, and everything downwind, will glow with beautiful blue light at night for the next several hundred million years.

                      Zubrin calculated that 20% enriched uranium tetrabromide has a specific impulse of 7000 seconds (flow rate 69,000 m / s), which is comparable to an ion engine. But the Zubrin engine is devoid of traction limits. In theory, thousands of megawatts are available to him, since all the excess heat flies away from the ship through the engine. In addition, the engine is relatively light, without massive power plants.

                      Zubrin suggested that a layer of numerical water in the main chamber could protect the walls of the chamber as a movable neutron reflector and cool the chamber itself and the engine nozzle. The only question is the effectiveness of such protection.

                      Zubrin proposed a sample configuration of such an engine. It uses 2% (in numerical ratio) of uranium bromide to water. Uranium is enriched up to 20% U235. thus B2 = 0.6136 cm-2 (material protection is equal to vΣf-Σa) / D) and D = 0.2433 cm (diffusion coefficient).

                      The radius of the camera is 3.075 centimeters. which gives A2 = 0.6117 cm-2 and L2 = 0.0019. Since exponential detonation is desirable, k2 = 2L2 = 0.0038 cm-2. Then k = U / 2D = 0.026 cm-1 and U = 0.03.

                      If the neutron velocity is 2200 m / s, the fluid velocity is required to be maintained at 66 m / s. This is only 4.7% of the speed of sound in water at room temperature, so no problems with fuel injection are expected.

                      The total ratio of mass to flow through the chamber is 196 kg / s.

                      The complete decay of the U235 will yield 3.4 x 1012 J / kg. Zubrin believes that 0.1% (0.2% in the center of the fuel flow, decreasing to zero on the outside), will not damage the wall material during the reaction. This will give 3.4 x 109 J / kg.

                      Assume a nozzle efficiency of 0.8 and a final discharge velocity of 66,000 m / s or a specific impulse of 6,7300 seconds. Total power - 427 gigawatts. Thrust 12.9 mega Newtons. The thrust to mass ratio is about 40, so the engine weighs 33 metric tons.

                      For exponential detonation, kz at the exit from the chamber should have a value of about 4. since k = 0.062 cm-1, the length of the chamber should be about 65 centimeters with a radius of 3.075 cm plus the length of the nozzle.

                      Further, Zubrin reflects on an advanced version of the engine, suitable for interstellar flight. Let's say our 2% uranium bromide solution uses up to 90% U235 instead of a miserable 20%. Assume a decay rate of 90% instead of 0.1%. We also assume that the nozzle efficiency is 0.9 instead of 0.8.

                      This will give us a discharge velocity of 4,725,000 m / s (about 1.575% s, specific impulse 482,140 seconds). With a mass ratio of 10, we get a delta V of 3.63% c. Already something like ...
          2. +5
            3 December 2017 11: 51
            Quote: Scoun
            I myself do not like mattress but denying the obvious is at least stupid.

            I agree, but here's some garbage - they didn’t fly, but they flew for a long time
            1. +2
              3 December 2017 13: 45
              Quote: poquello
              Quote: Scoun
              I myself do not like mattress but denying the obvious is at least stupid.

              I agree, but here's some garbage - they didn’t fly, but they flew for a long time

              + And they gave them an excuse not to believe, after the lunar fraud and the Gemini towers. hi
              But Voyager is already a Legend and the property of Mankind as in its time and Atom, the main thing for us is not to remain in the backyards.
              1. +2
                3 December 2017 14: 16
                Quote: Scoun
                the main thing is not to stay in the backyards

                IMHO will not stay, a bunch of breakthrough technologies are ripening in the space sphere
                1. +2
                  3 December 2017 14: 25
                  Quote: poquello
                  Quote: Scoun
                  the main thing is not to stay in the backyards

                  IMHO will not stay, a bunch of breakthrough technologies are ripening in the space sphere

                  Well ... while we hope and wait and really want, during this lifetime, to see something at least approximate, like Gagarin’s Flight and finally, really, the human foot will descend on a space object, the Moon, Mars.
                  1. +1
                    3 December 2017 14: 38
                    Quote: Scoun
                    really want during this life

                    Quote: Scoun
                    how the Flight of Gagarin and can finally really, the human foot, descend on a space object, the Moon, Mars

                    ett is unlikely - it requires money, cooperation and a peaceful sky, if without rumors of course
                  2. +5
                    3 December 2017 17: 33
                    Unfortunately, all this with a 100% probability will be done by private traders from the USA - with the support of NASA.
                    1. 0
                      3 December 2017 19: 16
                      Quote: Vadim237
                      Unfortunately, all this with a 100% probability will be done by private traders from the USA - with the support of NASA.

                      with what fright?
                      1. +3
                        3 December 2017 20: 02
                        They already have everything on their way and an extra-heavy rocket, and not one but three, two of them at Mask, as well as four spaceships. Soon, the owner of Amazon, the richest man on the planet, Jeff Bezot, who also creates his own rocket corporation Blue Origin, will come to the competition in space.
      5. +15
        3 December 2017 11: 41
        Quote: SRC P-15
        Auxiliary engines "Voyager-1" managed to start after 37-year idle

        Have you brought new equipment into the film studios of Hollywood? belay

        And there’s no reason to gnaw over for 37 years, and the equipment works the same Mars rovers have relocated their service life several times, and then it doesn’t even reach Mars. Missiles fall like flies, but Mask is dumb and a swindler .. at least one such Mask has appeared in the vastness of the CIS. Campaign 21 billion km is the distance to which we lagged behind the Americans and then if we overcome it on foot.
        1. +7
          3 December 2017 12: 29
          Quote: activator
          Mask

          With our support for the business, there will be no Mask with SpaceX in the CIS. Choked up, ruined. Hello from truckers!
          1. +2
            4 December 2017 11: 58
            Quote: Viktor.12.71
            Quote: activator
            Mask

            With our support for the business, there will be no Mask with SpaceX in the CIS. Choked up, ruined. Hello from truckers!
            Is it that roads kill three times overloads? !! ​​Ruts on the asphalt cut ??
            of these - yes, it would be necessary to choke on something heavy
            1. 0
              4 December 2017 12: 46
              You first understand the essence of the problem than writing such nonsense. Roads should be done normally, and not put asphalt in the winter. And so the requisitions increased for more than one year, they say we will make excellent roads, but the cart is in the same place.
              1. +3
                4 December 2017 17: 25
                1) for some period of time he was engaged in transport control (especially a reservation, bribes Did not take) - an overweight on average of 1,5-3 tons per axle - this is average, this is the norm, a boring routine. It’s funnier when blockblocks are driven into the springs of KAMAZ trailers before loading, so that the springs from overload do not burst. By the way, the exploded wheels lying around the curbs from the wagons are also from overload, the rubber does not even withstand such loads ....
                I saw a live KAMAZ truck - 52 tons of cargo were put into it. I saw a Gazelle with a load of 4,8 tons - when the bridges fly apart like matches. We sent documents for fines to almost everyone who drove on the scales ....
                2) the road Balakovo - Ershov was quite normal, not very often driven, strong. Then suddenly, a quarry with a rock mass happened ..... TOANARs killed her in a year, exactly in a year it became possible to drive there only on a tank. 60 cm track - there it is average. And pits 50-80cm ... And such examples are the abyss of the country.
                3) all crying about terrible requisitions - for the most part DO NOT pay taxes at all, in principle
                Z.Y. about the "nightmare" of small business can someone else cry, I do not need, I am engaged in supervision
                1. 0
                  4 December 2017 18: 55
                  Well, let's go deeper. Why is Russia the only superpower that does not produce modern electronics and technology, although there are all the resources for this? The United States and Europe do not take into account, better compared with China. Huawei and others belong to private business and have taken the industry for 10 years to leaders in Asia and the CIS, and are storming Europe. Maybe those who do surveillance should start crying? It’s clear about the roads, they put it in winter to cut the budget every year.
                  1. +1
                    5 December 2017 09: 38
                    Quote: Viktor.12.71
                    Maybe those who do surveillance should start crying? It’s clear about the roads, they put it in winter to cut the budget every year.

                    1) the road from claim 2 was built during the Soviet era, in the summer, from the laid materials. If the quarry had not happened, it would still have been normal
                    2) small business directly smoking check planned until 01.01.2019 (249-ФЗ). Small business directly smoking check within 3 years after creation (249-ФЗ). Unscheduled - only if there is a threat to life / health in agreement with the prosecutor's office. Verification carried out WITHOUT coordination with the prosecutor's office is invalid, is protested within 1 day.
                    That is why by registering IP - you can do anything if only there is no threat to life / health, and you none can’t check. You can register - after 2,5 years to close, open on mother-in-law, after 2,5 years to close, open on wife- after 2,5 years to close. And you nonecan't check - no way
                    I won’t be surprised if the subcontractors of road construction in winter are just IPs.

                    That is why we have a miserable clandestine small business - it is not controlled by anyone and no one can ask him ....

                    Z.Y. small business by order of the Government of the Russian Federation - with a yield of up to 120 million belay rubles per year
      6. +14
        3 December 2017 12: 37
        Hats off to the engineers! And before NASA, that today they are genuine workers of science! hi hi hi hi hi
        1. +3
          3 December 2017 12: 49
          Quote: xetai9977
          Hats off to the engineers! And before NASA, that today they are genuine workers of science! hi hi hi hi hi

          After the collapse of the Union, one of the local engineers went there to work ... His sidekick, retelling about working at NASA, noted that compared to the Soviet rumors at work, sleepless nights at work, shortages, etc. - everything is felt in NASA at level of sofa comfort.
      7. +3
        3 December 2017 14: 45
        And ours confirmed that the signal really came from that direction? Or how did you agree with the moon?
    2. +7
      3 December 2017 09: 46
      Not everything that they say in NASA, I want to believe. Country Golem PR. They lie as they breathe, just as naturally and constantly. Sometimes a lie pursues some specific goals, and sometimes meaningless. Probably just can not do otherwise.
      1. +41
        3 December 2017 09: 52
        It is difficult to admit that the space program of our strategic "partners" continues to develop, and is not mired in corruption and theft, as in Russia, right ?! It’s easier to say that NASA is lying. If such a breakthrough were announced in Roskosmos, you would be the first to jump with joy shouting "Russia is ahead of everyone in space exploration, envy the spiteful critics !!!"
        1. PN
          +2
          3 December 2017 10: 23
          So, since the launch of the ISS, no breakthroughs in space exploration have occurred. That our people are marking time, that our ...
          1. +16
            3 December 2017 11: 08
            Quote: PN
            no breakthroughs in space exploration happened
            Mars rover Curiosity (has been riding on Mars for 5 years), the New Horizons probe (first photographed by Pluto at close range) ... The first thing that comes to mind.
            1. PN
              +3
              3 December 2017 12: 19
              Mars rover in the 21st century after the lunar rover of the 20th century does not sound serious.
              1. +11
                3 December 2017 13: 20
                Quote: PN
                Mars rover in the 21st century after the lunar rover of the 20th century does not sound serious.

                Which Russia can not run for how many years. The Chinese have already sent theirs, but in the Russian Federation they are only engaged in transportation, but they are screaming about trampolines. That the moon rover, that the rover are the most complex devices that can significantly advance the science / study of other cosmic bodies and say about frivolity is silly.
                1. +1
                  3 December 2017 14: 31
                  The times of the lunar rover were when they crawled more rather than flying, now we must try to make research vehicles capable of flying from place to place.
              2. 0
                4 December 2017 11: 59
                Quote: PN
                Mars rover in the 21st century after the lunar rover of the 20th century does not sound serious.

                The planets are slightly different in climate, on the moon it is a little softer, not ??
          2. +2
            3 December 2017 11: 15
            So the ISS is based on the Soviet developments of the 80s, what breakthroughs do you need? photon engine?
            1. PN
              +3
              3 December 2017 12: 20
              And why not?
            2. +1
              3 December 2017 17: 38
              Breakthroughs are YARDU-create in Russia.
          3. +1
            4 December 2017 12: 25
            Mission Rosetta. Soft landing on a comet - I personally still don’t fit in my head. It's like a mosquito riding a flying bullet to plant.
        2. +11
          3 December 2017 10: 40
          Quote: Greenwood
          It’s hard to admit that the space program of our strategic “partners” continues to evolve,

          It’s easy, but insulting, so we have to interrupt with “trampoline” jokes to the adherents of faith in the lunar pavilion. If this continues to continue, then we, even as a space cab, will not be needed. And this is already a reality.
          1. +5
            3 December 2017 10: 49
            Russia will sell rocket engines, launch its satellites, but things will get worse and worse with foreign commercial satellites, each year, these orders will go to those who have cheaper to withdraw.
            1. +3
              3 December 2017 11: 56
              Quote: Vadim237
              Russia will sell rocket engines, launch its satellites, but things will get worse and worse with foreign commercial satellites, each year, these orders will go to those who have cheaper to withdraw.

              Musk goes broke slowly, stories about cheapness are greatly exaggerated.
              1. +5
                3 December 2017 14: 53
                What is it ruining - Tesla’s company alone costs only 54 billion - a few years ago it didn’t cost anything at all, where ruin, if this company incurs losses, then this is normal. Last year, Boeing also had losses of 1,5 billion - how it worked and continues to work and develop.
                1. +1
                  3 December 2017 14: 59
                  Quote: Vadim237
                  the company incurs losses, then this is normal

                  normal, normal, and how will they achieve profitability with goods below cost?
            2. +7
              3 December 2017 12: 31
              This year, SpaceX will launch its 100-ton reusable rocket, if everything goes well, Russia will only launch its satellites into orbit. Here I agree with you.
              1. +2
                3 December 2017 13: 29
                Quote: Viktor.12.71
                This year, SpaceX will launch its 100-ton reusable rocket, if everything goes well, Russia will only launch its satellites into orbit. Here I agree with you.

                he can start it and it starts, it turned out that Mask was dumping to capture the market, there wouldn’t be enough pants width in the crotch
                1. +5
                  3 December 2017 14: 57
                  And private traders are increasingly starting to look towards SpaceX, as a reliable company - to display their satellites.
                  1. +1
                    3 December 2017 15: 04
                    Quote: Vadim237
                    And private traders are increasingly starting to look towards SpaceX, as a reliable company - to display their satellites.

                    "this is normal" the price is attractive, we will look further because the real cost of the launch is incomprehensible
        3. 0
          3 December 2017 18: 07
          Quote: Greenwood
          It is difficult to admit that the space program of our strategic "partners" continues to develop, and is not mired in corruption and theft, as in Russia, right ?! It’s easier to say that NASA is lying. If such a breakthrough were announced in Roskosmos, you would be the first to jump with joy shouting "Russia is ahead of everyone in space exploration, envy the spiteful critics !!!"

          After the lunar epic and the painted Mars, their perpetum mobile curiosity, believe is not a hunt at all. I’m not a Christian, I don’t believe, I need to KNOW.
          1. +5
            3 December 2017 18: 13
            Quote: Primoos
            KNOW

            Fly down wassat At the same time google - Thomas the Unbeliever ...
            1. +2
              3 December 2017 20: 52
              My name is George. I do not need to poke. Google, this is the same pin. Dostanskaya Sharaga. The same eggs, view from the side. But this is for people who think, reasonably doubting, not for you. You believe, you can, you are ours.
          2. +2
            3 December 2017 23: 29
            Quote: Primoos
            I do not believe, I need to KNOW.

            Have you tried to understand? So, right away and KNOW? But how to verify that knowledge is correct? By the way, Christians believe that God knows everything. laughing
            1. +2
              4 December 2017 05: 08
              To understand, you need information. Desirable from various independent sources. So far I see only one, and that one comes from the mouths, which always lie. Truth and usa, concepts are incompatible. Let Christians believe, since they need it, in all these Jewish tales. That is their right. I have the right not to believe. Or are you against it?
        4. 0
          4 December 2017 05: 37
          A pin. Dostan hollow came to us. Please love and favor green wood! But who would doubt that corruption in the mattress is uprooted away! Lobbyism, this is not corruption? Gangsters also do not know how to steal in the country, for some reason? And Russia, yes, it is IMMERSED. She is Russia, she is obliged to wallow.
      2. +6
        3 December 2017 11: 46
        Quote: Primoos
        Not everything that they say in NASA, I want to believe.

        I agree, I do not want to believe everything, but the facts speak differently, so I have to believe.
    3. +4
      3 December 2017 12: 01
      Quote: 1331M
      What safety margin was before ...

      Yes, in terms of reliability, it’s very, very decent if they don’t make a mistake. On the other hand, the apparatus is moving away from the Sun and the influence of specials. factors on the apparatus gradually decreases.
      In this regard, the more interesting question is: What is the fuel supply there?
      1. +6
        3 December 2017 15: 21
        Almost running out of fuel. But they do not need it especially.
        Now, due to the discharge of RTGs on Voyagers, almost all equipment has been turned off, and the device’s sole purpose is to collect data on magnetic fields. Their study helped to open the bubble formed by the solar wind when interacting with galactic interstellar flows of particles (or something like that).
        1. 0
          4 December 2017 02: 13
          Quote: Infinity
          due to the discharge of RTGs

          Interestingly, NASA has plans for Voyagers' energy until 2025, and orientation (you can lose the Sun) - until 2030. Hopefully what else works? ..
      2. +2
        4 December 2017 02: 22
        Quote: Beby
        reliability is very, very decent

        The most significant and successfully resolved problems of Voyager 2:

        failure of automatic tuning of the local oscillator frequency. Without automatic tuning, the receiver can only receive signals within its own bandwidth, which is less than 1/1000 of its normal value. Even Doppler shifts from the Earth's daily rotation exceed it 30 times. There was only one way out - to calculate a new value of the transmitted frequency each time and adjust the ground transmitter so that after all the shifts the signal just fell into the passband of the receiver. This was done - the computer is now included in the transmitter circuit.
        failure of one of the memory cells of the onboard computer - the program was able to be rewritten and loaded so that this bit ceased to affect it;
        at a certain flight site, the applied control signal coding system already ceased to meet the requirements of sufficient noise immunity due to deterioration of the signal-to-noise ratio. A new program was loaded into the on-board computer, encoding it with a much more secure code (the double Reed-Solomon code was used).
        when flying the plane of Saturn’s rings, the onboard turntable with cameras was jammed, probably by a particle of these rings. Cautious attempts to turn it several times in opposite directions allowed, in the end, to unlock the platform;
        a drop in the power of the supplying isotopic elements required the preparation of complex cyclograms of the operation of the onboard equipment, part of which they began to turn off from time to time to provide the other part with enough electricity;
        the initially unplanned removal of the devices from the Earth required multiple modernization of the ground-based transceiver complex in order to receive a weakening signal.
    4. +5
      3 December 2017 12: 43
      ALEXIY YURIEVICH, do not buy a walk-behind tractor, buy a horse, and plow it, and you can ride!
      1. +2
        3 December 2017 12: 47
        laughing laughing laughing Ugh on you, Glory ........ I'm here about high matters, and they only neighing ..... Zdarov to you, Family Health ... hi
        1. +4
          3 December 2017 12: 49
          Thanks YURIEVICH, and yours do not get sick! hi
  2. +15
    3 December 2017 09: 16
    It can be seen that the designer was imprisoned for three hundred years, and after 37 years they were amnestied, he joyfully launched them. laughing Well, well done.
  3. +12
    3 December 2017 09: 26
    The bazaar is jock. Here the Americans are great. Yes, and earlier they had a technique, just like ours.
    1. +6
      3 December 2017 09: 39
      Rogozin, Sobyanin and Livanov .... You think I’ll write “was not.” There were these Komsomol members .. Only then they still did not adhere to the people's good ..
      Quote: axiles100682
      The bazaar is jock. Here the Americans are great. Yes, and earlier they had a technique, just like ours.
      1. +6
        3 December 2017 10: 08
        Whatever the news - Rogozin again! Rogozin is not the head of Roskosmos, how do you imagine theft? Or did you come to your brilliant conclusion, only on the grounds that the leadership of Roscosmos is subordinate to the deputy prime minister? Well then put Putin on your list first! He is even higher in position.
        And the fact that Russian satellites with missiles are falling all the time, here the system is to blame, which is completely rotten, of which Rogozin spoke of the need for reform.
        1. +13
          3 December 2017 10: 26
          Here Rogozin, along with Putin and others like them, is the System!
          Quote: Stas157
          Whatever the news - Rogozin again! Rogozin is not the head of Roskosmos, how do you imagine theft? Or did you come to your brilliant conclusion, only on the grounds that the leadership of Roscosmos is subordinate to the deputy prime minister? Well then put Putin on your list first! He is even higher in position.
          And the fact that Russian satellites with missiles are falling all the time, here the system is to blame, which is completely rotten, of which Rogozin spoke of the need for reform.
          1. +1
            3 December 2017 12: 00
            Quote: 210ox
            Here Rogozin, along with Putin and others like them, is the System!
            Quote: Stas157
            Whatever the news - Rogozin again! Rogozin is not the head of Roskosmos, how do you imagine theft? Or did you come to your brilliant conclusion, only on the grounds that the leadership of Roscosmos is subordinate to the deputy prime minister? Well then put Putin on your list first! He is even higher in position.
            And the fact that Russian satellites with missiles are falling all the time, here the system is to blame, which is completely rotten, of which Rogozin spoke of the need for reform.

            Of course, of course, you will do better, after Sobchak sign up there
            1. +2
              3 December 2017 18: 44
              Even a horse’s worse
      2. 0
        4 December 2017 12: 04
        Quote: 210ox
        Rogozin, Sobyanin and Livanov .... You think I’ll write “was not.” There were these Komsomol members .. Only then they still did not adhere to the people's good ..
        Quote: axiles100682
        The bazaar is jock. Here the Americans are great. Yes, and earlier they had a technique, just like ours.
        -when they killed the marshal - "who were attached to the people's good" there weren’t either in nature or they were small .. then they too were to blame-what did the rocket explode?
  4. +7
    3 December 2017 09: 35
    Here is the technique. They work outside the solar system, and our mountain specialists can’t guess the direction and impulse of the upper stage. By the way, this voyager from the era and our cosmic triumph of sending vehicles to Venus, for example, ..... but we have all done something, I hope not forever.
  5. 3vs
    +3
    3 December 2017 09: 48
    That's what I understand, reliability!
  6. +14
    3 December 2017 10: 00
    We and the Union probes did not live so much ...
    No, the Americans in deep space galloped for a long time to come ... At least someone is developing science in space exploring this.
  7. +5
    3 December 2017 10: 06
    Yeah, they did it before ...
    Take the same old Japanese cars.
    20-30 years of run and still peppy.
    1. +3
      3 December 2017 11: 53
      You still compare Mercedes. Everything is finally bad there. More precisely, it changes quickly, the node is immediately new. But good for Daimler shareholders. And consumers are becoming financially unbearable.
      1. +5
        3 December 2017 12: 53
        Quote: IL-18
        You still compare Mercedes. Everything is finally bad there. More precisely, it changes quickly, the node is immediately new. But good for Daimler shareholders. And consumers are becoming financially unbearable.

        That's right. In the Volga, spurred the wire, and then you go. And Merin .... Only a tow truck!
  8. The comment was deleted.
  9. +14
    3 December 2017 10: 19
    Quote: SRC P-15
    Auxiliary engines "Voyager-1" managed to start after 37-year idle

    Have you brought new equipment into the film studios of Hollywood? belay

    Here it is not necessary to gnaw! After a glorious cosmic past, we will remain with Rogozin and his trampoline. The irony here is not appropriate for them 21 billion km, and rovers, we have underwater satellites! hi
    1. +3
      3 December 2017 12: 56
      Andrew, stop the panic! Everything that is done. all goes to good.
  10. +1
    3 December 2017 10: 35
    They did it! No life expectancy. It is for a period, not a resource.
    1. +4
      3 December 2017 10: 55
      If NASA had from the 60s to the present time, there was a budget of 4,5 US GDP and a staff of 400000 people, they probably would have built a base on Mars and carried out commercial flights there.
      1. +2
        3 December 2017 12: 02
        Quote: Vadim237
        If NASA had from the 60s to the present time, there was a budget of 4,5 US GDP and a staff of 400000 people, they probably would have built a base on Mars and carried out commercial flights there.

        so why didn’t stay, what didn’t build?
        1. +3
          3 December 2017 13: 24
          Quote: poquello
          so why didn’t stay, what didn’t build?

          And those in power need it to the bulb. Does the structure eat money, does not bring money, have the military cooled off for it? Cut funding to a hairdryer.

          They started the funding (I could be mistaken) of the voyager through the public, because then they forgot about them.
          1. 0
            3 December 2017 13: 32
            Quote: Black5Raven
            Quote: poquello
            so why didn’t stay, what didn’t build?

            And those in power need it to the bulb. Does the structure eat money, does not bring money, have the military cooled off for it? Cut funding to a hairdryer.

            They started the funding (I could be mistaken) of the voyager through the public, because then they forgot about them.

            Yes, anyway, some kind of suspicious tear, suddenly they took and scored on everything at once
            1. 0
              3 December 2017 18: 39
              Quote: poquello
              Yes, anyway, some kind of suspicious tear, suddenly they took and scored on everything at once

              Like ours at one time. It is spent several times more on completely useless things than on the space program of the entire planet. Most do not give a damn about space, science and other "high matters". And even more so for politicians.
              1. +3
                3 December 2017 21: 13
                Quote: Black5Raven
                It is spent several times more on completely useless things than on the space program of the entire planet.

                Not about space, but it is strongly said:
                “Today in the world we invest 5 times more money in drugs for male potency and in silicone for female breasts than in treatment for Alzheimer's disease. In a few years we will have old women with large breasts and old men with a strong member, but none of them can't remember what it's for. "
                1. 0
                  3 December 2017 23: 19
                  Quote: region58
                  Not about space, but it is strongly said:

                  Namely, we (humanity) squander small and non-renewable resources, our time and efforts on absolutely, absolutely useless things. We tear each other's throats simply because someone shouts Spartak the champion or walks barefoot in sandals. Mindlessly destroy everything we reach, kill the last representatives of the species (for example, Usurian tigers and others) for the sake of wraping another “lady” to show “heroic distance” or, like the Chinese, to make a means of potency from bones sad
                  Most absolutely do not give a damn about everything and everyone around them; they are ready to apologize for themselves. Forests, riverbanks are littered with garbage, and then "where is the environment, there is nothing to breathe."
                  Nausea and we roll into even greater .... you know where. This is not about Belarus, Russia or anyone else - this is about everyone.
                  1. 0
                    3 December 2017 23: 50
                    I agree with every word. Therefore, all sorts of thoughts arise, for example, that the USSR was ahead of its time ... Mankind is not yet ready for great things ... However, this is already offtopic.
                    1. 0
                      4 December 2017 01: 49
                      Quote: region58
                      that the USSR was ahead of its time ...

                      Yes, and the Union had enough of its troubles, not an angel in the flesh. They managed to slow down a lot in many ways - we will turn the rivers to the north, we will conquer nature by this method and so on. Somewhere in the large ahem ... (virgin lands, the Aral Sea, the introduction of aggressive alien species like the Kamchatka crab, etc.), somewhere with science (recognized as pseudoscience and look for fistulas). A lot of good, a lot of bad - everything is like everywhere, a person does not change. But you're right, it’s better to stop offtopic.

                      Quote: region58
                      Humanity is not yet ready for great things ..

                      As if for great things, it would not be too late in the future. We have only one chance.
        2. +4
          3 December 2017 15: 23
          Almost a trillion dollars was spent on the lunar epic, transferring for today's money, but at the same time there was a war in Vietnam and an arms race with the USSR, in connection with this money was returned from space to earth - then NASA received 250 billion a year, now while 19,5 - nothing at all, and the staff decreased from 400000 to 18000 - respectively, the best minds left the organization, and with them the fuse went out - to explore space.
      2. +2
        3 December 2017 14: 36
        Quote: Vadim237
        If NASA had from the 60s to the present time, there was a budget of 4,5 US GDP and a staff of 400000 people, they probably would have built a base on Mars and carried out commercial flights there.

        And if our scientists were given so much money and so much time, we would have already populated a neighboring galaxy ...
        1. +2
          3 December 2017 15: 04
          Considering how much money was allocated to Roscosmos for ten years and at the exit they received only one Angara and the launch site is not a letaykin - the game is not worth the candle.
  11. +6
    3 December 2017 10: 43
    Then, when these Voyagers and Venus flew, there was a “golden age of romance of space exploration.” Every second boy dreamed of becoming an astronaut.
    Now, they dream of becoming managers, officials. Devour more, hang out abruptly ((Because we live in an era of consumption. What ideals are such and development
  12. +1
    3 December 2017 10: 46
    If, in fact, then why are you embarrassed? Well done manufacturers. We did it honestly.
  13. 0
    3 December 2017 11: 14
    Previously knew how to do ...
  14. +6
    3 December 2017 11: 15
    I won’t be surprised. Amerikosy could do things with their own hands before. This is what I am for. I am sincerely sorry that the real American auto industry has died. That production culture, specialists produced masterpieces. For the people who made Cadillac Eldorado and Jeep Wrangler, the Voyager orientation engines are fie and grind.
    1. +9
      3 December 2017 11: 29
      Here I agree, we will not see the era of 60-70's, Mustangs, Challengers, Chargers, Komaro, Shelby, etc.
      Ehh, these are the times!
      1. +2
        3 December 2017 12: 41
        Quote: Jack O'Neill
        the era of the 60-70s, Mustangs, Challengers, Chargers, Komaro, Shelby, etc.
        Alas, after the 1973 fuel crisis of the year, it became too expensive to contain these voracious muscle cars.
        1. +1
          3 December 2017 13: 26
          Greetings Greenwood!

          Alas, after the 1973 fuel crisis of the year, it became too expensive to contain these voracious muscle cars.

          Unfortunately, you are right ...
      2. 0
        3 December 2017 12: 57
        Quote: Jack O'Neill
        Challengers, Chargers, Komaro, Shelby, etc.
        Ehh, these are the times!

        Ha ha three times .. Volga, Moskvich 408, 412, Lada - "penny" in the past were.
        and now ..O tempora! O mores!
  15. 0
    3 December 2017 11: 54
    "Exceptional" PR, definitely. It’s necessary to somehow support the reputation.
    1. +7
      3 December 2017 12: 42
      They have something to PR. What do we need? Is that a trillion dollars withdrawn from Russia to offshore.
      1. 0
        4 December 2017 11: 07
        Is that a trillion dollars withdrawn from Russia ...
        We do not sow, do not plow, do not build,
        We are proud of the liberal system!

        But we have the most influential president in the world - our guarantor of the Constitution, to which the truth is our anti-people pr-in does not care. And the world's best prime minister, pr-in which brought the very trillions to Panama. To buy cellos. Of course for children's music schools. Roldugin himself said so.
  16. 0
    3 December 2017 18: 21
    21 billion kilometers! How do you manage to keep in touch at such a distance? Then the radio signal will reach the subscriber for almost a day
  17. 0
    3 December 2017 18: 46
    Well what can I say, if true, only respect to Jewish Americans that they were able to create such a unique device 45 years ago! Geniuses!? Our Great Jews were able to create such an apparatus in 1957, our satellite flew!? And the USA was in shock !?
  18. 0
    3 December 2017 20: 16
    Vadim237,
    their language is a kilometer on the way, maybe of course this heating battery will take off, but whether it will fly is a question
    1. +1
      3 December 2017 22: 08
      At least all the “heating batteries” that they launched, flew and launched satellites, and have been in operation for decades.
      1. +1
        4 December 2017 02: 26
        Quote: Vadim237
        At least all the “heating batteries” that they launched, flew and launched satellites, and have been in operation for decades.

        You would read more about your loved ones, otherwise you wouldn’t understand why and what the “battery” is about, how much they crammed into their “yesterday's soaring” and what they put off and put off.
        1. +2
          4 December 2017 09: 16
          From when it flies, our cosmonautics will not get better.
          1. 0
            4 December 2017 19: 14
            Quote: Vadim237
            From when it flies, our cosmonautics will not get better.

            ))))) such a world, except for PR, they won’t feel any easier either, because he wrote above, but PR today outweighs real
  19. +2
    3 December 2017 23: 20
    Quote: СРЦ П-15
    New equipment brought to Hollywood film studios

    And that’s it. The branch turned into manure. It's a shame. Fixo patriots. I close and do not read. And I wanted something scientific. Turned the site into trash. / Bad word / which is usually banned.
    1. +1
      4 December 2017 00: 26
      Scientific - this is here http://dicelords.narod.ru/rockets/rocket3c2.html
      1. +2
        4 December 2017 02: 28
        Quote: Vadim237
        Scientific - this is here http://dicelords.narod.ru/rockets/rocket3c2.html

        )))) you smell like science
        1. +1
          6 December 2017 01: 26
          lol Also did not smell))
    2. +1
      4 December 2017 02: 40
      Quote: Manul
      I wanted something scientific

      Quote: Vadim237
      Scientific - this is here http://dicelords.narod.ru/rockets/rocket3c2.html

      No, scientific - it is necessary to return to the same site four years ago:
      https://topwar.ru/33924-fotografiya-zemli-s-rasst
      oyaniya-6-mlrd-kilometrov.html
      1. +1
        4 December 2017 03: 18
        Quote: region58
        Quote: Manul
        I wanted something scientific

        Quote: Vadim237
        Scientific - this is here http://dicelords.narod.ru/rockets/rocket3c2.html

        No, scientific - it is necessary to return to the same site four years ago:
        https://topwar.ru/33924-fotografiya-zemli-s-rasst
        oyaniya-6-mlrd-kilometrov.html

        it is necessary to ask the flyers, even a starry sky is strongly canonical, so it should be?
      2. 0
        6 December 2017 01: 25
        Quote: region58
        No, scientific - it is necessary to return to the same site four years ago:

        Thank you! hi
  20. 0
    4 December 2017 09: 39
    Oh how! I have a vaz 21.099 six months in the garage, drove under its own power !!! I could not start ... request
  21. +1
    4 December 2017 12: 56
    Something, but the Americans left us far behind in terms of automatic spacecraft, as we do them in terms of manned space programs.
    The voyager was created in the era of the dawn of space exploration, it is not surprising that after 37 years it answered NASA's requests, most likely the developers laid a greater resource for work.
    And for our power it’s a shame, except for the stinging statements of clowns like Rogozin, computer presentations about Mars for billions, there are no more successes in mastering