Arleigh Burke Flight III is a serious challenge for Zircons and Onyxes! What are the "surprises" preparing AMDR radar?

46


We all remember the degree of hysteria that arose in the Western media in April 2014, immediately after the observation flight of the Russian tactical reconnaissance Su-24MR marine aviation Black Sea fleet in the immediate vicinity of the American destroyer URO DDG-75 USS "Donald Cook". As you know, this action was a worthy demonstration of the Russian presence at the strategically important southwestern high-speed aircraft at a rather crucial moment when the Republic of Crimea came under the control of the Russian Federation. Twelve attacks of "Drying" of an attacking nature were enough for later 27 sailors-crew members of the "trump" Aegis destroyer to submit dismissal reports. Our military analytical and news the resources immediately began to claim that the KS-418E containers of the Khibiny electronic warfare complex placed on Sushka’s suspensions had successfully blinded the AN / SPY-1D (V) radar systems, paralyzing the operation of the air defense circuit terminals of the Aegis combat information and control system . Later it turned out that the “Khibin” on the pendants of the Guards “Fencer” that had flown out of the AvB was not there at all: the jingoistic patriotic surge sharply decreased. Why, then, did this situation demoralize the crew of the Donald Cook?



First of all, the mere appearance of the Su-24MR link rather alarmed the crew of the American destroyer, who was well aware of the complex military-political situation around the Crimea (no one could expect a staff aggressor here). Secondly, Donald Cook was probably taken to be accompanied by the M-101 “Bayonet” side-mounted side-view radar system, the radiation of which forced the radiation warning system integrated into the EW AN / SLQ-32 complex to react accordingly. Naturally, this could not but cause even more confusion at the operator's places in the hall of the management of the Aegis BIUS. In short, the task of intimidating the American sailors on the ultra-modern anti-missile destroyer of the US Navy in the area of ​​responsibility of the Black Sea Fleet was performed on 5 +. Moreover, let's not forget that coastal anti-ship batteries K-300P "Bastion-P" had been given at least one active-passive radar complex for long-distance over-the-horizon detection and target designation "Monolit-B" developed by Tayfun Scientific and Production Enterprise OJSC »And deployed on the heights of the southern part of the coast of Crimea. In the passive mode, Monolith-B is capable of detecting radio-emitting objects at a distance of about 250 km and accompanying the 10 of them. Consequently, in conjunction with the onboard means of the DER Su-24MR, Monolith-B completely determined the radar profile of the Donald Cook, which in the future will allow it to create new frequency algorithms for the operation of Russian EW airborne facilities.

With reference to the classic Aegis system with operating radar facilities, these algorithms will be valid for several years, because the first one can boast a lot of technological flaws. The most significant of these is the use of single-channel parabolic radar for illumination and targeting (also called radar “searchlights” of continuous radiation) AN / SPG-62 with a diameter of 2,3 antenna array m. These stations with 10 kW power operate in X-, Ku- and J -wave ranges (from 8 to 20 GHz) and are intended for direct illumination of targets to anti-aircraft guided missiles with semi-active radar homing heads such as RIM-67D (SM-2ER Block III), RIM-156A (SM-2ER Block IV), and also RIM -162 ESSM designed to intercept you okomanevrennyh RCC and flies WTO. The problem is that the number of AN / SPG-62 RPN placed on Aegis ships of various types varies from 2 to 4 units. Consequently, at the moment of directly reflecting the massive “star raid” of anti-ship missiles and other air attack means, only 2, 3 or 4 target channels of simultaneous illumination are activated, despite the fact that the computing means of the Mk 99 fire control subsystem (main air defense / missile defense) are capable of Simultaneously adjust the flight 22 missiles of various types.

At that moment, when one of the targets is destroyed, the Mk 99 sends to the “released” radar AN / SPG-62 target designation for a new target (and so on for each of - 2-x, 3-x or 4-x RPN). In the case when the enemy anti-ship missiles are moving the ship with a dense “swarm” of 16, 20 or more units, the three radar “searchlights” of destroyers like “Arley Burk” are simply not enough to highlight all of the enemy’s missiles and the “semi-active Standards” will simply “leave” into milk ", because the MRLS AN / SPY-1D works in decimeter S-band, which does not realize such high accuracy qualities for highlighting targets that are subject to centimeter X-band. The massive use of the X-41 Mosquito, 3М55 Onyx or 3М54E Caliber missiles allows you to quickly load and exceed all permissible AN / SPG-62 throughput qualities, which will result in multiple hits and vehicle decommissioning.

To eliminate this flaw, the American company Raytheon developed the ultra-long-range anti-aircraft guided missile RIM-174 ERAM (SM-6), which has a range of 300 — 350 km. Its main trump card, in contrast to the SM-2, is the presence of an active radar homing head, developed on the basis of ARGSN AIM-120C / D AMRAAM air-to-air missiles. Active radar guidance allows you to get away from the need for constant illumination from the AN / SPG-62. The “Sixth Standards” on the march section of the trajectory can receive target designation from both the SPG-62 and the AN / SPY-1D multifunctional radar system, while the final section of the missile will be induced solely according to its own ARGSN. But it is worth noting that with the help of only one type of RIM-174 ERAM missiles, it is extremely difficult to comprehensively solve the problem of protecting Arley Burke from modern, unobtrusive means of air attack. The snag here is in the technical features of the interceptor missiles, as well as in the outdated Aegis radar architecture. And now more.

Ranged ZUR RIM-174 ERAM, equipped unified with antimissile «SM-3» starting RDTT Mk 72 and sustainer SPRM Mk 104, seamlessly reaches 270-300-kilometer boundaries due to the high specific impulse in 265 seconds and acceleration up to speed in 5M and more . Yes, it is great for intercepting remote air command posts, DRLO airplanes, tactical fighters and non-maneuvering cruise missiles and ballistic targets “loaded” with weapons, but absolutely useless against modern supersonic and hypersonic Onyx or Zircon anti-ship missiles. After capturing the same "Onyx" through the homing head RIM-174, the first is able to perform anti-aircraft maneuvers with overloads more than 15G at medium and high altitude. For a successful interception, “Standard-6” should “squeeze” around 45 — 50 units, which is not technically designed for, exactly like other SAMs of the Standard-2 family.

For such a high-energy maneuvering, another SAM is great - RIM-162A ESSM. The product has a radius of 50 km, a maximum flight speed of 4350 km / h and the ability to maneuver with 50 overloads. and more. This became possible due to the introduction of a gas jet thrust vector deflection system, represented by 4 aerodynamic planes in the nozzle channel. At the same time, the RIM-162A is equipped with a semi-active radar seeker that needs to be illuminated by the SPG-62. The latter is a conventional parabolic antenna with an extremely narrow lobe of the radiation pattern. This provides extremely high breeding opportunities for “capturing” individual targets in the group, but makes the station very vulnerable to directed electronic interference emitted by modern air-based EW stations. Someone may argue that the more noise-free AN / SPY-1D will correct the AN / SPG-62 “capture” stall and the guidance process will be restored, but there are also some pitfalls here.

Firstly, the AN / SPY-1D complex is built on the basis of 4's passive phased antenna arrays of 4350 MRP each. As is known, passive HEADLIGHTS, unlike active ones, have much lower noise immunity and the impossibility of forming “zero sectors” of the radiation pattern in the direction of interference sources. Such a flaw is observed in connection with the use of a single microwave traveling-wave tube in the PPAR, which is not capable at the required moment to use the required group of receiving-transmitting modules. In AFAR, the parameters of the “petals” of the radiation pattern are predominantly set by amplifiers placed in each PPM. As you can see, all the flaws of the current Aegis IIC focus mostly on the shortcomings of radar tools. However, over the next 5 - 7 years everything can change dramatically.

According to the Military Analytical Resource “Military Parity” with reference to the portal www.defense-aerospace.com, September 7 2017 of the year, on the ground of the Hawaiian Islands, successful field tests of the promising American shipborne multifunctional radar complex AN / SPY-6 (V ) AMDR (“Air and Missile Defense Radar”), which should replace the aging AN / SPY-1D (V). The exercise consisted in the simultaneous detection and stable tracking of several different types of air targets at the same time — operational-tactical ballistic missiles and air-based cruise missiles. The product coped well with the assigned tasks, but what are its features and how it differs radically from the usual AN / SPY-1D (V).

In the advanced ship radar AMDR, all the best technological developments of the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century are embodied. In particular, the antenna canvases of this station are built on AFAR-technology, which will make it possible to achieve an order of magnitude higher noise immunity and reliability in the event of failure of a certain number of receiving-transmitting modules. It is also known that the antenna grids AN / SPY-6 (V) will be made on the basis of gallium nitride, capable of operating at temperatures in 200 ° С, while for antenna arrays based on gallium arsenide, the normal temperature is considered to be the indicator in 50 ° С . As a result, each AMDR AMR radar can work with 3-x or 4-x power excess compared to standard GaAs-based MIS modules.


Modular antenna post prototype MRLS AN / SPY-6 AMDR


According to the official website of Raytheon, this will increase the target detection range by about 2 (standard targets with EPR around 5 and 2 can be detected at a distance of 500 - 700 km; of course, with a high altitude of 25 - 35 km) . Targets with 0,01 m2 EPR may be dialed at a distance of 120 - 150 km. The number of aerospace attacks accompanied by AN / SPY-6 can also increase by 3 - 4 times in comparison with the standard PFAR-RLK AN / SPY-1D (V) and make up 900 - 1200 units, having overtaken the indicators of the British radar Sampson ". In order to preserve the long-range capabilities, AMDR will also operate in the S-band (at the 2-4 GHz frequency), and therefore, to target missiles with PARGSN, centimeter RPN will be required.


Layout of a deeply modernized EM URO class "Arleigh Burke Flight III". You can see the left antenna post from the X-band on-load tap-changer of the new generation, which should replace the AN / SPG-62 (however, the standard SPG-62 is noticeable) on the side-mounted main superstructure. Also considered is the option of placing a multi-channel AFAR-radar for illumination of the front hemisphere in the central part of the superstructure, with a slight excess relative to the AN / SPY-6 canvases


Their role will be fulfilled by the already non-primitive 1-channel “searchlight plates” of the continuous illumination AN / SPG-62, but small AFAR sheets “looking” in the same direction as the AMDR antenna arrays. It will be much more difficult to break their work using noise or directional noise, and each such canvas will be able to “capture” up to two or three dozen enemy ballistic or aerodynamic objects. Under the updated AN / SPY-6 AMDR radar image, the MK 99 FCS hardware and software structure will have to be redrawn, which should significantly reduce the response time to all known types of threats, especially against the background of the appearance of hypersonic anti-ship missiles, such as Zircon.

The first serial AN / SPY-6 multi-function radars will begin to install Arleigh Burke Flight III on American EMPARS in a few years, which will complicate our anti-ship potential in the ocean zone. Moreover, in accordance with last year's consultations of the command of the American fleet with the leadership of the shipbuilding giant Huntington Ingalls Industries (HII), the 4-sided antenna post of the AMDR radar complex can be placed on the main superstructure of the LPD-17 helicopter-dock San Antonio »Together with the MUP 41 UVPU into several hundred transport and launch containers, as part of the project of a heavy surface missile defense ship. To ignore such disturbing "bells" would be extremely stupid.

Information sources:
http://forum.militaryparitet.com/viewtopic.php?id=18255
http://pentagonus.ru/publ/materialy_posvjashheny/1970_1990_gg/mnogofunkcionalnaja_sistema_oruzhija_quotidzhisquot/120-1-0-1422
http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/essm/essm.shtml
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  1. +31
    18 September 2017 06: 28
    Twelve attacks of "Drying" of an attacking nature were enough for later 27 sailors-crew members of the "trump" Aegis destroyer to submit dismissal reports.

    some people outplayed in airplanes, these fakes are not even impressive for schoolchildren ... lol
    According to the OBS, for a walk like a walk, half of the fleet quit there, and the cadets stopped enrolling in the Air Force because of the Russian threat of the Khibiny! You can quote, I allow. wassat
    1. +7
      18 September 2017 09: 43
      Quote: MadCat
      these fakes are not even impressive for schoolchildren ..

      Quote: Großer Feldherr
      it was not clear where the fakes came from; it was denied by the Russian side soon ...

      Quote: voyaka uh
      One fake exposed.
      Why pull a second fake - about layoffs?

      ... here the fighters of the "Devan front" pulled themselves up ... :)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
      1. +10
        18 September 2017 10: 46
        ... here the fighters of the "Devan front" pulled themselves up ... :)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

        said the person who personally accepted the dismissal from Amer sailors :))))))))))))))))))))))
      2. +6
        18 September 2017 13: 41
        Quote: Rus2012
        Quote: MadCat
        these fakes are not even impressive for schoolchildren ..

        Quote: Großer Feldherr
        it was not clear where the fakes came from; it was denied by the Russian side soon ...

        Quote: voyaka uh
        One fake exposed.
        Why pull a second fake - about layoffs?

        ... here the fighters of the "Devan front" pulled themselves up ... :)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

        Well, Yevgeny Damantsev + was unambiguous, he analyzed the problem very deeply ..., Well, damned analysts .., well, then analysts ... Once there was an idea to hire fools in design bureaus so that they could coordinate design ideas with the right idiotic ideas direction winked
        1. +5
          18 September 2017 21: 45
          Quote: NIKNN
          Well, Evgeny Damantsev + unequivocal, very deeply analyzed the problem ...,

          ... Are you sure ? ... the U.S. Navy analyzed the problem of the current existing AN / SPY-1 / D radar ... and that it’s just a dull g ... when trying to work on low-flying and high-speed targets ... the result is what E wrote about now Damantsev ... but as usual lately the content of the article has been quite exalted ... one heading, which is worth:
          Arleigh Burke Flight III is a serious challenge for Zircons and Onyxes! What are the "surprises" preparing AMDR radar?
          ... I personally have many questions for the author:
          - what is the challenge? ... a prototype, calls the serial "Onyx" 3M55 adopted 23.09.2002 of the year ? ... ah, what will hit it with entot radar? ... laughing
          - Well, they pulled up well the power in the pulse of the transmitting path, and what of that? ... what about the receiving? ... what about the modulation of the signal? what about the signal-to-noise ratio in the receiving path? ... the silence is the answer, the US Navy brochure, the same thing about the exceptional AN / SPY-1 / D, we read about twenty years ago and not so long ago now ... Damantsev is good at writing promotional articles, let him make friends with the US Navy ... It turns out exclusively and profitably ...
          ... well, about the challenge against Zircon, it’s generally a miscarriage ... Eugene remember, there is such a parameter as “speed of meeting” ... and this is not a problem of “Zircon”, but SAM, there is no time to capture ... just no ... in general there is nothing to comment on the point ... hi
          P.S. ... and another question ... but, on what did AN / SPY-6 be tested against supersonic and hypersonic anti-ship missiles? ... does the US Navy have at least one supersonic anti-ship missiles in service? ... no answer ... lol
          1. +1
            18 September 2017 21: 55
            That is, you advise cm-6 in an upgraded kit.
          2. +3
            18 September 2017 21: 57
            Quote: Inok10
            Are you sure ?

            I’m not sure and I won’t argue ... I don’t argue with the professionals, the only thing I wanted to say was that someone should cover the situation, as a pilot, I’m more concerned with the problem of electronic warfare for life, although I’m already retired, but somehow inertia bothers drinks
            1. +3
              18 September 2017 22: 22
              Quote: Shahno
              That is, you advise cm-6 in an upgraded kit.

              ... if it was addressed to me ... then there is only one recommendation, to return to where they left, and even to a loud orchestra, all the more so as they already did half a step back ... lighting, that is, the use of semi-active seekers, the next right step is returning to the place of Vulkan-Flanks or a newer development ... they with such fanfare left the "outdated" architecture of the ship’s air defense that they headed back with a hare ... wink
              Quote: NIKNN
              Not sure and I won’t argue ...

              ... truth is not born in a dispute ... personally, for an exchange of opinions ... hi
              Quote: NIKNN
              that someone should cover the situation

              ... the situation may vary ... AFAR, nitridgalium, etc. they don’t do TTX of the radar / radar ... it’s just a design and materials ... there are many other interesting things ... well, that’s not a word about it ... only beautiful blah blah ...
              Quote: NIKNN
              I'm a pilot by profession, I’m more concerned with the problem of electronic warfare because life, although already retired, but somehow by inertia bothers me

              ... all the more so should I be interested in everything with regards to the receiving path ... this is the "bread" of the electronic warhead ... its very crumb ... drinks
              1. +2
                18 September 2017 22: 38
                Quote: Inok10
                ... all the more so should I be interested in everything with regards to the receiving path ... this is the "bread" of the electronic warhead ... its very crumb ...

                I can’t argue ... and by the way, it's nice to talk with a person not from Wikipedia, I’m CEA as well, but much less than you ... specialization is a little different, but I understand and it's nice .. drinks
                1. +7
                  18 September 2017 23: 30
                  How much can you suck up the legend about the "dazzling" Khibiny "in articles?

                  EW airborne vehicles are not able to "crush" RE means of the destroyer.
                  Stupid for energy.

                  There, the principles of countering others and the horrors of the "fading BU and BIOS terminals" are Hollywood action movies.

                  And about the use of "Khibin" on 24 ke is also a question.
                  1. +2
                    18 September 2017 23: 37
                    Quote: Thor
                    And about the use of "Khibin" on 24 ke is also a question.

                    Again, I agree .., But already the "Khibiny" is not in container execution .., I think, and have become older ...
                  2. +3
                    19 September 2017 19: 48
                    Quote: Thor
                    How much can you suck up the legend about the "dazzling" Khibiny "in articles?

                    ... you have something to say about this, I will listen with pleasure ... hi
                    Quote: Thor
                    EW airborne vehicles are not able to "crush" RE means of the destroyer.
                    Stupid for energy.

                    ... ABOUT ! ... please be so kind as to tell us what empirical way you came to such conclusions ... very, you know, my friend. Curious ... we ask for the stage ... laughing
                    1. +1
                      24 September 2017 00: 21
                      ..you have something to say about this ..

                      Apparently, my friend, you have something to say. So say or object essentially, and not clown.

                      I leave the scene to you. The circus has left.
                      hi
                      1. +2
                        24 September 2017 22: 40
                        Quote: Thor
                        Apparently, my friend, you have something to say. So say or object essentially, and not clown.

                        ... it’s a pity that we were not able to hear the head of the transport department (s) ... so what about:
                        Quote: Thor
                        EW airborne vehicles are not able to "crush" RE means of the destroyer.
                        Stupid for energy.

                        ... so where is the point? ... laughing
                        Quote: Thor
                        I leave the scene to you. The circus has left.

                        ... go wash yourself ... wassat
                  3. +1
                    10 February 2018 12: 51
                    Quote: Thor
                    How much can you suck up the legend about the "dazzling" Khibiny "in articles?
                    EW airborne vehicles are not able to "crush" RE means of the destroyer.
                    Stupid for energy.

                    And when exposed to the receiver, too, can not?
          3. 0
            22 September 2017 17: 26
            My in-depth study of physics in a Soviet school allowed me to understand what was written. this is interesting, but this is not a word about this in the article. Thank.
          4. 0
            19 May 2018 17: 15
            The question is - and when will there be enough of these pumped "bierks" that would have some weight in the rest of the fleet. and how far is the given radar? How could a bunch of children's sores come out later?
    2. +11
      18 September 2017 10: 47
      That is yes. Cook shone with the Bastion, and Sushka the scout looked at what they would shine in response to record the characteristics. Normal intelligence. And about the attacks allegedly attacking - well, people like fairy tales to listen to, what can I say?)
      Why quit ashore? Nobody came up with the planned rotation of personnel or the indignation of the crew by the actions of a commander like "we did not sign under Russian fire!"
    3. +2
      18 September 2017 13: 17
      This is DAMANS! And that says it all.
      1. jjj
        +1
        18 September 2017 14: 49
        But the new equipment does not fit in the smooth contours of the superstructures. Begin to slowly make even for the perimeter of the sides. Why was the "life-mantu" kolobrodit?
    4. 0
      18 September 2017 23: 49
      a fake is not a fake, But I remember a month or two ago I read info about calls from major publications like the air force
  2. +2
    18 September 2017 09: 25
    Eugene, do you not know that all these fakes, which came from nowhere, were refuted by the Russian side, which was soon refuted ...
    What is it: order, provocation, misinformation?
  3. +13
    18 September 2017 09: 35
    “Later it turned out that the“ Khibin ”on the suspensions of the“ Swordsman ”that had flown out of the AvB Guards was not there at all” ///

    One fake exposed.
    Why pull a second fake - about layoffs?
    1. +10
      18 September 2017 10: 47
      Well, people like fairy tales, that’s what pulls them.
    2. +2
      18 September 2017 17: 49
      for starters, you tell the American side, that's who fakes some fakes like hot cakes for any reason and without
  4. +1
    18 September 2017 10: 58
    interesting article. But one could not write about the dismissal of sailors
    1. 0
      19 May 2018 17: 17
      You can not write. Only the shortage in the mattresses has not gone away. At least in the ground forces, even in the Air Force, even in the Navy. Potsriots do not want to defend their homeland
  5. wot
    +8
    18 September 2017 11: 04
    Quote: voyaka uh
    One fake exposed.
    Why pull a second fake - about layoffs?

    again a comrade from izrail crawls in-would you pin it up, just to poke it, well, and the nation ..... do you and your countrymen have nothing more to do? or catch the buzz? can you marry you will immediately find something to do
    1. +2
      18 September 2017 13: 19
      you and your countrymen have nothing more to do? or catch the buzz? can you get married? you will immediately find something to do
      laughing good laughing
    2. +8
      18 September 2017 14: 43
      wot "just to poke, well, and the nation"
      I didn’t like one answer, and immediately hit the whole nation? Well, get a return - your nation is no better, judging by you.
      1. 0
        18 September 2017 19: 30
        And there are all sorts of people walking around on our sites ... Do not let others into others?
        1. +2
          19 September 2017 08: 58
          and so you have everywhere and always. one window dressing. purely my opinion.
  6. +2
    18 September 2017 11: 15
    The advanced ship radar AMDR embodies all the best technological developments of the late XX - early XX century.
    A good article, just take a closer look at the dates.
    The beginning of the twentieth century is no longer relevant.
  7. +1
    18 September 2017 11: 17
    Interesting article. Oh, how much money it costs.
  8. +5
    18 September 2017 13: 02
    “We all remember the degree of hysteria that arose in the Western media in April 2014, immediately after the observation flight of the Russian tactical reconnaissance Su-24MR of the Black Sea Fleet’s naval aviation in the immediate vicinity of the American destroyer URO DDG-75 USS“ Donald Cook ”.
    In reality, the situation was somewhat different ..
    "We all remember the degree of hysteria that was attributed to the Western media in April 2014, immediately after the observation flight of the Russian tactical reconnaissance Su-24MR of the Black Sea Fleet naval aviation in the immediate vicinity of the American destroyer URO DDG-75 USS" Donald Cook ".
    It is very useful to independently monitor these same tools. True, it was necessary to learn enemy languages ​​in school. And whoever has not learned, he will think that they have tantrums there all the time. There are tantrums, only they are terribly far from those about which they are talking here.
    1. 0
      6 August 2018 19: 49
      “It’s very useful to independently monitor these very means. True, it was necessary to learn enemy languages ​​at school. And whoever doesn’t learn will think that they have tantrums there all the time” - this is five)
  9. wot
    +3
    18 September 2017 14: 49
    Quote: fider
    I didn’t like one answer, and immediately hit the whole nation? Well, get a return - your nation is no better, judging by you.

    such as you and all of you kosher answers like a carbon copy laughing I look from another account laughing fearfully wink fear right bully
  10. 0
    18 September 2017 18: 11
    In any case, the correspondent does not have full information, because it is at least 00 (top secret), and so ONE BABA TOLD.
  11. 0
    18 September 2017 23: 14
    Will they deliver in N the number of years, the author, Russia, what will he expect when they catch her?
    1. +3
      21 September 2017 23: 43
      Our fleet will wait a long time, at least 15 years - of new ships of the first rank.
      1. 0
        24 February 2018 15: 35
        If at all wait ... One hope for the team of Grudinin.
  12. +1
    19 September 2017 00: 27
    Good article. I would like more of this material. Added to my bookmarks, at your leisure you will need to re-read and dig deeper into the sources. Thanks to the author
  13. +2
    19 September 2017 19: 18
    Yes there was not any hysteria. In their media, this incident went unnoticed. Because it did not carry any threat to the ship.
  14. 0
    23 September 2017 02: 11
    Incomprehensible title of the article. What does zircon have to do with it? With regard to the downsizing of zircons in the United States, things are either not possible or impossible. It didn’t even reach very very difficult.
  15. 0
    26 September 2017 04: 04
    Ffuu, Inok10 ...
    Since we talked politely, you went scotched.
  16. +1
    31 October 2017 16: 39
    Quote: wot
    for people like you and all of you kosher, I’m looking at a carbon copy from another acc

    Somehow primitive .. You really have nothing more to say? Sound facts, calculations? Unworthy (

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