"Brain" of the domestic aerospace shield
2 Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation - 75 yearsIn the first days of autumn, solemn events are organized on this occasion with the participation of representatives of the leadership of the federal and local authorities, organizations and institutions of the Ministry of Defense, defense industries, as well as veterans of the institute.
This representation is due to the recognition of the merits of the 2nd Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation - a scientific center widely known in Russia and the CIS countries for the development of theoretical and applied issues of organizing air defense (aerospace) of the country and the Armed Forces. The Institute conducts scientific research on a wide range of both operational-strategic and military-technical problems of building a system Defense (VKO) of Russia and the CIS countries.
The progenitor of the institute is Artillery The Rifle Committee of the Red Army was formed on September 1, 1935, in accordance with the order of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR No. 080. It became the source of the 2nd Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of Russia.
FROM CANNONS TO ROCKETS
Many significant events in stories of our country and the history of the institute has happened over the past 75 years. Dashing pre-war and war years, the harsh 50-60s of the creation and establishment of the air defense system of the state on the basis of the latest reactive models aviation, anti-aircraft missile weapons and radar technology. The tense 70-80s of the Cold War - a fierce arms race, "star wars", a tense struggle for superiority in aerospace - active participation in the creation of a missile attack warning system, anti-missile and anti-space defense systems. The most difficult 90s - work in fundamentally new conditions for the country's economic development and large-scale military reform.
The history of the formation and development of scientific research in the 2 Central Research Institute is an example of an adequate response to the problems of improving the air defense and aerospace defense of the country and the Armed Forces in response to changing external military threats.
In the difficult, dramatic years of the Great Patriotic War, taking into account the bitter experience of numerous losses from fascist aviation strikes, the enormous role of organized air defense of important objects of the country's economic potential and public administration, as well as strategic objects of the Armed Forces, was revealed. Therefore, a special type of troops was created - the Air Defense Forces. In the war and the first post-war years, the air defense of objects was built on the basis of anti-aircraft artillery. The staff of the institute did a lot to improve anti-aircraft artillery. As a result, domestic samples of it began to surpass the best foreign analogues.
However, as a result of the improvement of the aviation of potential adversaries, the speed and flight altitude of combat aircraft have increased significantly. The anti-aircraft guns that existed by that time could no longer effectively carry out air defense tasks. At this critical time, the institute put forward the idea of re-equipping the Air Defense Forces with a new progressive type of weapon - anti-aircraft missile systems and systems. Now it's hard to believe, but we had to stubbornly prove the superiority of a new type of weapon. In a short time, with the direct participation of the institute, a number of anti-aircraft missile systems were developed and put into service with the Air Defense Forces - the medium-range air defense system S-25 "Berkut", S-75A "Dvina", S-75M "Desna", short-range air defense system S -125 "Neva", long-range air defense systems S-200 "Angara" and "Vega".
At the same time, the Institute rapidly developed the theoretical foundations of tactics for the combat use of new anti-aircraft missile weapons, the principles of building mixed air defense groups to cover the country's industrial regions and large administrative and political centers from air strikes by potential enemies. The Institute developed the concept of building the anti-aircraft missile defense of the country as a whole, which was approved by the government and accepted for implementation.
It was the forces and means of this air defense system that made it possible to stop the flight of a US reconnaissance aircraft near Sverdlovsk, piloted by pilot F. Powers, which convinced the opponents of our country of the inaccessibility of Soviet air borders and stopped their regular provocations. It was this anti-aircraft missile armament that participated in repulsing massive air strikes in local conflicts of the XNUMXth century in Vietnam, Syria and Egypt and showed its high tactical and technical characteristics.
FOR ALL POSSIBLE THREATS - WORTHY ANSWERS
In the middle of the 60 of the last century, information appeared about the creation of a new formidable US weapons - long-range strategic cruise missiles. They were supposed to be launched from air and sea carriers far from the borders of the country and then guided with high accuracy using new efficient navigation systems to the facilities of the country and the Armed Forces. Evaluations carried out at the institute showed that due to the flight of cruise missiles at extremely low altitudes with enveloping the terrain, the effectiveness of their destruction by the anti-aircraft missile weapons that existed at that time turned out to be very low.
The emerging problem of combating cruise missiles was successfully solved, including with the participation of scientists from the institute. The ideology of creating a layered defense of the country against this type of weapon was substantiated and implemented. As an advanced defense echelon that ensures the defeat of cruise missile carriers, they proposed the Shield aviation system, which was based on the MiG-31 long-range fighters and AK RLDN A-50. This made it possible to ensure an effective fight against strategic aircraft at the borders up to 1200-2000 km from the country's borders. As the second echelon of defense, anti-aircraft missile cover systems for the most important objects and regions of the country, built on the basis of the new generation S-300 anti-aircraft missile system (SAM), were proposed. The Institute's scientists have developed the basic military-technical principles for constructing this system, which ensure its high efficiency in hitting targets at extremely low altitudes. The S-300, with the direct participation of the institute, was developed and put into service in record time, ahead of the adoption of a similar American Patriot anti-aircraft missile system. For the creation of the S-300 air defense system and its modifications, a number of scientists of the institute were awarded the State Prize, many were awarded orders and medals.
For the direct protection of the largest administrative and industrial centers of the country on the basis of new anti-aircraft missile weapons, an operational-strategic and military-economic justification was carried out for the development of integrated defense systems that ensure the repulsion of massive strikes of a wide range of types of AOS, including manned and unmanned air attack weapons. During these works, the 2nd Central Research Institute of the Russian Ministry of Defense for the first time created a mathematical apparatus implemented on a computer, which allows for the military design of integrated systems of zonal anti-aircraft missile defense, to select the required number and rational arrangement of positions of information and fire weapons, ensuring their maximum visibility and destruction, taking into account the complex real terrain, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of their reflection of massive missile and air strikes with predictable characteristics.
A comprehensive, effective methodology for testing complex defense systems was developed and put into practice.
At present, the danger of the use of ballistic missiles of various classes by a number of countries has increased. In the interests of ensuring effective anti-missile defense of the facilities of our state and the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the institute substantiated the creation of a new generation of S-400 Triumph air defense systems, which was successfully developed, tested and adopted by the troops. Its combat use in the zonal defense systems of the country will ensure their reliable anti-aircraft missile cover in the face of new threats.
The creation of new types of anti-aircraft missile weapons required the development of correct initial data on the characteristics of vulnerability and radar visibility of predicted means of aerospace attack. In the early 60s, by the decision of the government of the USSR, the institute for the first time in the country began to form a unique laboratory base to study trends in the development of the characteristics of air and missile attack weapons of leading foreign states, forms and methods of their combat use. A unique laboratory base was created for a comprehensive study of the characteristics of the vulnerability of aircraft, their radar and optical visibility. As a result of these studies, in 1962, for the first time in our country, a regulatory and technical document approved by the government was developed, containing a scientifically substantiated system of initial data on the characteristics of aerospace attack weapons. At the same time, the institute began to create scientific divisions and an experimental laboratory base containing specialized complexes for studying the characteristics of radar and optical visibility of aircraft. Each of the complexes has passed the State metrological examination and has a corresponding certificate.
The reference radar measuring complex ERIK-1 has no analogues in Russia and Europe. Its creators - scientists of the 2 Central Research Institute of the Russian Ministry of Defense were awarded the USSR State Prize. "ERIC-1" is designed for high-precision precessional experimental studies of the radar characteristics of aircraft, including those made using the "Stealth" technology.
All highly effective domestic samples of rocket and aviation weapons and aviation equipment, created earlier and currently being adopted by the RF Armed Forces, are undergoing examination, analysis and synthesis of the required radar visibility at the ERIK-1 complex within the walls of the 2nd Central Research Institute of the Russian Ministry of Defense. Among them are strategic bombers, amphibious aircraft, tactical missile systems, anti-ship missiles, as well as advanced aviation, missile and space weapons being developed.
In the late 60s and early 70s, a tense international situation developed. The country was threatened by land-based and sea-based intercontinental-range missiles. The task was set on the agenda - to create in the shortest possible time a domestic missile attack warning system (SPRN). The Institute not only substantiated the tactical and technical requirements for early warning systems, but also became the direct developer of the first combat algorithms for early warning radar systems, and the system was put into service as soon as possible.
In the 60-70s, the Institute substantiated the tactical and technical requirements for the space echelon of early warning systems, conducted (as the parent organization) a number of unique military-applied experiments on board manned spacecraft and long-term orbital stations to measure the characteristics of infrared and ultraviolet radiation from rocket jets and the natural background of the Earth, the transparency of the atmosphere. In the 70s and 80s, the institute took an active part in the development and testing of several types of onboard detection equipment and the early warning space echelon as a whole, which was put on combat duty in 1978.
The development of air defense aviation weapons, the greatest intensity of which falls on the period from the mid-60s to the mid-80s, is characterized by a number of important stages. Each of them changed the generation of aircraft, automated control systems, and ground infrastructure. During this period, aviation of the 3rd and 4th generations was created, and by the end of the 80s they formed the basis of the air defense fighter aviation regiments. The foundation was laid for the creation of the 5th generation fighter. The ideologist of substantiating the role and place of the air defense aviation of the country, the methods of its combat use, the development of aviation equipment and weapons in that period was and remains to this day the 2nd Central Research Institute.
An analysis of the development of enemy weapons in the period from 1979 to 1986 and the changes in the military-political situation that followed in the 90s, as well as possible prospects for the development of domestic weapons, carried out at the institute, showed that the problem of long-range interception should be solved at the level of combat capabilities of modernized fighters MiG-31 and Su-27 types. At the same time, the operational-tactical mobility of aviation groupings should be provided by air reconnaissance and control equipment, space reconnaissance and navigation equipment, and long-range ground reconnaissance equipment, including over-the-horizon radars, which was adopted for practical implementation in the early 90s.
The idea of multifunctionality, substantiated at the 2nd Central Research Institute of the Russian Ministry of Defense and currently being implemented in modernized fighters and the advanced front-line aviation complex (PAK FA) being developed, is especially relevant after the merger of the Air Defense Forces and the Air Force into a single type of aircraft in terms of increasing efficiency and degree of unification of weapons.
For the direct protection of the largest administrative and industrial centers of the country, operational-strategic and military-economic substantiation of the principles of building complex defense systems based on information and anti-aircraft missiles, which ensured the reflection of massive strikes of a wide range of EAS types, was carried out.
The development of a wide range of flight altitudes by means of aerospace attacks (from ultra-low to cosmic) and the expansion of the range of flight speeds to hypersonic presented new requirements for information systems and air defense systems. Provide the necessary depth of reconnaissance of airborne submarines in the entire coverage of the heights of their combat use capable of radar over-horizon detection The creation of requirements for such radars, the assessment of the effectiveness of their combat use, as well as the development of algorithms for opening intelligence signs and recognizing operational situations using information from over-the-horizon means are carried out with the head participation of the 2 Central Research Institute of the Russian Defense Ministry. Currently, work is underway to deploy a prototype radar ZGO and obtained results on the detection of air targets and the opening of operational situations at a distance of up to several thousand kilometers from the borders of the Russian Federation.
On the initiative of the institute, in connection with a sharp increase in the speed and maneuverability characteristics of the EAS, high-performance radio equipment such as three-coordinate radars with automatic coordinate acquisition and complexes of automation equipment for RTV units and subdivisions with a capacity of up to several hundred targets was asked for development.
One of the important areas of research is the participation of the institute in the formation of the Federal Airspace Intelligence and Control System.
In parallel with the creation of new types of weapons at the institute, activities were carried out to ensure the preparation of combat crews to work on them.
In 1962, based on the generalization of the experience of organizing and conducting combat training of air defense air defense units, the appearance was substantiated, TTT was formed, the principles for constructing the main elements of the simulator for preparing combat crews of the S-75 air defense missile system were developed, and a prototype model of the simulator was created. In 1965, a prototype of the Akkord-75 simulator was developed, in 1968, the Akkord-200 was developed to train the calculations of the S-200 air defense system together with the command post of the air defense system equipped with the Senezh automated control system. In 1971, the Akkord-75 was unified for the S-125 air defense system. For the creation of a complex of means for preparing combat crews of the S-25, S-75 and S-125 air defense systems, the employees of the institute were awarded the State Prize of the USSR.
In 1985, a prototype model of a simulator for the preparation of combat crews of multi-channel air defense missile systems was created, at which more than 100 combat crews of units from six air defense units, which confirmed its high efficiency and need for use, were trained at the institute.
An important milestone in the history of the 2nd Central Research Institute was the development of work and research in the interests of creating weapons based on new principles of destruction. These activities, carried out in response to the American SDI program in accordance with government regulations, included the Lotus, Hook, Maple, Acceleration, and Impact programs. A special subdivision was formed at the institute, a unique experimental base for conducting research on this topic has been created and is functioning. The results obtained on this basis are implemented in the Interdepartmental initial data on the vulnerability of the SVKN to the effects of special weapons and are the basis for the design of special weapons systems.
The 2nd Central Research Institute is the leading research organization in the RF Ministry of Defense in the field of research into the problems of aerospace defense. The operational-strategic research launched at the institute since 1980, conducted jointly with the Research and Development Department of the Ministry of Defense and other ministries and departments, made it possible to determine the system requirements for the RF Aerospace Defense, its prospective appearance by stages of development, taking into account the economic capabilities of the state and the expected threats to the country's security in the air space sphere.
GOALS FAR AND NEAR
The latest basic document in the field of aerospace defense is the Concept of the aerospace defense of the Russian Federation until 2016 of the year and the subsequent period, approved by the President of the Russian Federation in April of 2006.
As part of its implementation, the Institute in the period 2006-2010 developed a set of necessary organizational and military-technical measures that ensure, at the first stage, the improvement of the capabilities of existing air defense and missile and space defense systems and the creation of an integrated system of the country's aerospace defense at the second stage. The integration of aerospace defense forces implies the formation of new subsystems: reconnaissance and warning of an aerospace attack, destruction and suppression of forces and means of an aerospace attack, comprehensive support and control.
By the decision of the Council of Heads of Government of the CIS Member States dated April 16, 2004, the 2nd Central Research Institute of the Russian Ministry of Defense was given the status of a base organization of the CIS countries in the field of research into air defense problems. Over the past period, the Institute has carried out scientific research in this direction. In 2004-2005, a target program was developed to ensure the comprehensive counteraction of the armed forces of the CIS member states to the forces and means of air attack, which was approved by the Council of Defense Ministers of the Commonwealth countries. In almost all joint exercises of the air defense troops (forces) of the CIS states, the institute's employees solved research tasks aimed at developing a set of measures to improve the efficiency of command and control and interaction of forces and means that are part of the unified air defense system of the CIS.
The most important result was the substantiation of the expediency of creating unified regional air defense systems in collective security zones, their structure, composition and tasks to be solved. The result of this work is the signing on February 3, 2009 by the presidents of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus of an Agreement on the joint protection of the external border of the Union State in the airspace and the creation of a Unified Regional Air Defense System of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus in the Eastern European Collective Security Region. Draft similar agreements have been developed for the Caucasus and Central Asian regions.
Such episodes for the past time in the history of the institute can be counted more than a dozen. He has always been challenging high-tech tasks.
For the development, testing and implementation of advanced air defense systems and weapons in the troops, the 2nd Central Research Institute was awarded the Order of the Red Banner (1968) and the October Revolution (1985), the pennant of the Minister of Defense (2005), 45 scientists of the Institute for the development and testing of new weapons and military technicians were awarded the State Prize, and nine were awarded the honorary title "Honored Worker of Science (Science and Technology) of the Russian Federation", over 400 employees were awarded government awards.
Currently, the institute works fruitfully in the conditions of the transition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to a new look.
The main tasks solved by the 2nd Central Research Institute are the operational-strategic and military-economic substantiation of the prospective image of the aerospace defense system of the Russian Federation and its subsystems, the development of a set of practical measures for their creation and development, the definition of tactical and technical requirements for advanced models of aerospace defense weapons and military-scientific support of their creation, development of proposals on the composition of the troops (forces) of the air defense of the Air Force, equipping them with modern air defense systems. At the same time, priority is given to research aimed at finding the most effective measures to counter the enemy’s airborne control systems in the face of financial constraints: the formation of a single information space of aerospace defense, increasing the mobility and stability of the air defense system, creating air defense systems based on new physical principles, expanding the capabilities of the intelligence system to detect and track modern means of aerospace attack.
Summing up the results of the 75-year activity of the institute, it can be said with confidence that the 2nd Central Research Institute of the Russian Ministry of Defense has extensive practical experience in conducting research in the field of aerospace defense, has sufficient scientific potential and the necessary material and technical base to successfully solve problems in the interests of a reliable ensuring the security of the Russian Federation in the aerospace sphere.
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