Bacteria vs mines

65
Bacteria vs mines

Israeli scientists have developed a new method of remote search for mines with the help of bacteria, which will save the lives of many soldiers.

Detailed scientific work published in the month of April in the journal Nature Biotechnology, reports vesty.co.il.



Nowadays, about 100 of millions of explosive objects in operational and inoperative condition in the 70 countries of the world are located underground. At the same time, they are still being searched for in most cases by “grandfather's” methods, that is, with a significant risk to life.

A group of researchers at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, headed by Professor Shimshon Belkin, managed to grow genetically modified bacteria on the basis of Escherichia coli, which glow in the presence of explosives in the medium. Microorganisms are scattered in potentially dangerous areas and then monitored for their behavior with the help of remote equipment.



The action of the system is based on the reaction of bacteria to chemicals emitted in small quantities by mines. Bacteria placed in polymer granules are scattered around the minefield, and their fluorescence is then detected using a laser system that can be installed in a vehicle, including unmanned aerial vehicles. The system was successfully tested on real minefields in northern Israel, scanning the ground at a speed of about 18 centimeters per second. Developers expect to further improve this figure.

Researchers placed around 100 000 bacteria into polymer balls made from algae and sprayed them over a minefield. A day later, they used a laser to remotely determine and quantify fluorescence from a distance of 20 meters. Later, they reported on bringing the detection time to three hours, as well as on working to limit the lifetime of the bacteria, in order to reduce the mass fears about the potential danger of genetically modified organisms in the environment.


“Our field data show that engineering biosensors may be useful in a mine detection system,” said Professor Shimshon Belkin, who led the experiment. “In order for the technology to be possible, several problems need to be overcome, such as increasing the sensitivity and stability of sensory bacteria, increasing the scanning speed to cover large areas and creating a more compact scanning device so that it can be used on board an unmanned aircraft.”

Researchers note the effectiveness, convenience and low cost of the method. The necessary bacteria are easy to grow and store in the refrigerator or in dried form. The new method was successfully tested in a minefield in northern Israel.

Three years ago, Belkin and his colleagues obtained a by-product of their experiments — modified bacteria suitable for detecting contaminants in water.

However, this method is not new and was invented, in principle, not by Jews. Back in 2009, Scottish scientists conducted similar work. They have developed a simple and inexpensive way to detect mines using bacteria. Microorganisms are created using a new technology called BioBricking and allowing you to manipulate parts of the DNA of bacteria.

Biologists from the University of Edinburgh have created a special kind of bacteria that begin to glow brightly in the presence of unexploded mines - more precisely, substances that eventually flow from ammunition and enter the soil.

Then a colorless mixture is created, which several hours after it is applied to the land containing the mines, it starts to glow green. A peculiar solution of bacteria can be watered in suspicious places. If the area is large and very dangerous, you can spray it, for example, from an airplane (as is sometimes done with water or fertilizer, pesticides).

The main advantages of the new method are: ease of manufacture, low cost of production of the mixture and accuracy in determining the position of ammunition.

“Such an anti-mine sensor is another example of how innovative advances in science help ordinary people,” says one of the authors, Dr. Alistair Elfic, in a university press release.


Sources:
http://www.vesty.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4948243,00.html
http://www.trust.ua/news/140007-v-izraile-bakterii-naucili-iskat-miny.html
http://www.cmk1.ru/v-izraile-uchatsya-iskat-miny-s-pomoshhyu-bakterij-lazerov-i-dronov/
http://wordyou.ru/253238izrailtyanedlyapoiskaminpredlagayutispolzovatbakterii.html
http://www.vesty.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4948243,00.html
https://indicator.ru/news/2017/04/12/bakterii-i-miny/?utm_source=rnews
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65 comments
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  1. +1
    April 18 2017 05: 12
    The troops will be a new group of "dog handlers" laughing
    1. 0
      April 18 2017 05: 19
      Chemical and bacteriological weapons are prohibited.
      1. +16
        April 18 2017 05: 33
        And if at the next stage, Israeli scientists create bacteria that will feed on the explosive, while decomposing it into safe components? Is it goodbye weapons? Sprayed the aerosol with bacteria over the enemy’s territory and after another day - ammunition and shells do not shoot, mines do not explode, missiles, although they fly, do not explode either. Again bows and spears? wink
        1. +3
          April 18 2017 07: 36
          Quote: Svarog51
          Again bows and spears?

          No .... Antibiotics!
          1. +2
            April 18 2017 09: 32
            E. coli say? It seems to me that the main goal of these bacteria is to poison the Palestinians.
            1. +4
              April 18 2017 10: 53
              Quote: Arzoo
              It seems to me that the main purpose of these bacteria

              Today, mines are in plastic cases, which makes it difficult to search with a commonplace detector, and plastic cases are leakproof (neither microbes get inside, nor chemical substances leak out) and durability. Therefore, the interaction of microbes with explosives is extremely problematic, or rather impossible. As for metal ammunition, everything is clear, remote devices are unmeasured. Microbes still have to crawl into the ground, and there’s not an empty place, there are such severe microbes laughing cocci, mushrooms, etc. A dead Escherichia coli (which determines the smell of feces by the way) can not cope here. Therefore, this blizzard of Grantoed is no more, but after two years, the Israelis will begin to poop with blood (as happened in Germany with the same wand) laughing
              1. +1
                April 18 2017 10: 58
                Yes, I immediately understood. They decided to spray bacteriological weapons over Gaza - they’re looking for mines. laughing
              2. +2
                April 18 2017 13: 35
                Quote: hrych
                Today, mines are in plastic cases, which makes it difficult to search with a banal mine detector, and plastic cases are leakproof (no microbes get inside, no chemicals leak out)


                polymers are not completely sealed. nobody has canceled diffusion and molecular effusion
                1. +1
                  April 18 2017 13: 41
                  But dealing with such crap is very easy.
                  Undermine the munition above the minefield so that the main part of the explosives does not detonate, but is sprayed over the field.
                  And there will be a continuous flare. Nichrome will not be found.
                  That's all.
        2. +3
          April 18 2017 07: 36
          the matter is good and useful, but the whole question of HOW these bacteria will behave themselves over time and what the Israeli comrades mutate into is experimented with, and the whole world can be turned into dust more clean than nuclear weapons
          1. +8
            April 18 2017 08: 10
            I agree with you good Bacteriology to one degree or another and under various signs all over the world is still involved. Only nature can not be fooled, after some period of time it will still give its "answer to Chamberlain" and no one can predict the consequences. hi
        3. +1
          April 18 2017 10: 16
          "will create bacteria that will feed on the explosive, while decomposing it into safe components?" ///

          Oh, such a non-lethal weapon is a military dream!
          Of course, they are trying to develop such things. And further.
          To decompose gasoline / kerosene chemically so that it does not work in engines,
          "turn off" electricity in cars ...
          1. +1
            April 18 2017 10: 44
            Quote: voyaka uh
            Oh, such a non-lethal weapon is a military dream!

            There is a stick about two things, as if the attacker did not suffer. In chemical weapons, there is a time for the breakdown of substances, while bacteriological weapons practically do not exist. Also, gasoline, etc., is an aggressive environment in which life is not possible. What solarium, that gasoline are excellent solvents, and there the microbial membranes are made up of lipids (fats) that simply break down. In short, this is impossible. Unless it’s a xenomorph from someone else’s, where it’s not carbon but silicon life, he only had to eat carbon creatures, but oh well laughing
            1. +1
              April 18 2017 10: 52
              There are bacteria (not genetically modified) but ordinary
              natural, who love to eat oil. Oil that spilled into
              Gulf of Mexico after the accident British Petroleum, gobbled up bacteria.
              A little bit they need to explain that gas is even tastier!
              1. 0
                April 18 2017 10: 59
                Quote: voyaka uh
                gobbled up bacteria

                And you believe through time, it is about water in which hydrocarbon molecules are dissolved, i.e. a couple of hydrocarbon molecules per million water molecules, although they are few in number, but they poison the fish, etc. The mukrob is able to eat such things, but put it in pure oil, it will completely dissolve itself laughing
                1. +1
                  April 18 2017 11: 23
                  Oil is organic. Why don't bacteria eat organics?
                  Tasty and nutritious. Yes
                  1. 0
                    April 18 2017 11: 25
                    Quote: voyaka uh
                    Tasty and nutritious

                    So you try it yourself and tell me, maybe I will like it laughing
                    1. +2
                      April 18 2017 17: 11
                      In Russia, bacteria that use oil are used. This bacterium was discovered on Baikal, if it weren’t for this creature, Baikal would not become so clean
            2. +1
              April 18 2017 16: 55
              Quote: hrych
              Also, gasoline, etc., is an aggressive environment in which life is not possible.

              Cladosporium resinae looks at you very surprised. so don't talk nonsense.
              Quote: hrych
              Dead Escherichia coli (defining the smell of feces by the way)

              depending on what to compare "deadness".
              1. 0
                April 18 2017 18: 58
                Quote: DrVintorez
                Cladosporium resinae looks at you very surprised. so don't talk nonsense.

                Once again, for very smart people, the point is concentration, you can decompose a hydrocarbon molecule when it is in a low concentration. You want to put the bacteria right in the oil. Any microbe is the most advanced laughing must have water, oxygen (if not anaerobic, etc.) Read microbiology at last and everything will be revealed to you.
                Quote: DrVintorez
                depending on what to compare "deadness"

                This microbe lives in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals; outside of it, of course, it can be (in excrement) limited in time. There is a spectrum of microorganisms in the soil, where their soil is home, respectively, they are resistant to environmental influences, can live for thousands of years, etc. And the intestine is located in E. coli.
                1. +1
                  April 18 2017 19: 28
                  mdaaaa. then you have a noble porridge in your head.
                  Quote: hrych
                  You want to put the bacteria right in the oil.

                  you don’t even distinguish micromycetes from bacteria.
                  Quote: hrych
                  Read Microbiology Finally

                  I read microbiology regularly. specialty obliges.
                  1. The comment was deleted.
                    1. +1
                      April 18 2017 21: 05
                      Quote: hrych
                      Moreover, all stupidity would not have been carried from the yellow press.

                      Well, if the scientific articles are the yellow press, then I have no more arguments.
                      Cladosporium resinae - micromycete. perfectly eats oil and its refined products.
                      happiness, health, success. and good mood.
                      1. 0
                        April 18 2017 22: 29
                        Quote: DrVintorez
                        happiness, health, success. and good mood.

                        You can when you want laughing Same to you.
  2. +4
    April 18 2017 05: 28
    Fields treated with fertilizer with ammonium nitrate, what will be the color? Conveniently, the headlights will not be needed when sowing with grain. The main thing is that then they themselves would not shine all their lives.
    1. +1
      April 18 2017 06: 05
      Quote: Mar. Tira
      Fields treated with ammonium nitrate fertilizer what will be the color?

      Well, apparently not from nitrogen, they glow winked
      On the other hand, filled with a dubious, fill with a modified incomprehensible than the cradle of civilization? And at the same time half of Africa?
  3. +2
    April 18 2017 05: 34
    I liked the name of the developer Shimshon Belkin. ;)
    1. +4
      April 18 2017 06: 13
      Quote: Meshchersky
      I liked the name of the developer Shimshon Belkin. ;)

      Russian, not surprised! Russian Jew - More Than a Jew! Not a Jew with Negro or Arab roots to move science.
      1. +4
        April 18 2017 07: 34
        Quote: Stas157
        Russian, not surprised! Russian Jew - More Than a Jew! Not a Jew with Negro or Arab roots to move science.

        Yeah. Russian. Who else? laughing Born in Israel, in 1975 he graduated from the first degree in biology at Hebrew University and went off.
        http://bio.huji.ac.il/staff_in.asp?staff_id=62&am
        p; am
        p; chapter_id = 91

        PS
        The names of the entire group of scientists:
        Shimshon belkin
        Sharon yagur-kroll
        Yossef kabessa
        Victor Korooma
        Tali septon
        Yonatan anati
        Cheinat zohar-perez
        Zahi rabinovitz
        Amos nussinovitch
        Aharon J Agranat
        1. +8
          April 18 2017 08: 13
          [/ quote] Zahi Rabinovitz [quote]

          Professor, I’m embarrassed to ask, is this “our” Rabinovich with VO? recourse
          1. +2
            April 18 2017 08: 30
            Quote: Svarog51
            Professor, I’m embarrassed to ask, is this “our” Rabinovich with VO?

            I’m sure not.
            1. +8
              April 18 2017 08: 34
              Well then, I'm calm. Thank. hi
        2. +1
          April 18 2017 09: 17
          In 1975, he graduated from the first degree in biology at Hebrew University and went off.

          And you have all "gone and gone." True, you constantly forget that smart people came to you from the USSR.
          1. +3
            April 18 2017 09: 29
            Quote: rotmistr60
            In 1975, he graduated from the first degree in biology at Hebrew University and went off.

            And you have all "gone and gone." True, you constantly forget that smart people came to you from the USSR.

            Smart people came to us And from the USSR, but very few. The scoop did not like to let its citizens out of the realm of developed socialism. He put all kinds of conceivable and not conceivable obstacles. US pressure and the Jackson-Vanik amendments forced Brezhnev to open the iron curtain and release a small number of Jews. The bulk arrived in Israel after the death of the Prison of Nations.
            1. 0
              April 18 2017 09: 35
              and Jackson-Vanik

              Especially it was a pleasure.
            2. 0
              April 18 2017 09: 46
              Scoop did not like to release its citizens

              But for some reason, all the cunning left.
              1. 0
                April 18 2017 10: 09
                Come on you! Who left - he left now? We have more left, as it were, but they create such prikolyukhs there. There is something to think about.
        3. 0
          April 18 2017 17: 10
          Quote: professor
          Shimshon belkin

          Well, the stas was not far from the truth, not one has black or Arab roots. Is Tali Septon a nickname?
          1. +3
            April 18 2017 20: 25
            Quote: saturn.mmm
            Well, the stas was not far from the truth, not one has black or Arab roots. Is Tali Septon a nickname?

            Of course have. Yosef Cabeza is a typical representative of North Africa. Gap pattern? By the way, I personally had the honor of being acquainted with Professor Arnon Agronat. About 10 years ago, his laboratory used dead brain cells of mice as a microprocessor. They had difficulty soldering these cells to the electrodes. In one of the processes, they used the equipment of our company and asked them to help. Our leadership is not interested.
            1. 0
              April 18 2017 21: 04
              Quote: professor
              Of course have. Yosef Cabeza is a typical representative of North Africa.

              And all my life I thought that Cabeza is from Spain
              Quote: professor
              By the way, I personally had the honor of being acquainted with Professor Arnon Agronat.

              Agronates are most likely Lithuania or Eastern Belarus.
  4. 0
    April 18 2017 06: 43
    I wonder what exactly bacteria react to - the explosives themselves, one or another of its composition, to mines, metal, or plastic? ??? A million questions!
  5. +2
    April 18 2017 07: 06
    Probably react to nitrogen compounds. Otherwise they will not react to "artisanal" landmines, on the basis of nitrate. We are talking about changes in concentration, but fertilizers are unlikely to be added in piles. And fertilizers are hardly applied to minefields. And in general, it is better to "overtake". wassat
    But what a cunning people! And the surname is such a purely Jewish - Belkin laughing
  6. +3
    April 18 2017 07: 26
    Here in my opinion it is more interesting:
    http://www.vesty.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4948243,
    00.html
    Recall that earlier in Israel a method for the decomposition of explosives was developed - again using bacteria. Based on the fact that any explosives are organic material, the IDF reservist Eli Halperin, a biologist by profession, created a special solution with bacteria that “eat” both gunpowder and plastic explosives.

    The biologist explained that he proceeds from the process opposite to that which the Palestinians use to produce explosives from mineral fertilizers.

    The IDF is already using this method to eliminate stockpiles of expired explosives.

    Why search for mines using bacteria, and then send a sapper if you can destroy explosives with the help of the bacteria themselves?
    1. +3
      April 18 2017 07: 45
      Quote: professor
      can explosives be destroyed by the bacteria themselves?

      And here is the “fix” for you! It is said, "for every tricky nut there is a suitable bolt"! And on your "anti-mine" bacteria there are suitable antibiotics (!) .... or bacteriophages ... tongue
      1. +3
        April 18 2017 09: 30
        Quote: Nikolaevich I
        And here is the “fix” for you! It is said, "for every tricky nut there is a suitable bolt"! And on your "anti-mine" bacteria there are suitable antibiotics (!) .... or bacteriophages ...

        It is primarily about those munitions and mines in particular that are already resting in the ground. Even if the bacterium destroys them, a big deal will be done.
        1. +1
          April 18 2017 10: 10
          No, the idea is good. A landmine devoured by bacteria - there’s something in it ...
        2. +1
          April 18 2017 10: 44
          Well, for "harvesting" humanitarian missions from the old "fields" .... yes ... I agree ... it will do! But appropriate means of protecting mine weapons will be developed, both in the production of "fresh products" and for "long-standing" (but not having lost their "relevance") minefields, if the discussed method becomes widespread.
          1. +2
            April 18 2017 11: 02
            Quote: Nikolaevich I
            Well, for "harvesting" humanitarian missions from the old "fields" .... yes ... I agree ... it will do! But appropriate means of protecting mine weapons will be developed, both in the production of "fresh products" and for "long-standing" (but not having lost their "relevance") minefields, if the discussed method becomes widespread.

            Yes and no. On the one hand, highly developed countries have abandoned mines (anti-personnel); on the other hand, only highly developed countries can afford to play with “antibiotics” in mines. Ethiopia cannot do this.
            In general, the fight against mines and all sorts of IEDs is now very relevant. Colossal funds are being spent on this and progress will not take long. For example, it is already possible to search for IEDs from a drone using a laser that responds to explosive molecules in the air, a kind of artificial dog nose.

            PS
            I propose to deduce the appearance of cockroaches devouring explosives in all its diversity. Sorry I'm a techie, not a biologist. laughing
            1. +1
              April 18 2017 13: 18
              Quote: professor
              highly developed countries abandoned mines (anti-personnel),

              Imagine .... a lot of not very "highly developed" countries have survived in the world! Yes, and "highly developed" countries remain so until "their eggs are clamped in a vice," ... V about Ottawa convention? Then why did the USA and Israel not sign the convention? Like not very "highly developed" countries, or what? Moreover, the convention itself has many "loopholes", and a number of countries have signed it with reservations ... Therefore, only those ballistic measures that fall under the definition are prohibited "in full": undetectable "and" non-selectable "(" non-disconnectable ")! "Partisan" "fugaska" -lower ... and "intellectual mine (with" microchips "," metal detectors "; thermal, acoustic sensors and a" translator into foreign languages ​​"), it is possible!
              Quote: professor
              Only highly developed countries can afford to play with “antibiotics” in mines. Ethiopia cannot do this.

              Oh oh But what about the prevailing definition that chemical, bacteriological weapons are “nuclear” weapons of “poor” countries? It is believed that it is easier for "poor" countries to create chemical / bacter weapons than nuclear ones! And why did the United States, as a "real" clown, waved "anthrax tubes from Iraq"? Oh, sorry! You object to me that tama is "anthrax", and here are "useful-humanitarian" bacteria! However .... there and there, bacteria!
              Quote: professor
              In general, the fight against mines and all sorts of IEDs is now very relevant

              I completely agree ! Do not spare funds for the development, production of methods, devices for detection, neutralization, destruction of mines and WU! good
              Quote: professor
              I propose to deduce the appearance of cockroaches devouring explosives in all its diversity. Sorry I'm a techie, not a biologist.

              Oh ... it's you in vain! Do not be discouraged! Nonche is "in fashion": "cyborgs-cockroaches ... robots-cockroaches ..." That's the flag in your hands! Hold on and go for it! fellow
              1. +1
                April 18 2017 13: 39
                Quote: Nikolaevich I
                Imagine .... a lot of not very "highly developed" countries have survived in the world! Yes, and "highly developed" countries remain so until "their eggs are clamped in a vice," ... V about Ottawa convention? Then why did the USA and Israel not sign the convention? Like not very "highly developed" countries, or what? Moreover, the convention itself has many "loopholes", and a number of countries have signed it with reservations ... Therefore, only those ballistic measures that fall under the definition are prohibited "in full": undetectable "and" non-selectable "(" non-disconnectable ")! "Partisan" "fugaska" -lower ... and "intellectual mine (with" microchips "," metal detectors "; thermal, acoustic sensors and a" translator into foreign languages ​​"), it is possible!

                Tell me when the last time Israel used (mined) anti-personnel mines and together we laugh at the paper that needed to be signed. laughing

                Quote: Nikolaevich I
                Oh oh But what about the prevailing definition that chemical, bacteriological weapons are “nuclear” weapons of “poor” countries? It is believed that it is easier for "poor" countries to create chemical / bacter weapons than nuclear ones! And why did the United States, as a "real" clown, waved "anthrax tubes from Iraq"? Oh, sorry! You object to me that tama is "anthrax", and here are "useful-humanitarian" bacteria! However .... there and there, bacteria!

                Everyone can spoil the well, but only highly developed water can clean the poisoned water. Catch the difference?
                1. +1
                  April 18 2017 14: 27
                  Quote: professor
                  Tell me when the last time Israel used (mined) anti-personnel mines and together we laugh at the paper that needed to be signed.

                  I agree ... laughing lol have a good laugh! Really ... a piece of paper! Yes And some, here's Hochma (!), Believe in it! fool
    2. 0
      April 18 2017 11: 25
      Bacteria eat all the explosives, and again I want to eat. Is it really so easy to agree to die of hunger?
  7. +2
    April 18 2017 07: 54
    Good to the Jews! They can ... but we have this "number" will not work! We have genetically modified products prohibited by law! No. recourse request
    1. +8
      April 18 2017 08: 22
      We have genetically modified products prohibited by law!

      And genetically modified bacteria in our country are not ranked as products. request power supply.
      Let them graze while ... in a minefield ... in Israel. Suddenly, they will benefit. recourse hi
      1. +1
        April 18 2017 10: 50
        Duc, everything is comparatively relative! There are "food", and there are "food ..."
        1. +9
          April 18 2017 11: 15
          So if these "products" eat explosives, it turns out that they are not the "products", but the most, that there are "consumers". They’ll crawl away from the Israeli field to Syria and eat all the ammunition there (it would be good if they started with the barmaley), and the war will end sooner. feel Oh, dreams, dreams. hi
          1. +1
            April 18 2017 12: 03
            Well .... and the "cycle of substances in nature" ("... hello John! hi You have not changed at all! )? And what about the "links of the food chain? Today is the" consumer ", tomorrow is the" product "! bully
            1. +9
              April 18 2017 12: 15
              Better tomorrow! Only with the current situation in the world will we begin to “shine" ourselves soon, but be completely reluctant.
    2. 0
      April 18 2017 17: 26
      All products are already GMOs, it is impossible to ban them. And people themselves are also GMOs.

      Even ordinary potatoes - all varieties are bred in recent decades. Only then, at random, we tried and watched what happens, now it is a more complicated process.
  8. +7
    April 18 2017 08: 13
    Okay, at least based on E. coli, not plague belay
  9. +1
    April 18 2017 08: 22
    What people can’t come up with if UN resolutions aren’t implemented
    1. 0
      April 18 2017 17: 45
      Israel and Russia are friends drinks
  10. 0
    April 18 2017 12: 33
    Well, now they will start releasing mines with “antibacterial” protection for the future. No one has canceled the borders between the states.
  11. 0
    April 18 2017 16: 59
    Quote: hrych
    Quote: voyaka uh
    Tasty and nutritious

    So you try it yourself and tell me, maybe I will like it laughing

    "technophiles microorganisms gasoline" type in google. just for fun, you wonder? my first link fell out.
    1. 0
      April 18 2017 21: 04
      When these bacteria are first discovered and then devoured by all the mines in Israel, they mutate and take "eat" Israeli Jews and then the Palestinian problem will disappear by itself smile
      In the meantime, Israeli Jews act in the old fashioned way, that is, with the wrong hands:
      Israel hires Cambodian sappers with dogs to mine the Arava desert
      Israeli authorities and the Cambodian Mine Clearing Center signed a contract, within 23 staff of the center and 12 search dogs will arrive in Israel to participate in the mine clearance project of old minefields.
      Along the borders of Israel, there remains a large territory occupied by old Israeli and Arab minefields, many of which are missing maps, and the mines themselves are often shifted due to rains and soil movements. The main mined territories are located on the Golan Heights, in Judea and Samaria, and in the Arava desert.
      http://newsru.co.il/arch/israel/04apr2017/mines30
      6.html
  12. +1
    April 19 2017 00: 31
    Ah yes Belkin! Whoever says anything, but they are not traditionally thinkers. Whoever doesn’t remember - it is the Israeli architecture of the Core Duo CPU that pulled Intel out of the ... hollow, when in the middle of the zero years they began to merge AMD heavily with their P-4. They were the first to hydroponics not in space, but on earth on an industrial scale, and now we have the Israeli radish in all Magnets all year round.

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