Return to Huliaipole

35
One hundred years ago, an event occurred that opened one of the most interesting and controversial pages in stories The civil war in Russia. 6 April 1917, an 28-year-old young man arrived in the village of Gulyaypole, Aleksandrovsky district, Yekaterinoslav province. He returned to his native place, where he had been absent for nine years and another three or four months before returning, and he could not imagine that he would soon be in his native village. His name was Nestor Makhno.

Return to Huliaipole
- a group of released prisoners of Butyrka. In the first row on the left - Nestor Makhno



Eight years and eight months spent Nestor Makhno in custody. 26 August 1908 year 19-year-old Makhno was arrested for killing a military official. The young man then participated in the activities of the Union of Poor Grain-Harvestmen, or of the Gulyaypole group of anarchist communists, led by his senior comrades Alexander Semenyuta and Waldemar Anthony. Odessa Military District Court 22 March 1910, sentenced Nestor Ivanovnicha Makhno to death by hanging. However, as the age of majority, who had not reached the age of majority at the time of the commission of the crime, Nestor’s death penalty was replaced by indefinite penal servitude. To serve the sentence, Makhno in 1911 was transferred to the convict department of the Butyrskaya prison in Moscow.

Although by the time of his arrest Nestor Makhno was already a staunch anarchist and one of the key members of the Anthony Semenuta group, in fact, his formation as an ideological revolutionary occurred precisely in prison. This was not surprising. In childhood and adolescence, Nestor Makhno practically did not receive an education. He was born in a family of peasants Ivan Rodionovich Makhno and Evdokia Matveevna Perederiy. In the family, Ivan had six children — the brothers Polycarp, Savely, Emelyan, Gregory, Nestor, and sister Elena. When the youngest son Nestor was just 1 a year old, his father died. Since childhood, Nestor has learned what hard labor is. Nevertheless, he did learn the literacy - he graduated from the Gulyaypole two-year elementary school. This is where his official education ended. Nestor worked in farms of more prosperous neighbors - kulaks and landlords, and in the 1903 year, in the 15 years, he went to work in the paint shop, then transferred to the M. Kerner iron foundry in the same Gulyaypole. In August, Nestor joined XUUMIPOL group of anarchist communists, and its leader Waldemar Anthony, who, by the way, was only two years older, became the person who told Makhno about the basics of the anarchist worldview, about the political and social system.

In the Butyrka prison, Nestor Makhno met another famous anarchist, Peter Arshinov. In the famous film-series “Nine Lives of Nestor Makhno”, Peter Arshinov is shown as an elderly man, much older than Nestor himself. In fact, they were the same age. Peter Arshinov was born in 1887 year, and Nestor Makhno - in 1888 year. Mentor Nestor Arshinov was not because of age, but because of the much greater experience of participation in the revolutionary movement. Arshinov was not, as was shown in the film, and an “intellectual theorist”. A native of the Penza province, the village of Andreevka, Arshinov worked as a mechanic in railway workshops in Kizil-Arvat (now Turkmenistan) in his youth, and joined the revolutionary movement there. After all, railway workers in the Russian Empire were considered the most advanced detachment of the proletariat, along with printers.

In 1904-1906 Peter Arshinov, who was not yet twenty years old, led the organization of the RSDLP at Kizil-Arvat station, edited an illegal newspaper. In the 1906 year, trying to avoid arrest, he left for Yekaterinoslav. Here Arshinov became disillusioned with Bolshevism and joined the communist anarchists. In the anarchist environment, he became known as “Peter Marin”, participated in numerous expropriations and terrorist actions in Yekaterinoslav and its environs, becoming one of the most prominent militants of the Yekaterinoslav group of anarchist communists. 7 March 1907 Arshinov, who worked by that time as a mechanic at the Shoduar pipe rolling plant, killed the head of the railway workshops Aleksandrovsk Vasilenko. Petr Arshinov was arrested on the same day and 9 of March 1907 was sentenced to death by hanging. But the sentence could not be carried out - on the night of 22 on April 1907, Arshinov safely escaped from prison and left the borders of the Russian Empire. Returning two years later, he was nevertheless arrested and found himself in prison in Butyrka prison - along with Nestor Makhno.

It was Arshinov who undertook to train an illiterate like-minded person from Gulyaypole in Russian and world history, literature, and mathematics. Inquisitive Makhno listened to his colleague diligently. During the long eight years and eight months that Nestor had spent in Butyrka prison, he had become quite educated, for a barely literate young man, a man. Subsequently, the knowledge transferred by Arshinov and some other cellmates greatly helped Nestor Makhno in leading the rebel movement in the Yekaterinoslav region.

- prisoners of pre-revolutionary Butyrka

The February 1917 revolution liberated numerous political prisoners of the Russian Empire. 2 March 1917 from Nestor Makhno came out of the gates of the Butyrskaya prison in Moscow. He came out, full of emotions, not only for the family, which remained in far Gulyaypole, but also for the fate of the Gulyaypole group of anarchist-communists. When Makhno arrived in Gulyaypole, he was enthusiastically greeted by local anarchists. In his memoirs, he notes that many of those comrades with whom he acted in 1906-1908, were no longer alive, others had left the village, and even Russia. Back in 1910, Alexander Semenyuta shot himself while trying to arrest him. His brother Prokofy also shot himself - even earlier, in 1908. In 1909, Waldemar Anthony, nicknamed “Zarathustra”, left Russia. The founder of Gulyaypol anarchism for more than half a century settled in Latin America. The brother of Alexander Semenyuta Andrei, Savva Makhno, Moses Kalinichenko, Lev Schneider, Isidor Lyuty and some other anarchists rallied around Nestor returning to Gulyaypole. They clearly recognized Nestor Makhno, an anarchist and convict, to be their leader. As a respected person, Nestor was elected as a companion (deputy) chairman of the parish government of Gulyayipol. Then he became chairman of the Gulyaypol Peasant Union.

The idea of ​​creating the Peasant Union in Gulyaypole was proposed by the Socialist-Revolutionary Socialist Party Krylov-Martynov, the emissary of the Peasant Union acting in the Aleksandrovsky district, controlled by the Social Revolutionaries. Makhno agreed with the proposal of Krylov-Martynov, however he made his remark - the Peasant Union in Huliaipole should be created not to support the Socialist-Revolutionary Party in its activities, but for real protection of the interests of the peasantry. The main purpose of the Peasant Union, Makhno saw the expropriation of land, factories and plants in the public domain. Interestingly, the Socialist-Revolutionary Krylov-Martynov did not object, and the Peasant Union was created in Gulyaypole with its special principles that differed from the principles of other branches of the Peasant Union. The committee of the Gulyaypolsky Peasant Union included 28 peasants and, contrary to the wishes of Nestor Makhno himself, who, as a convinced anarchist, did not want to be any leader, he was elected chairman of the Gulyaypolsky Peasant Union. Within five days, practically all the peasants of Gulyaypole entered the Peasant Union, with the exception of a rich stratum of property owners, whose interests did not include the socialization of land. However, activity as the chairman of the Peasant Union and the vice-chairman of the volost Zemstvo could not arrange a revolutionary anarchist, whom Nestor Makhno considered himself to be. He strove for more decisive actions, which in his opinion approximated the victory of the anarchist revolution. 1 May 1917, a large May Day demonstration was held in Gulyaypole, in which even the soldiers of the nearby 8 Serb regiment participated. However, the regimental commander hurried to withdraw units from the village when he saw that the soldiers were interested in anarchist agitation. However, many servicemen joined the demonstrators.

Nestor Makhno, out of several dozen of his associates, created the Black Guard detachment, which proceeded to action against the landowners and capitalists. The Black Guardsmen Makhno attacked trains for the purpose of expropriations. In June, 1917. Anarchists launched an initiative to establish workers' control at enterprises of Guliaipole. The owners of enterprises, fearing reprisals from the Black Guard, were forced to give up. Then, in June, 1917, Makhno visited the neighboring town of Aleksandrovsk, the district center, where isolated anarchist groups and small groups operated. Makhno was invited by Alexander anarchists with a specific goal - to help in organizing the federation of anarchists Aleksandrovsk. Having created a federation, Makhno returned to Gulyaypole, where he helped to unite local workers in the metallurgical and woodworking industries.

In July, anarchists broke up the zemstvo 1917, after which new elections were held. Nestor Makhno was elected chairman of the zemstvo, he also declared himself commissioner of the Gulyaypolsky district. The next step of Makhno was the creation of the Committee of farm laborers, which was supposed to consolidate the agricultural workers who were employed in kulak and landowner farms. The active actions of Makhno to protect the interests of middle-peasants and poor peasants met with massive support from the people of Gulyaypole and the surrounding area. The recent political prisoner was becoming an increasingly popular political figure not only in his native village, but also beyond. In August, Nestor Makhno, 1917, was elected chairman of the Gulyaypole Council. At the same time, Nestor Makhno emphasized his opposition to the Provisional Government and demanded that the peasants of the region ignore the orders and instructions of the new government. Makhno made a proposal for the immediate expropriation of church and landlord land. After the expropriation of land, Makhno considered it necessary to transfer them to a free agricultural commune.



Meanwhile, the situation in the Yekaterinoslav region was heating up. 25 September 1918, Nestor Makhno signed a decree of the County Council on the nationalization of the land, after which the division of the nationalized landed estates between the peasants began. In early December 1917, a provincial congress of workers ', peasants' and soldiers 'deputies' councils was held in Yekaterinoslav, in which Nestor Makhno participated as a delegate from Gulyaypole, who also supported the demand for the convening of an All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets. Nestor Makhno as a well-known revolutionary and former political prisoner was elected to the judicial commission of the Alexander Revolutionary Committee. He was given the task of examining the cases of the socialist revolutionaries and Mensheviks arrested by the Soviet government, but Makhno proposed to blow up the Alexander prison and release the prisoners. Makhno's position did not find support in the revolutionary committee, so he left his staff and returned to Gulyaypole.

In December 1917, Yekaterinoslav was captured by the armed forces of the Central Rada. The threat hung over Huliaipolem. Nestor Makhno convened an emergency Congress of Soviets of the Gulyaypolsky district, which issued a resolution under the slogan "Death of the Central Rada." Even then, Nestor Makhno, from whom at the end of the twentieth century, Ukrainian nationalists completely unreasonably tried to dazzle the image of "a supporter of separatist Ukraine", spoke out categorically criticizing the position of the Central Rada, and generally showed a negative attitude towards Ukrainian nationalism. Of course, at first, with tactical necessity, it was necessary to cooperate with the Ukrainian socialists who spoke from nationalist positions, but Makhno always distinguished between the anarchist idea and the "political Ukrainians", to which he treated, like any other "bourgeois ideologies", negatively . In January 1918, Makhno resigned from the post of chairman of the Gulyaypole Council and headed the Gulyaypole Revolutionary Committee, which included representatives of anarchists and left-wing socialist revolutionaries.

In his memoirs, Nestor Makhno subsequently settled on one of the main reasons for the weakness of the anarchists in those revolutionary months. In his opinion, it consisted in their lack of organization, inability to unite into single structures that could act cohesively and achieve much greater results. The October revolution of 1917, as Makhno later emphasized, showed that anarchist groups failed to cope with their goals and were at the tail of revolutionary events, speaking as junior associates and assistants of the Bolsheviks (anarcho-communists and part of anarcho-syndicalists).

After Yekaterinoslav was captured by the Austro-German troops and the troops of the Ukrainian state assisting them, Nestor Makhno organized a partisan detachment in early April 1918 and fought against the Austro-German occupation to the best of his abilities. However, the forces were unequal, and the detachment of Makhno eventually retreated to Taganrog. Thus ended the first, initial stage of the presence of the legendary "Batka" in Huliaipole. It was at this time that the foundations were laid for the subsequent formation and success of the famous free-peasant republic, which then resisted for three years both white and Ukrainian nationalists, and red.
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  1. +4
    April 6 2017 07: 32
    A true revolutionary, not a "boltologist" on a political "hair dryer."
    1. +4
      April 8 2017 05: 21
      And here are the famous pennies Makhno
      1. +2
        April 20 2017 21: 38
        there are no such samples in the Museum of Local Lore Gulyai Fields, but there are other originals

        who does not want to take pennies. that we will tear ass)))
  2. +6
    April 6 2017 07: 38
    Here Arshinov became disillusioned with Bolshevism.
    ... More precisely, in Marxism ... In April-May 1906, the Fourth "unifying" congress of the RSDLP took place in Stockholm at the congress, the party officially formalized after the split at the Second Congress ... Therefore, Arshinov in 1906 didn’t could be disappointed in "Bolshevism" ... Maybe in "Menshevism"? Because at the said congress, the Menshevik agrarian program was approved by a small majority of votes. In addition, the congress adopted a resolution banning expropriations.
    1. +3
      April 6 2017 08: 49
      For example, Vsevolod Volin, another well-known "anarch" of that time, in his preface 1923 to the "History of the Makhnovist Movement" by Peter Arshinov writes: "The reason for his transition to anarchism was the minimalism of the Bolsheviks,".
      1. +2
        April 6 2017 14: 55
        Why did I mention the 4th Congress, Bolshevism, Communism, as a political movement began to take shape only at the 6th Congress, in August 1917, and finally took shape at the 7th Congress in March 1918 in the adopted resolution "On changing the name of the party ..." it says: The Congress decides henceforth, to call our party, the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party of the Bolsheviks, the Russian Communist Party with the addition of the Bolsheviks in brackets. Before this congress, the RSDLP acted as a single party, but with many factions and the Bolsheviks did not always play a leading role in the party ... When Arshinov managed to give up on Bolshevism, it’s not clear ..
        1. +1
          April 6 2017 21: 18
          Well, it is clear that Bolshevism was understood as belonging to one of the factions ....
        2. +2
          April 6 2017 22: 01
          Quote: parusnik
          Bolshevism, communism, as a political movement, began to take shape only at the 6th Congress, in August 1917, and finally took shape at the 7th Congress in March 1918


          “Bolshevism exists as a trend of political thought and as a political party, since 1903”
          (Children's disease of “leftism” in communism, V.I. Lenin. PSS, T. 41, S. 6)
  3. +3
    April 6 2017 07: 50
    The first time I got acquainted with the biography of Nestor Ivanovich in A. Tolstoy’s book "Going through the agony", not counting the role of B. Chirkov in the film "Alexander Parkhomenko" with the famous "love brothers, love ...." Personality, of course, is not unique .. ..
    1. +2
      April 6 2017 09: 16
      Although the work of A. Tolstoy, of course, is outstanding, but for acquaintance with Makhno and Makhnovism it is completely unsuitable.
      1. 0
        April 14 2017 15: 13
        for acquaintance with Makhno and Makhnovism it is not at all suitable.

        Thank you so much for teaching. But I would very much like to hear from you advice, where, to me, unreasonable, at the end of the 60's you could read about Makhno?
        1. +2
          April 14 2017 19: 43
          In my comment there is no reproach to you or sarcasm in relation to A. Tolstoy. Exclusively a statement of fact. The fact that Tolstoy was forced to follow the mainstream of the then ideology is understandable. So I do not see a reason for the conflict.
          In the late 60s, you really would hardly have found something without access to special stores. Moreover, even having come to us in Gulyaipol, they would hardly have found many who want to talk frankly.
          1. 0
            April 14 2017 20: 38
            Thank you for understanding. Indeed, in those years the image of Makhno was interpreted as a caricature, and after reading "Walking through the agony" he was surprised by Tolstoy's interpretation. The first information about the Makhno-revolutionary. More or less, he wrote the truth about the pre-war fate of Nestor ...
            1. +2
              April 14 2017 21: 43
              Makhno is an ideologically very uncomfortable figure for everyone. Remember, in the film “Adjutant of His Excellency” there is an inscription on the tachanka: “Beat the Reds until they turn white, beat the Whites until they turn red.” All other ideological colors can be added to this series. Therefore, the current Ukrainian authorities, straining historians to search in the past for examples of a stubborn struggle for independence, do not remember Makhno. Not too tough.
              If you are interested, there is something here. http://www.makhno.ru/. At least the books.
    2. +3
      April 6 2017 09: 56
      moskowit The first time I got acquainted with the biography of Nestor Ivanovich in A. Tolstoy’s book “Going through the agony”, not counting the role of B. Chirkov in the film “Alexander Parkhomenko” with the famous “love brothers, love ....
      With the same “historical correspondence,” he could sing and “Blue Nights Bonfire”
  4. +2
    April 6 2017 08: 08
    Tragic, strong and at the same time naive personality. With his support of the Bolsheviks, he destroyed everything that he fought for.
    They, in the most cruel way, were relieved of illusions and approximately punished. But it was too late to go back ......
    1. +2
      April 6 2017 09: 14
      I am inclined to think that the alliance with the Bolsheviks was not caused by naivety, but by a hopeless situation. With resources, both material and human, it was very stressful. And about the Bolsheviks, Makhno had no illusions. For the rest - I agree completely.
    2. +5
      April 6 2017 09: 42
      Quote: Olgovich
      naive personality. With his support of the Bolsheviks, he destroyed everything that he fought for.

      ... contacted the Bolsheviks ... Now, if Nestor Ivanovich, co-comrades, defended the interests of the latifundists, then you would have extolled him ...
    3. +3
      April 6 2017 11: 21
      It was Makhno, oddly enough, that caused the defeat of Denikin's army.
      When he began to gather forces in the Denikin rear, the White Guards
      sent a shock detachment against him. But completely underestimated the strength
      Makhnovists (did not take him seriously). White Guard detachment was
      surrounded and destroyed in several heavy battles.
      This caused the collapse of the entire front against the Reds and the retreat.
    4. -1
      April 6 2017 11: 57
      Quote: Olgovich
      With his support of the Bolsheviks, he destroyed everything that he fought for.

      The Bolsheviks used Makhno, and then he ate his feet carried away from them, as they say - "The Moor has done his job. The Moor can leave."
      1. +2
        April 6 2017 12: 58
        Yeah. The Makhnovists took part in the capture of the Wrangel Crimea.
        There, the Red Army surrounded them, and, instead of thanks, interrupted. Meanness of course sad .
        1. 0
          April 6 2017 14: 20
          Quote: voyaka uh
          Meanness, of course.

          To put it mildly.
          1. +3
            April 6 2017 20: 41
            Quote: RUSS
            The Makhnovists took part in the capture of the Wrangel Crimea.
            There, the Red Army surrounded them, and, instead of thanks, interrupted. Meanness of course

            Quote: RUSS
            itata: voyaka uh
            Meanness, of course.

            To put it mildly.


            About how the Makhnovists fought in the Crimea.
            Makhnovist horse detachment numbering about 2000 people. was sent under Perekop and there participated in the liberation of Crimea. But after the defeat of Wrangel, the Makhnovists began mass looting of the population. It is now attributed to the Red Army. Once again, Makhno refused to submit to Soviet Power, and then, on the orders of Frunze, the Crimean Makhnovist group was destroyed.
            1. -1
              April 7 2017 08: 53
              Quote: Alexander Green
              Once again, Makhno refused to submit to Soviet Power, and then, on the orders of Frunze, the Crimean Makhnovist group was destroyed

              So why all the Makhnovists without exception in the flow? Makhno himself would have been eliminated, but the rest could have been resolved differently, I think the goal was precisely the elimination of the Makhnovist movement as such, I don’t remember the exact quote from Lenin it sounded like this: “Makhno is now the right passenger in our“ train ”, but at the next station we’ll drop him off, "in general Frunze of the Makhnovists and" dropped him off ".
              1. +4
                April 7 2017 17: 46
                Quote: RUSS
                Quote: Alexander Green
                Once again, Makhno refused to submit to Soviet Power, and then, on the orders of Frunze, the Crimean Makhnovist group was destroyed

                So why all the Makhnovists without exception in the flow?


                Firstly, the group in the Crimea was destroyed due to the fact that it was engaged in robberies and violence of the local population and did not obey orders.

                Secondly, the destruction of a group (group of troops) in Crimea does not mean. that all the Makhnovists were allowed to go into consumption.
          2. +3
            April 6 2017 20: 55
            Quote: RUSS
            Quote: voyaka uh
            Meanness, of course.

            To put it mildly.


            Continuing the theme from the order and appeal of the commander of the Southern Front M. Frunze of December 24, 1920:

            “Makhno and his headquarters, having sent an insignificant bunch of their adherents to clear their conscience against Wrangel, preferred in some special forms to stay with the rest of the gangs in the front line. Makhno - new detachments are hastily organized and armed at the expense of our captured property.

            And the following is done in the rear of the Makhnovists: on November 12, in the village of Mikhailovka, 12 Red Army men were killed and naked; On November 16, in the village of Pologi, the Makhnovist units robbed several Red Army 124 brigades who were traveling for weapons in an artillery volley; On November 17, in the village of Pologi, a detachment of the 2nd Makhnovsky mounted cavalry regiment partitioned and tried to kill the platoon commander of the 376th regiment; On November 21, in the village of Verbnaya, the 3rd artillery division of the 42nd division was robbed; On November 21, in the village of Gulyai-Pole, the commander of the 4th Makhnovsky regiment took 373 rifle cartridges, 35.000 rifles and machine guns from the economic unit of the 15rd regiment; On November 7, in the village of Ivanovka, the Makhnovists killed six Red Army soldiers of the 2nd mixed Caucasian brigade; in the area of ​​the village of the Stallion, the Makhnovists ’looted the supply department of the 23rd division and raided the transport of the International Brigade, injured the transport commander and several Red Army soldiers ..."
    5. 0
      April 6 2017 23: 20
      Quote: Olgovich
      ... With his support of the Bolsheviks, he destroyed everything that he fought for.

      Makhno fought including with the Austro-Hungarian occupiers, Rada, and helped in the fight against white collaborators. Personally, he was ruined by cooperation with "Ukrainian" nationalists.

      He is definitely not your supporter.
  5. +6
    April 6 2017 09: 56
    At VO, the reasons for the fall of the Russian Empire are often discussed. The economic, political reasons, Rasputin, the Empress, the conspiracy, etc. are called. etc.
    One of the reasons is somehow ignored - the illiteracy of the population. The Government of the Republic of Ingushetia preferred not to bother with raising the education of the people on the simple basis that it is easier to manage an illiterate person. As a result, any undereducated student could drive anything into the head of an average representative of this people. As a result, the army and navy were quickly deployed, and the population took up arms.
    1. +2
      April 6 2017 13: 51
      So ... it really dawned on insanity: the prisons of the Empire essentially turned into schools for the training of revolutionaries - it was in them that the "old guard" taught the young growth of the theory and practice of revolutionary affairs.
  6. +2
    April 6 2017 17: 04
    In Soviet history, the name Makhno was forgotten, and films or books did not give a complete and correct picture of him. According to the convictions, Nestor Makhno was rather an anarchist-communist. He was sentenced to death by a tsarist court for a terrorist attack, but in his youth, the death penalty was replaced by hard labor, and he spent 9 years in shackles until the February Revolution released him. When Nestor returned to his Gulyai-Polsky district, the villagers elected him the chairman of the council, at the same time he organized the agricultural commune of the anarchists, got married, worked for 5 days in the field, and the remaining days he presided over in Gulyai-Pol. When the Socialist Revolutionaries foiled the Brest Peace and the Germans began to occupy Ukraine, Makhno, as the head of the local Soviet power, organized self-defense units, but did not command them in battle. He retreated to Taganrog-Rostov, came to Moscow, met with Lenin and Sverdlov and was sent by them to organize a partisan movement against the Germans to his homeland. He began to organize partisan detachments, but in view of the respect that the peasants had for him, he was also elected "father" - a military commander. Military men will understand what it means to partisan in the steppe part of Ukraine, where there are no forests and it is impossible to hide for a long time - not everyone can handle it. And Makhno could. Life taught him operational art, moreover, faster and better than military academies. For Makhno, as a partisan, protracted battles were excluded - during such a battle reinforcements approached the enemy. So he had to maneuver until he found a detachment of the enemy that he could destroy quickly. The way to beat the enemy in parts for him was the only possible way. So he was so Germans, and then he beat everyone else. The maneuvering method of warfare pushed Makhno to install the Maxim machine gun on the cart along with the calculation and a small infantry landing. Thus, his entire army was horse drawn - cavalry, infantry, artillery, carts - everything was on horseback. Therefore, the speed of movement of the Makhnovist units was many times faster than the speed of its opponents. Corresponding to these opportunities was his tactics of action - dozens of machine gun carts popped up in front of the enemy, which had to be attacked, and, turning around, rained down on him a sea of ​​fire. The surviving enemy either lay right in the field, or immediately started to run. In any case, he was not up to shooting at the attackers, at this moment Makhno’s cavalry attacked him. And the infantry hurried from the carts completed the task of complete defeat. So Makhno with carts solved a tactical problem that only a tank could solve during the First and Second World Wars.
    1. +2
      April 6 2017 21: 43
      "came to Moscow, met with Lenin and Sverdlov and was sent by them to organize a guerrilla movement against the Germans to their homeland. He began to organize partisan detachments, but in view of the respect that the peasants had for him, he was also elected "father" - a military commander. "
      You wrote rubbish mixed up with the facts.
    2. 0
      April 20 2017 21: 30
      You probably have never heard of the Dibrovsky Forest, and this is the well-known refuge of the Batka and a constant place for searching the treasure of Makhno. Right there, and right now you can easily hide a regiment or more.
  7. +1
    April 6 2017 23: 25
    Interesting article. Interesting photos.
    Controversial findings.

    Unfortunately, there are no links to information sources.
    1. +2
      April 7 2017 08: 34
      Controversial findings.
      And in Russian history, in my opinion, there are no longer indisputable moments.)
      There will always be someone who is not satisfied with Stalin, Peter the Great or Alexander Nevsky and their place in history.
  8. +2
    April 9 2017 10: 12
    They divorced Makhnovism here.

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