Soldier-artist Nikolai Nikolaevich Karazin

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History Russia of the XIX century was rich, dramatic and generous in events. However, like previous centuries. This whole colossal stratum of events and facts found its reflection not only in the dry lines of state documentation with its official syllable or in black and white newspaper illustrations. Russian literature and painting, as in a mirror, reflected the scale of the vicissitudes of the historical development of the state and society. And it is natural that, along with other genres of art, battleistic also developed. A whole galaxy of talented authors created canvases in this field. Among them are those whom the demanding story has put in the first rows, and those who remained in its shadow. And if, for example, the glorious name of Vasily Vasilyevich Vereshchagin gained world fame, then the equally talented artist Nikolai Nikolaevich Karazin is famous for much less. Although both of these masters did much to perpetuate Russian history and the development of Central Asia in particular, they both went there, both had to be held in their hands weapon hardly less than a brush. Nikolay Nikolaevich Karazin, an officer, artist, writer and publicist, undoubtedly, has the right to memory and recognition of his merits by his compatriots.



Greek dynasty

The future artist, born Nikolai at birth, was born in the family of the Karazins 27 in November 1842 of the year in the Novo-Borisoglebsk settlement of the Bogodukhovsky district of the Kharkov province. Shortly before the birth of his grandson, his grandfather, Vasily Nazarovich Karazin, known for being the founder of Kharkov University, died. The Karazins family had Greek roots. Grigory Karadzhi, the Archbishop of Sofia, is one of the representatives of this clan. In the reign of Peter I, the family of Karadzhi moved to Russia. Later, people from Greece preferred their spiritual career to the military. The son of Gregory Alexander, when he entered the military service in the relevant documents, was recorded with the suffix "-in", more familiar to the Russian ear. So Karaji became Karazins.

The next member of the clan, Nazar Aleksandrovich Karazin, received the attention of Empress Catherine II. In 1767, when relations between Russia and the Ottoman Porto were balanced on the brink of war, which, however, soon began, Nazar Karazin was sent to Turkey with a reconnaissance mission - to obtain information about enemy fortifications, first of all fortresses. He was by that time an experienced officer in engineering, he had relevant knowledge for this. During the execution of the assignment in Adrianople, Nazar Karazin was arrested by the Turks, and he was awaited a cruel execution as a spy of an enemy state. However, the scout managed to escape safely. Subsequently, Nazar Karazin took an active part in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768 – 1774, commanding a detachment of Arnauts. For his services, Empress Catherine II granted him the rank of colonel and land plots in Kharkiv and Moscow provinces.

The son of Nazar Karazin, Vasily Nazarovich, as well as his ancestors, also chose a military career, was enlisted in the cuirassiers. Later he continued to serve in the Life Guards Semenovsky Regiment, while also studying in the Mining Cadet Corps. Received a good and versatile education. Shortly after the sudden accession of the young emperor Alexander I, who took the throne after the palace revolution sewn with white thread, Vasily Nazarovich made his way to the tsar's office and left a large anonymous letter on his desk, detailing his own views on the need for liberal transformations in the Russian Empire. Alexander managed to find the author of an amateur political treatise without much difficulty, and subsequently rather warm relations were established between him and Vasily Karazin. The emperor had a weakness for liberalism, however, he preferred to theorize in a circle of trusted entourage rather than to carry out large-scale practical transformations.

The merits of Vasily Karazin include the initiative to create Kharkov University, the fifth in the Russian Empire, support for the idea of ​​the Ministry of Education and work in it. Subsequently, however, the emperor's interest in Karazin cooled off - European affairs and the impending war with Napoleon blocked the game of liberalism. For sharp criticism of the authorities, Vasily Karazin in 1820 – 1821. was detained in the Shlisselburg fortress. Then he lived in his estate, where he also did not sit idle: he had a meteorological station, a chemical laboratory and an experimental field. He died shortly before the birth of his grandson, a worthy successor of the family Karazins.

Soldier and artist

The boy's choice of life was traditional - a military career. Before 10, he lived in the estate of the Anashkin family near Moscow. He was later determined to study at the 2 Moscow Cadet Corps, which he graduated from at 1862. A young man was assigned to the Kazan Dragoon Regiment. The desire traditional for most young people - to participate in the present case - was soon fulfilled. In 1863, a rebellion rises in Poland. This western region of the empire has not traditionally been distinguished by tranquility, although for the time being it was not a full-fledged hot spot, such as, for example, the Caucasus. However, it was precisely the risk of another uprising that forced the Russian command to hold large contingents of troops in Poland even at the most critical moments of the defense of Sevastopol.

In May, 1856, shortly after the end of the Crimean War, Alexander II visited Warsaw, where he met with representatives of the nobility and the clergy. The emperor's speech was peace-loving, but he warned the Poles several times about unrealistic hopes of independence, which could not be realized or retained. The pans nodded, but kept in mind the relevant conclusions. The desire to invariably revive Rzeczpospolita, and even within the boundaries of 1772, was much more effective than the rather moderate policy of St. Petersburg in relation to its Polish territories. The new governor, Mikhail Gorchakov, who had replaced tough Paskevich, was gentle in his actions and often was not lazy to intercede for his charges to the emperor - they said, they were strongly pressed, and it would be necessary to add freedoms and liberties. However, the Polish side perceived the measured and moderate policy of Russia in their attitude as a manifestation of weakness. The ideas of the armed rebellion were most popular in the nobility and petty-bourgeois environment, and the goals of the new uprising were traditional - the restoration of the Commonwealth. The situation became tense: the number of speeches in cities grew, and additional troops were brought into Poland.

In 1862, in the year when Karazin began his service in the Kazan regiment, in the Kingdom of Poland as an attempt to defuse the situation, a broad amnesty was first of all carried out by political prisoners. In response, attempts were made on the governor, Adjutant General Alexander Nikolayevich Liders and Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich. The situation continued to slide into a deep crisis, which in January 1863 resulted in an armed uprising. The reason for it was found in the form of a recruitment, where it was planned to pick up a large number of participants in street unrest. Poland caught fire - retaliatory measures were taken immediately. Martial law was imposed on the territory of the Kingdom of Poland, and in addition to the six infantry and three cavalry divisions of the Warsaw Military District, additional forces were urgently deployed there. Among them was the Kazan Dragoon Regiment, where by that time Nikolai Karazin was serving.

Unlike the 1830 – 1831 uprising, when Russian troops had to deal with units of the regular army of the Kingdom of Poland, the course of the current hostilities more resembled a large-scale guerrilla war. Polish insurgents acted with large detachments ranging from a few hundred to several thousand people, only occasionally coordinating their actions. The majority of the rural population did not support the performance, and the main core of the rebels were townspeople, petty gentry and the Catholic clergy.

The actions of Russia in the Kingdom of Poland, which are an internal affair of the empire, have caused a sharp and unhealthy revival among the "Western partners." At the end of February, the British ambassador to St. Petersburg, Lord Francis Napier, presented a note that was far from diplomatic politeness, expressing not even concern, but extreme irritation with the policies of Alexander II. The impression was that the Russian emperor was perceived in London as a kind of petty leader who should have been instructed how to manage his own tribe correctly. How would you talk with the Russian ambassador in England, if he began to give instructions in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs how to manage India correctly, and what laws should be passed in Australia? The grumbling in the European capitals was growing - Paris and Vienna eagerly joined in the diplomatic bombardment of the Gorchakov department. Pope Pius IX wrote a letter to the king, complaining of “persecution” against the Catholic clergy, and asked for concessions to the Poles. Minor players came up with a request to conclude a truce with the rebels and stop the bloodshed by Spain, Sweden, the Netherlands and Turkey. It is surprising that when enlightened England, without being tired and shed any bloodsheds in India, for some reason, no one had any thought to convene at least some conference.

By the summer of 1863, the situation began to acquire the threat of a pan-European war - only Prussia was sympathetic to the suppression of the Polish insurrection. The diplomatic language of England, France and Austria became sharper and demanding. The notes handed to Gorchakov were more and more like poorly veiled ultimatums. The Chancellor wrote large, detailed answers, detailing the position of St. Petersburg on this issue. Polish rebels suffered defeat after defeat, the outcome of the speech was no longer in doubt, but tensions with Western countries grew. There they were not aware of the powerful trump card that Alexander II had to present at a critical moment. As early as the beginning of 1863, the head of the Marine Ministry, Admiral Nikolai Karlovich Krabbe suggested that the emperor be sent to the shores of America and, if necessary, to other regions of the cruiser squadron. In the North American states there was a civil war, where the British and French initially initially sympathized with the Confederates. According to Krabbe's plan, in the event of the outbreak of hostilities, the Russian ships were to go to the Atlantic and Pacific communications, in every way harming English and French maritime trade and disrupting communications. The Atlantic squadron was to be commanded by Rear Admiral Stepan Stepanovich Lesovsky, and the Pacific - by Rear Admiral Andrei Alexandrovich Popov.

In an atmosphere of strict secrecy, both units moved to the shores of America, with some of the ships going separately. The enlightened mariners, who were preparing for war against Russia, did not notice anything and in late September-early October 1863 arrived in San Francisco and New York. The appearance of Russian ships in key ports on the American coast was met with a grim sensation on the London stock exchanges and in business circles. A diplomatic note, which already contained direct threats against Russia, was detained by the British halfway - in Berlin. Having felt something was wrong, Austria quickly disappeared into the shadows, not wanting to measure strength with a mighty adversary. Being virtually alone, Napoleon III waved his uncle's sword militantly, and sheathed her - an expensive Mexican expedition and the growing internal crisis made her in these conditions too heavy.

The war was avoided this time - by 1864, the uprising in Poland was suppressed. Nikolai Karazin was awarded his first award — the Order of Anna 4 class with the inscription “For Bravery” - for the military operations and the difference in battles at the Wolf Fast and Pryitsk as part of the Kazan Dragoon Regiment. Since childhood, having a penchant for drawing and experiencing a craving for this type of art, the young man decided to do painting in a more organized and thorough manner. In 1865, after the final stabilization of the situation in Poland, he retires with the rank of staff captain and goes to study at the Imperial Academy of Arts. In October of this year, he was enrolled in her ranks as a volunteer.

Karazin comprehends the science of painting under the leadership of the honored master of the battle genre Bogdan Pavlovich Villevalde. The fact is that out of the diversity of genres in the visual arts, Karazin was initially attracted to battleistics. Now, after the Polish campaign, he had enough impressions and experiences from what he had seen with his own eyes. Bogdan Villevalde, the son of a Bavarian émigré, who was awarded the title of professor in 1859, began his career as an artist with the famous Karl Bryullov. Subsequently, honed his skills abroad - in Germany. He was famous at the time of Karazin's apprenticeship with his cycle of large-scale works devoted to the period of the Napoleonic wars: for example, with impressive in size and scale canvases, reflecting the biggest battles of 1813 – 1814 campaigns. ("Kulm", "Leipzig", "Before Paris"). Learning from such a recognized master was prestigious and useful.

However, after a year of study, Karazin had a rather serious conflict with the rectors of the Academy. His course was instructed to write a story on a biblical theme, in particular “A Visit to Abraham by Three Angels”. Karazin depicted this scene from his point of view, quite simply and without too much pathos: there are three wanderers sitting near the tent at the table with Abraham, and his wife Sarah serves them. The academic jury commented that the author depicted angels without wings. What Karazin wrote in the picture: “Because he thought Abraham was more thoughtful than the academicians, and that if he saw angels with wings, he would immediately guess who they were.” There was a scandal, and the young man was expelled from the Academy of Fine Arts in 24 hours. So the artist's career had to be postponed, and Nikolai Nikolayevich decided to return to the ranks of the imperial army. Russia led an active policy in Central Asia, the East beckoned to her exotic and unknown. Ancient cities, archaic feudal khanates, colorful and colorful life of the local population. And, alas, the constant background of this picturesque situation was war. In 1867, Karazin returns to the army. In the rank of lieutenant, he is determined in the 5 th Turkestan battalion of the line, and he is serving to the place of service - to Central Asia.

In Turkestan

Central Asia was considered an extremely difficult place in the Russian army due to its remoteness from the centers of the state, especially local adverse conditions, including the hot climate and uneasy relations with the local population. However, all these obstacles did not stop the brave and talented person.

Soldier-artist Nikolai Nikolaevich Karazin

Karazin N.N. "Yamskaya and convoy service in the steppe"


By the time Karazin arrived, Central Asia was one of the concentrations of Russian politics. In 1867, the Turkestan General Governorship was formed, headed by the active and energetic Adjutant General Konstantin Petrovich Kaufman that same year. Alarmed by the active penetration into Central Asia, the local khanates, with the help and advice of the island’s “western partners,” took various hostile actions against Russian territories — raids and clashes were frequent. After occupying the 1865 in Tashkent, the emir of Bukhara sent an embassy to St. Petersburg demanding to clear this city and with it Chimkent, otherwise the Bukhara people were threatened with jihad.

The Russian military command in the person of General Nikolai Andreevich Kryzhanovsky, endowed with broad powers, decided to sort it out on the spot, without reaching the metropolitan level. Moreover, no one was going to leave Tashkent. The Bukhara ambassador was detained in Kazalinsk, and a diplomatic mission led by an official from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Struve was sent to Emir Muzaffaruddin. The Bukhara ruler actually took the envoys hostage and began to demand to let his representative go to Petersburg. In response, a military expedition was launched against the strategically important city of Jizzakh. 11 September 1866, a two-thousandth detachment of General Dmitry Ilyich Romanovsky, laid siege to this well-fortified city and in 7 days, as a result of a very bloody assault, captured Jizzakh. Muzaffar was forced to negotiate and send his ambassadors to Orenburg. The negotiations dragged on, and it was at this time that the Turkestan Governor-General was formed, at the head of which Konstantin Petrovich Kaufman was appointed.

In 1867, when Nikolai Karazin arrived in Turkestan, a peaceful treatise was finally signed between Russia and Bukhara. But this did not relieve the situation - the robber gangs of Bukharians made regular attacks, robbed caravans, and raided Russian military posts. Kaufman sent a polite letter to Muzaffaruddin with a request to understand the behavior of his subjects and take action. The Emir began to openly take time, then his messenger arrived, who could not say anything concrete, except for his oriental speeches. The attacks on the Russian territories continued, and at the beginning of 1868, Mr. Muzaffaru was tired of playing the good neighbor - he officially declared war on Russia. It was the first military campaign in which Nikolay Nikolaevich Karazin took part in Turkestan. By this time, there were already quite a large number of outstanding people. At the personal invitation of Kaufman, the already well-known Russian artist V. V. Vereshchagin arrived in Central Asia, and he had to hold both a brush and a gun in his hands with equal frequency. The head captain Mikhail Skobelev, the future hero of the Russian-Turkish war 1877 – 1878, has been here and for now.


The attack of the Kokands on the Cossack settlement Uzun-Agan


The four-thousandth detachment with 16 guns under the direct command of Kaufman in the second half of April 1868 came out of Tashkent in the direction of Samarkand in order to discourage him from the Bukharians. On May 1, Kaufman’s detachment was already on the outskirts of one of the most ancient cities in Central Asia. Under the dense fire of the enemy, the Russian infantry forced the Zarafshan River and hit it with bayonets. The enemy rushed to retreat, leaving the Kaufman soldiers with all their artillery. Among the distinguished ones were the soldiers of the 5 of the Turkestan battalion of the line, and among them Nikolay Karazin. 2 May Samarkand hurried to open the gates to the winners and was busy without a fight.

Having received information that the disparate forces of the enemy are accumulating near the village of Kara-Tyube, Kaufman sent a detachment of colonel Nikolai Konstantinovich Abramov against them. Along with other units, the detachment included the 5 th Turkestan battalion. Along the way, Abramov 12 in May 1868, after a fierce battle, occupied the small town of Urgut, which represents a certain threat to Russian communications, but met with fierce resistance at Kara-Tyube - faced with a lack of supplies, Colonel Abramov’s squad was forced to return to Samarkand.

Kaufman, seeing that the emir had not yet reached a negotiable standard, was determined to continue the campaign. Leaving a small garrison in 600 in the city with a man with two guns, the general hurried to move to Zerabulak Heights, where, according to intelligence data, there were many thousands of Bukhara forces. About 2 of thousands of infantrymen, 300 Cossacks, who had 14 guns and rocket launchers, went on the march. On the night of 2 June 1868, the Russian detachment, even before sunrise, approached Zerabulak Heights. At their foot, Bukhara infantry was settled in thick masses, and on the hill artillery from 14 guns and cavalry.

The fight began at 4 in the morning. The commander of the Russian avant-garde, Colonel of the Kuban Cossack Army, Alexander Vasilievich Pistolkors, launched an attack on the enemy left flank. Russian artillery struck with grapeshot, inflicting sensitive damage on the dense orders of Bukhara. Very soon they ran, however, when the enemy left the zone of defeat of the shotgun, he was able to form a kind of order and began to retreat in an organized manner. But now the Cossacks already rushed to the soldiers of the Emir. On the right flank, the Russian battalion was surrounded by the superior forces of the Bukharians — infantry was pushing from the front, and the cavalry came from the rear. However, a well-coordinated bayonet attack soldiers managed to break out of the trap, losing no more than two dozen wounded. The Emir’s army was taken to flight by 10 in the morning — all artillery and a large amount of ammunition became the trophies of the winners.

Nikolai Nikolaevich Karazin distinguished himself in a battle on the Zerabulak Heights and was marked by Kaufman himself. In the hot hand-to-hand combat, the sword of Karazin, under the command of which was a half-battalion, broke down. Noting his courage and seeing only his hilt in his hand, Kaufman promised to send a new weapon to the officer in exchange for his spoiled one. Shortly after the battle, Nikolai Nikolaevich Karazin was awarded a golden weapon with the inscription "For Bravery". In addition, he received the Order of St. Vladimir 4 degree with swords and bows, the rank of staff captain and a cash prize.

While the Kaufman detachment crushed the Bukhara army, a riot broke out in his rear in Samarkand, and a small Russian garrison was under siege for a week. Colleague Karazin passion, artist V. V. Vereshchagin took a direct part in the defense of the citadel of the city. The timely approach of the Kaufman troops helped to pacify and disperse the rebels. Soon, devoid of virtually all the possibilities for resistance, Muzaffaruddin asked for peace. After the Bukhara campaign, Karazin was transferred to the 4 th Turkestan battalion and retired. The injuries sustained in Central Asia, especially the lung wound, made themselves felt. He returns to Petersburg.

Artist and Writer


Mullah preacher


During his service in Turkestan, Karazin paints a lot and enthusiastically, trying to capture people and events. Temperamental, with a lively character, he often used watercolor or just a pencil for his travel and official sketches. Fate brought him in Central Asia with another Russian artist, Vereshchagin, already known by that time, and this acquaintance made a great impression on Nikolai Nikolayevich. The theme of the conquest of Central Asia was widely heard by society, and everything that was associated with it aroused interest. The first drawings of Karazin, depicting the Turkestan flavor, were published in 1871 in the weekly magazine World Illustration. His talent as a draftsman was immediately appreciated and noted. Karazin becomes the first illustrator of the books of F. M. Dostoevsky. He illustrated the works of A. S. Pushkin and L. N. Tolstoy, N. A. Nekrasov and N. V. Gogol and Jules Verne published in Russia.

The artist, among other things, became the actual creator of the first Russian postcards issued by the St. Catherine Society. Karazin's ability to quickly and clearly make sketches from nature, as well as his good familiarity with Central Asia, prompted the proposal from the Russian Geographical Society to take part in the Amudarya (1874) and Samara (1879) scientific expeditions. For illustrative work done in these campaigns, Karazin was awarded the highest awards at geographical exhibitions in London and Paris. In 1879, he is elected a member of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society.


Siberian Cossacks with the Chinese


However, before this event, Karazin again had to go to war, now as a war correspondent. In July, 1875 opposed the domination of the Ottoman Empire to the Christian population of Herzegovina. They were actively supported by Serbia, which had the status of autonomy since 1817, and Montenegro. In July, 1876, under the motto “Take revenge for Kosovo,” they declared war on Turkey. The armies of both sides were poorly prepared for hostilities, but Serbia was helped by Russia. Many Russians fought as volunteers in the Serbian army, the commander in chief of which was General G. Grigorievich Chernyaev who distinguished himself in Turkestan. Events in the Balkans caused a resonance in Russian society - their progress and details were widely reported in the press. Nikolai Nikolaevich Karazin went to Serbia as a war correspondent and illustrator.

The Ottoman Empire was able to concentrate a large number of troops in the Balkans and inflicted a sensitive defeat on the Serbs under Alexinac. In order to prevent the Turks from developing their success, Alexander II presented an ultimatum to Istanbul: an immediate cease-fire, otherwise the Russian army in Bessarabia will cross the border. The Ottoman Empire was forced to accept an ultimatum, and the fighting temporarily ceased. However, this and other factors soon led to the next Russian-Turkish war of 1877 – 1878.

And again, Nikolai Karazin in the war - makes sketches directly from the front line for leading Russian newspapers and magazines. His works are published in foreign editions. After the end of hostilities, the artist returns to Russia, where he soon took part in the 1879 scientific expedition of the year. And in 1880, at the highest order, Karazin was destined to see Turkestan again. He was commissioned to create a series of works devoted to the period of the conquest of Central Asia. Such large-scale battle canvases, such as the Capture of Makhram, Zerabulak, the Capture of Tashkent, and the Khiva campaign of 1873, came through the artist’s brush. Through the dead sands to the wells of Adam-Krylgan. And yet work in oils was not a priority for Karazin. Most of all he preferred to work with pencil and watercolor, for which he was considered the best watercolor artist in Russia.


Illustration of Karazin to the project subway Balinsky and Knorre

In 1902, engineer Petr Balinsky, one of the initiators of domestic metro construction, and Yevgeny Knorre, a specialist in the construction of large railway bridges, proposed a deeply developed project to create in Moscow “urban railways of high-speed off-street traffic”. The illustrations were made by Nikolay Karazin. For a number of reasons, this project was never implemented. In 1907, the city of Nikolai Nikolayevich is elected a member of the Academy of Arts.

From a certain time Karazin is also engaged in literary activities. The total volume of his works is more than 25 volumes. It starts printing from 1880 in the journal Delo. In most cases, these are stories and stories about Central Asia. One of the largest works of the author is the novel “In Powder Smoke” dedicated to the war in the Balkans. In 1904 – 1907 published complete works. Since the spring of 1907, Karazin lives in Gatchina - his health is deteriorating due to heart and lung disease, and at the insistence of the doctors he left his summer cottage in Ligove in favor of drier Gatchina air. Nikolay Nikolaevich Karazin 19 died on December 1908 and was buried with military honors in the cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Monastery. All his life he lived, as he himself put it, “soldier-artist”.
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  1. +3
    30 March 2017 06: 45
    I read the article and already recognized the author, Denis Brig: it was written beautifully and interestingly. Thanks to the author for the most interesting information, I only heard briefly about Karazin.
    1. +2
      30 March 2017 10: 13
      I have not even heard of such an artist thanks to the author +
  2. +1
    30 March 2017 07: 53
    ... many thanks for the article! Good story of our army ...
    1. +5
      30 March 2017 08: 02
      VV Vereshchagin wrote beautifully ...
      1. +1
        April 1 2017 01: 48
        In the mid-80s, the Ashgabat Art Museum had a huge collection of works by V. Vereshchagin. Before that I did not even suspect its existence. And then just fell in love. I like him very much
  3. +2
    30 March 2017 08: 03
    [B]
    Illustrations to it were performed by Nikolai Karazin.
    [/ b..Also what there, Karazin was also an excellent illustrator ... Chensler by J. Wern was published with his illustrations, he designed the books of N. V. Gogol, D. V. Grigorovich, F. M. Dostoevsky, N. A. Nekrasov, A. S. Pushkin, L. N. Tolstoy ... Thank you Denis, a wonderful article ...
  4. +17
    30 March 2017 09: 26
    Thank you!
    Very interesting and clear
  5. 0
    31 March 2017 14: 49
    Denis, thank you for another story from the past.
    It so happened that in addition to Vereshchagin, we practically did not know other battle painters.
    But Karazin was not given a brave officer, the order of St. Vladimir for beautiful eyes (comrade Olgovich will confirm that the Order of St. Vladimir was respected in the Republic of Armenia). By decree of Emperor Nicholas, 1 persons awarded the Order of St. Vladimir received hereditary nobility.
  6. +1
    31 March 2017 15: 28
    Denis, thank you for talking about Karazin. A brave officer (Olgovich will confirm and you know very well that in the Imperial Army there were no orders: St. Anna or Vladimir for beautiful eyes) and a good artist. In addition to Karazin, there were other well-known officers: musicians, writers: Lermontov, Bestuzhev-Marlinsky, Tolstoy and others, and we can only know their second specialization, and we may not know or hardly know their military career.
    And at one time they honestly fought or served in the glory of Russian weapons! We need to know about them!

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