Transmission of electricity without wires - from the beginning to the present
Commenting on the article Fourth generation air defense"clashed" with TOR2 on the issue of remote wireless powering of UAV electric power (BPA) of small and ultra-small class (cm. here), As well as on the topic: Swarm (agents) algorithm for APP and AD prospects "4-generation." I will try to highlight the issue of wireless transmission of energy to the best of my knowledge. The swarm algorithm (the concept of agents) and the possible inefficiency of existing air defense systems is, in general, the topic of a separate article.
Transmission of electricity without wiresThis is a method of transmitting electrical energy without using conductive elements in an electrical circuit.
At the end of the 19th century, the discovery that a light bulb could be made to glow with electricity caused an explosion of research aimed at finding the best way to transmit electricity.
To actively explore the wireless transfer of energy and in the early 20-century, when scientists paid great attention to the search for various wireless power transmission paths. The purpose of the research was simple - to generate an electric field in one place so that it could then be detected by its devices at a distance. At the same time, attempts were made to supply energy in the region not only highly sensitive sensors to register the voltage, but also a significant energy consumer. So, in 1904 year at the exhibition St. Louis world fair the prize was awarded for the successful launch of an 0,1 horsepower aircraft engine, carried out at a distance of 30 m.
The “electricity” gurus are known to many (William Sturgeon, Michael Faraday, Nicolas Joseph Callan, James Clerk Maxwel, Heinrich Hertz, Mahlon Loomas, and others), but few know that the Japanese researcher Hidetsugu Yagi used a self-developed antenna to transmit energy. In February 1926, he published his findings, in which described the structure and the method for setting the antenna Yagi.
Note: about Nikola Tesla I did not mention consciously: it was written a lot and a lot.
Very serious work and projects were carried out in the USSR in the period 1930-1941. and parallel to Third Reich.
Naturally, mainly for military purposes: the defeat of enemy personnel, the destruction of military and industrial infrastructure, etc. In the USSR, serious work was also being done on the use of microwave radiation to prevent surface corrosion of metal structures and products. But it is separate story, which requires a significant investment of time: again, you need to climb into a dusty attic or a no less dusty basement.
One of the greatest Russian physicists of the last century, Nobel Prize winner, academician Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa devoted part of his creative life study of prospects for microwave oscillations and waves to create new and highly efficient energy transmission systems.
In 1962, in the preface to his monographs he wrote:
"... I want to remind you that electrical engineering, before coming to the power industry, in the last century, dealt widely only with telecommunications (telegraph, signaling, etc.). It is likely that history will repeat: now electronics are used mainly for radio communication purposes, but its future lies in solving the biggest energy problems. "
From the long list of fantastic technical ideas implemented in the twentieth century, only the dream of wireless transmission of electric energy continued to remain unfulfilled. Detailed descriptions of the energy rays in science fiction novels teased engineers with their obvious need, and at the same time the practical complexity of implementation.
But the situation gradually began to change for the better.
In 1964, an expert in microwave electronics William C.Brown tested for the first time a device (helicopter model) capable of receiving and using microwave energy in the form of direct current, thanks to an antenna array consisting of half-wave dipoles, each of which is loaded on high-efficient Schottky diodes .
In the same 1964, Mr. William C. Brown demonstrated on the CBS channel in the program Walter Cronkite News its model of the helicopter, receiving enough energy for the flight from the microwave emitter.
In principle, this event and this technology is the most interesting in TopWar (below will be a little about "everyday life" and energy). Wireless Powered Microwave Flight History & Experiments (film in English, but everything is clear enough)
Already by 1976, William Brown transmitted the microwave beam power in 30 kW to a distance in 1,6 km with an efficiency greater than 80%.
Tests were conducted in the laboratory and on request Raytheon co.
What is famous for Raytheon and the main area of interest of this company, I think, you should not specify? Well, if someone does not know, see Raytheon's Historical Chronology:
Details on the results achieved here (in English and the format of RIS, BibTex and RefWorks Direct Export):
→Microwave Power Transmission - IOSR Journals
→The microwave powered Helicopter. William C. Brown. Raytheon Company.
In fact, in the 1970s, he technically realized the dreams of NATO and the United States of constant air patrols in Iraq (Libya, Syria, etc.) drones with cameras, hunting (or fixing) "terrorists" on-line 24 hours.
In 1968, the American space research expert Peter E. Glaser suggested placing large solar panels in a geostationary orbit, and transmitting the energy produced by them (5-10 GW) to the Earth’s surface with a well-focused microwave beam , then convert it into direct current or alternating current energy of technical frequency and distribute to consumers.
Such a scheme made it possible to use the intense flux of solar radiation existing in the geostationary orbit (~ 1,4 kW / sq. M.) And transmit the received energy to the Earth’s surface continuously, regardless of the time of day and weather conditions. Due to the natural inclination of the equatorial plane to the ecliptic plane with an angle of 23,5 degrees, the satellite located in the geostationary orbit is lit almost continuously by solar radiation except for short time periods near the days of the spring and autumn equinox, when this satellite falls into the Earth’s shadow. These time periods can be accurately predicted, and in total they do not exceed 1% of the total duration of the year.
The frequency of electromagnetic oscillations of the microwave beam should correspond to the ranges that are allocated for use in industry, research and medicine. If this frequency is chosen equal to 2,45 GHz, then the meteorological conditions, including heavy clouds and heavy precipitation, have practically no effect on the efficiency of energy transfer. The 5,8 GHz band is tempting because it makes it possible to reduce the size of the transmitting and receiving antennas. However, the influence of meteorological conditions here requires further study.
The current level of development of microwave electronics makes it possible to speak of a rather high value of the efficiency of microwave energy transfer from the geostationary orbit to the Earth's surface - on the order of 70% ÷ 75%. In this case, the diameter of the transmitting antenna is usually chosen to be 1 km, and the ground rectenna has the dimensions 10 km x 13 km for the latitude of 35 hail. SCES with an output power level of 5 GW has a radiated power density at the center of the transmitting antenna 23 kW / m², and at the center of the receiving power - 230 W / m².
Various types of solid-state and vacuum microwave generators for the SCES transmitting antenna were investigated. William Brown showed, in particular, that magnetrons well mastered by industry and intended for microwave ovens can also be used in SCES transmitting antenna arrays if each of them is provided with its own negative feedback circuit in relation to the external clock signal (so called Magnetron Directional Amplifier (MDA).
Rektenna - highly efficient receiving-transforming system, however, low-voltage diodes and the need for their sequential switching can lead to avalanche-like breakdowns. A cyclotron energy converter makes it possible to largely eliminate this problem.
The SCES transmitting antenna can be a reverse-re-emitting active antenna array based on slotted waveguides. Its coarse orientation is carried out mechanically; for accurate guidance of the microwave beam, the pilot signal emitted from the receiving center is used and analyzed on the surface of the transmitting antenna by the network of relevant sensors.
1965 to 1975 A research program led by Bill Brown was successfully completed, demonstrating the ability to transfer power with a power of 30 kW over a distance of more than 1 miles with an efficiency of 84%.
In 1978 – 1979 in the United States, under the leadership of the Department of Energy (Department of Energy - DOE) and NASA (NASA), the first government research program aimed at determining the prospects of SKES was carried out.
In 1995 – 1997, NASA again returned to the discussion of SCES perspectives, based on technology progress achieved by that time.
The research was continued in 1999 – 2000 (Space Solar Power (SSP) Strategic Research & Technology Program).
The most active and systematic research in the field of SCES was conducted by Japan. In 1981, under the direction of professors M. Nagatomo (Makoto Nagatomo) and S. Sasaki (Susumu Sasaki), research was started at the Japan Space Research Institute to develop a prototype SCES with a power level of 10 MW, which could be created using existing launch vehicles. Creating such a prototype allows you to gain technological experience and prepare the basis for the formation of commercial systems.
The project was named SKES2000 (SPS2000) and received recognition in many countries around the world.
In 2008, Associate Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Marin Soljačić was awakened from sweet sleep by a persistent mobile phone picking. “The phone did not stop talking, demanding that I set it to charge,” said Soldzhachich. Tired and unable to get up, he began to dream that the phone, once at home, would start charging by itself.
So appeared WiTricity and WiTricity corporation.
In June, 2007, Mr. Marin Soljačić, and several other researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology reported on developing a system in which the 60 W lamp was supplied from a source located at a distance of 2 m, and the efficiency was 40%.
According to the authors of the invention, this is not a “pure” resonance of coupled circuits and is not a Tesla transformer with inductive coupling. The radius of power transmission today is just over two meters, in the future - up to 5-7 meters.
In general, scientists tested two fundamentally different schemes.
1. In an induction coil or electrical transformer, which have a metal or air core, energy is transmitted by a simple electromagnetic coupling, called magnetic induction. Using this method, the transmission and production of energy became feasible at a considerable distance, but to obtain significant voltage in a similar way it was necessary to arrange two coils very close.
2. If magnetic resonance coupling is used, where both inductors are tuned to mutual frequency, considerable energy can be transferred to a considerable distance.
Similar technologies are frantically developed by other companies: Intel has demonstrated its WREL technology with energy transfer efficiency up to 75%. In 2009, Sony showed off TV without a network connection. Only one circumstance is alarming: regardless of the method of transmission and technical tricks, the energy density and field strength in the premises must be high enough to power the devices with a capacity of several tens of watts. According to the developers themselves, there is no information on the biological effects on humans of such systems. Given the recent emergence and different approach to the implementation of energy transfer devices, such studies are still coming, and the results will not appear soon. And we can judge their negative impact only indirectly. Something will disappear again from our dwellings, such as cockroaches.
In 2010, the Haier Group, a Chinese home appliance maker, presented its unique product at CES 2010 at the CES XNUMX exhibition, a fully wireless LCD TV based on the research of Professor Marina Solyachicha on wireless power transmission and wireless home digital interface (WHDI).
In 2012-2015 Engineers at Washington University have developed technology that makes it possible to use Wi-Fi as an energy source for powering portable devices and charging gadgets. The technology is already recognized by Popular Science magazine as one of 2015's best innovations of the year. The widespread adoption of wireless data transmission technology has in itself produced a real revolution. And now it was the turn of the wireless transmission of energy through the air, which the developers at the University of Washington called PoWiFi (from Power Over WiFi).
At the testing stage, researchers were able to successfully charge small-capacity lithium-ion and nickel-metal hydride batteries. Using the Asus RT-AC68U router and several sensors located at a distance of 8,5 meters from it. These sensors convert the energy of an electromagnetic wave into direct current with voltage from 1,8 to 2,4 volts, which are necessary for powering microcontrollers and sensor systems. The peculiarity of the technology is that the quality of the working signal does not deteriorate. Just reflash the router, and you can use it as usual, plus supply power to low-power devices. At one of the demonstrations a small covert surveillance camera with low resolution was successfully powered, located at a distance of more than 5 meters from the router. Then on the 41% the Jawbone Up24 fitness tracker was charged, it took 2,5 hours.
Tricky questions about why these processes do not adversely affect the quality of the network communication channel, the developers responded that this is possible due to the fact that the flash router during its operation sends information packets to the unoccupied information transfer channels. They came to this decision when they found that during periods of silence energy simply flows away from the system, and in fact it can be sent to power low-power devices.
During the research, the PoWiFi system was placed in six houses, and they suggested that residents use the Internet as usual. Download web pages, watch streaming video, and then tell you what's changed. As a result, it turned out that network performance did not change at all. That is, the Internet worked as usual, and the presence of the added option was not noticeable. And these were only the first tests, when a relatively small amount of energy was collected over Wi-Fi.
In the future, the PoWiFi technology can fully serve to power the sensors embedded in home appliances and military equipment in order to control them wirelessly and carry out remote charging / recharging.
Actual is the transfer of energy for the UAV (most likely, already on technology Powimax or from Radar carrier aircraft):
The idea looks quite tempting. Instead of today's 20-30 minutes of flight time:
→ LOCUST - Swarming Navy Drones
→ In the US, experienced a “swarm” of Perdix microdrones
→ Intel ran the show drones During Lady Gaga's performance at the US Super Bowl halftimeIntel® Aero Platform for UAV
Get 40-80 minutes thanks to charging the drones via wireless technology.
I will explain:
- the exchange of m / s drones is still necessary (swarm algorithm);
- the exchange of m / d by drones and aircraft (womb) is also necessary (DD, correction of BRs, re-targeting, command for elimination, preventing "friendly fire", transfer of intelligence information and commands to use weapons).
For UAV negative from inverse square law (isotropic-emitting antenna) partially "compensates" the antenna beam width and radiation pattern:
This is not a cellular communication, where the cell must provide communication to the end elements on 360 °.
Suppose this variation:
The carrier aircraft (for Perdix) has this F-18 (now) radar AN / APG-65:
(maximum average radiated power at 12000 W)
or in the future will have AN / APG-79 AESA:
in the impulse must produce under the 15 kW kW of energy EMP
This is quite enough to extend the active life of Perdix Micro-Drones from the current 20 minutes to an hour, and maybe more. Most likely, the Perdix Middle drone will be used, which will be irradiated at a sufficient distance by the radar of the fighter, and he, in turn, will “distribute” energy to the younger brothers Perdix Micro-Drones on PoWiFi / PoWiMax, simultaneously exchanging information with them (flight-pilot targets, swarm coordination).
Is the era of warthog attacks a thing of the past?
Maybe it will soon come to charge cell phones and other mobile devices that are in the range of Wi-Fi, Wi-Max or 5G - in the subway, on the train, on the plane, while walking / jogging in the park?
Epilogue: after 10-20 years after widespread introduction into the everyday life of numerous electromagnetic microwave emitters (Mobile phones, Microwave ovens, Computers, WiFi, Blu tools, etc.) suddenly cockroaches in big cities suddenly turned into a rarity! Now the cockroach is an insect that can be found only in the zoo. They suddenly disappeared from the houses that they had so loved before.
TARAKANS KARL ™!
These monsters are the leaders of the list "radioresistant organisms" shamelessly capitulated!
Help
Who's next in line?
Note: A typical WiMAX base station emits power at approximately + 43 dBm (20 W), and a mobile station usually transmits to + 23 dBm (200 mW).
The allowable radiation levels of mobile base stations (900 and 1800 MHz, the total level from all sources) in the sanitary-residential area in some countries are noticeably different:
Ukraine: 2,5 µW / cm². (the toughest sanitary standard in Europe)
Russia, Hungary: 10 µW / cm².
Moscow: 2,0 µW / cm². (the norm existed until the end of 2009 of the year)
USA, Scandinavian countries: 100 µW / cm².
Temporarily permissible level (VDU) from mobile radiotelephones (MRI) for users of radio telephones in the Russian Federation is 10 μW / cm² (Section IV - Hygienic requirements for mobile radio stations SanPiN 2.1.8 / 2.2.4.1190-03 "Hygienic requirements for the placement and operation of land mobile radio communications").
In the USA, the Certificate is issued by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for cellular devices, the maximum SAR level of which does not exceed 1,6 W / kg (and the absorbed radiation power is reduced to 1 gram of human organ tissue).
In Europe, according to the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Directive (ICNIRP), the SAR value of a mobile phone must not exceed 2 W / kg (the absorbed radiation power is given in 10 grams of human tissue).
Relatively recently, in the UK, a safe SAR level was considered to be 10 W / kg. The same roughly picture was observed in other countries. The maximum SAR (1,6 W / kg) adopted in the standard cannot even be safely classified as “hard” or “soft” norms. The standards for determining the SAR value adopted in the United States and in Europe (all the rationing of microwave radiation from cell phones in question is based only on the thermal effect, that is, associated with the heating of tissues of human organs).
FULL CHAOS.
Medicine has not yet given a clear answer to the question: is mobile / WiFi harmful and to what extent? And what about the wireless power transmission of microwave technologies?
Here the power is not watts and miles watts, but already kW ...
Links, used documents, photos and videos:
“(MAGAZINE OF RADIO ELECTRONICS!” N 12, 2007 (ELECTRIC ENERGY FROM SPACE-SUNNY SPACE ELECTRIC POWER STATIONS, V. A. Bank)
"Microwave Electronics Perspectives in Space Energy" V.Bank, Dr. of Sc.
www.nasa.gov
www. whdi.org
www.defense.gov
www.witricity.com
www.ru .pinterest .com
www. raytheon.com
www. ausairpower.net
www. wikipedia.org
www.slideshare.net
www.homes.cs.washington.edu
www.dailywireless.org
www.digimedia.ru
www. powercoup.by
www.researchgate.net
www. proelectro.info
www.youtube.com
Information