Duma about the hetman Bogdan. Information for thought
After reading Anatoly Sinitsyn’s article “The Duma on Hetman Bogdan”, he began to write a comment, it turned out to be quite large, and decided to try to post it as an article.
The author cited, let us say, the "ceremonial" biography of Bohdan Khmelnitsky, adding to it the traditional kick recently addressed to Ukraine.
However, the activity of "Bogdan Khmelnitsky - Zaporizhia Army Commander, War servile pioneers rebelled Cossacks and the Ukrainian people of the Prince", as called by Willem Hondius, Flemish cartographer and court engraver two Polish kings, Władysław IV and Jan-Casimir, and contemporaries, and evaluation descendants they gave different, sometimes diametrically opposed. His role in stories perhaps it has not been thoroughly explored and is not realized even today, and some secrets of his life have not been solved yet.
The actions of Bogdan Khmelnitsky closely watched Oliver Cromwell. He saw in the hetman not only his potential ally, but also a kindred spirit. In one of his personal messages, Cromwell addressed the Ukrainian commander in the following way: "Bogdan Khmelnitsky, by the grace of God, Generalissimo of the Greek-Eastern Church, leader of all Cossacks of Zaporozhia, suppressor and exterminator of the Polish nobility, conqueror of fortresses, fighter of the Roman priesthood, persecutor of pagans and anti-christ, anti-Christian supporters.
But some of Khmelnitsky’s actions go against the above estimates and criticized both contemporaries and historians.
In the summer of 1648, in Poland, it was declared "Commonwealth destruction". In September 1648, the Polish army, numbering about 40 thousands of people, including 18 thousands of mercenaries, gathered near Lvov. The battle with the army of Khmelnitsky occurred near the town of Pilyavtsy in the Lviv region. At the head of the Polish army were three tycoons: Prince Dominik Zaslavsky, Nikolai Ostroh and 18-year-old Alexander Konetspolsky, who had the title of corona corunet. In the battle held, the Poles were utterly defeated. A terrible catastrophe, when the color of Polish knighthood was taken to flight as a flock of sheep, occurred when the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth did not even have time to recover from the deafening blows in the Yellow Waters and under Korsun. This defeat caused general horror and stupor. Poland lay at the feet of Khmelnitsky. The Poles were at a loss and could not assemble a new army. The road to Warsaw was open and Khmelnitsky had a real chance to deliver a crushing blow to Poland.
If he had thought of moving with his regiments into the depths of Poland, he would have met no resistance right up to Warsaw. As historians write, if there are moments in the life of nations, on which their entire future depends, then such a minute was the time after the victory at Pilnauts 23 of September 1648 of the year. Freedom from Polish oppression, complete national liberation - everything was possible and achievable at that moment. The people felt this and were eager to finish the work of freedom.
Khmelnitsky led the troops - but not to Warsaw, but to Lviv, which had paid off a siege from the siege. After Lviv, Khmelnitsky marched on Zamost, which was then besieged for a long time, not allowing to take by storm. He entered into negotiations with the Poles about the election of the king, sent his representatives to the Sejm, promised to obey the orders of the new head of state. At the request of the newly elected king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Jan Casimir Khmelnitsky sends station wagons to Cossack regiments that operated in southern Belarus, with orders to return to Ukraine. The Cossack army leaves the outskirts of Zamo направć and heads for Dnieper. 11 December 1649, Jan Casimir sends a letter to Khmelnitsky demanding that the insurgent detachments be dismissed. In Belopolye (Kyiv province), Khmelnitsky disbands its army.
Why Khmelnitsky did this? Why gave the Poles the opportunity to create a new springboard for the attack on Ukraine? Why let them gather their strength? Many historians have tried to answer this question. Some believed that the fierce peasant war, which had led by chance, Khmelnitsky was simply frightened, simply was not ready for a historical role of such magnitude. Like it or not, we may not already know.
Similarly, it is unlikely that we will also find out that in the 1941 — 1943 years on Saturday (the official residence of the Hetman), the archaeological excavation was carried out by the “Anenerbe” organization, which operated under the patronage of Heinrich Himmler and was established in 1935 to study the traditions, history and heritage of the Aryan race . Basically, Anenerbe was looking for sources of “special knowledge,” those that could contribute to creating a superman with super power and super knowledge. To confirm the theory of the Aryans, the Nazis scoured around the world - from Tibet to Africa and Europe.
We do not even know for sure what this legendary person looked like. The only description of the appearance of Bogdan, which has come down to our time, left us in the XVII century. Austrian Ambassador Alberto da Vimina: "Khmelnitsky was rather tall than medium and very wide in bone." Reliable images of the hetman is not preserved. The landmark is the only black and white engraving of the 17th century, Gondius, already mentioned by us, which was allegedly painted from his lifetime portrait.
With the Khmelnitsky relics that have survived to our time, everything is not that simple either. Much of the items associated with the name of the legendary Ukrainian hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky are now kept in museums in Poland, primarily in the famous Chartoryi Museum, which has been affiliated to the National Museum in Krakow since 1950. This museum, the oldest private collection in Poland, was founded in 1796 by Princess Isabella Czartoryska. As museum catalogs testify, at the beginning of the 19th century, relics connected with the name of Bogdan Khmelnitsky appeared in the same collection: a saber, a whip and two cups. The inscription engraved on the saber is of exceptional interest. There are still debates about the correctness of its reading. The variant most often cited was proposed by the Polish researcher Stanislav Svezha as early as the beginning of the 20th century:
Szczo pod Zborowom Zbarazom slawy zarobyli
Jnj pod Bcresteczkom na hlowu utratyli
Ne buto na tachow swoich sia porywaty
J z B [ercsteczka (?)] Zaraz w skok utekaty
Toby w naszoy slawie ne buio utraty. 1652.
What under Zborovom, Zbarazhem glory mined
Others under Berestechkom lost their head
There was no rush on the Poles
And with B [spawn] immediately jump away
That would not have lost our glory. 1652.
The intrigue of this whole story is attached by the fact of the existence of an almost identical saber, which is now kept in the Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky Historical Museum, where it came from the collection of the famous Ukrainian collector V.V. Tarnowski. On the blade of this saber, at the base of the blade, is also engraved the already familiar inscription in Polish: “What is under Zborov, Zbarazh ...”
There have been mystical experiences in his life. When he studied at the Lviv Jesuit College, he was once raised by a tornado, surrounded by a collegium building, and put it carefully in place. One can only imagine what impression this event made on the witnesses. Someone was already convinced that this person will have an amazing fate.
In conclusion, I want to cite an excerpt from the biography of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, written in 1894 by Russian writer V.I. Yakovenko and published in the “Life of Remarkable People” series of the Russian publisher and educator FF Pavlenkova: “Khmelnitsky died in the 1657 year, without completing the work begun. Could it have been possible to end it in the ten years he had lived since the time of the fatal feud? The struggle between the gentry-aristocratic and Cossack-national principles could not be completed even for a century. It remains an imperfect great cause; but fate did not send successors and successors worthy of the initiator. And it is strange, even now, after two and a half centuries, there has not yet been established a calm, impartial attitude towards the personality of the main figure of the most significant era in our history, Bogdan Khmelnitsky. At the same time, society places a monument to him, and the Kiev committee for the collection of donations in its appeal determines the value of Khmelnitsky as follows: the building of all Russia ", - at this time the Moscow Imperial Society of Russian History and Antiquities publishes a three-volume passionate pamphlet of the famous Kulish, depicting Khmelnitsky as a notorious villain and villain! It can be seen that it is impossible to say that the acts of Bogdan Khmelnitsky constitute the heritage of the times past. ”
Unfortunately, today's Ukraine and the Ukrainians are far from what our ancestors were. We do not have such a leader as Bogdan Khmelnitsky. So, probably, the life and death of an outstanding hetman should inspire us to think and analyze.
The author cited, let us say, the "ceremonial" biography of Bohdan Khmelnitsky, adding to it the traditional kick recently addressed to Ukraine.
However, the activity of "Bogdan Khmelnitsky - Zaporizhia Army Commander, War servile pioneers rebelled Cossacks and the Ukrainian people of the Prince", as called by Willem Hondius, Flemish cartographer and court engraver two Polish kings, Władysław IV and Jan-Casimir, and contemporaries, and evaluation descendants they gave different, sometimes diametrically opposed. His role in stories perhaps it has not been thoroughly explored and is not realized even today, and some secrets of his life have not been solved yet.
The actions of Bogdan Khmelnitsky closely watched Oliver Cromwell. He saw in the hetman not only his potential ally, but also a kindred spirit. In one of his personal messages, Cromwell addressed the Ukrainian commander in the following way: "Bogdan Khmelnitsky, by the grace of God, Generalissimo of the Greek-Eastern Church, leader of all Cossacks of Zaporozhia, suppressor and exterminator of the Polish nobility, conqueror of fortresses, fighter of the Roman priesthood, persecutor of pagans and anti-christ, anti-Christian supporters.
But some of Khmelnitsky’s actions go against the above estimates and criticized both contemporaries and historians.
In the summer of 1648, in Poland, it was declared "Commonwealth destruction". In September 1648, the Polish army, numbering about 40 thousands of people, including 18 thousands of mercenaries, gathered near Lvov. The battle with the army of Khmelnitsky occurred near the town of Pilyavtsy in the Lviv region. At the head of the Polish army were three tycoons: Prince Dominik Zaslavsky, Nikolai Ostroh and 18-year-old Alexander Konetspolsky, who had the title of corona corunet. In the battle held, the Poles were utterly defeated. A terrible catastrophe, when the color of Polish knighthood was taken to flight as a flock of sheep, occurred when the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth did not even have time to recover from the deafening blows in the Yellow Waters and under Korsun. This defeat caused general horror and stupor. Poland lay at the feet of Khmelnitsky. The Poles were at a loss and could not assemble a new army. The road to Warsaw was open and Khmelnitsky had a real chance to deliver a crushing blow to Poland.
If he had thought of moving with his regiments into the depths of Poland, he would have met no resistance right up to Warsaw. As historians write, if there are moments in the life of nations, on which their entire future depends, then such a minute was the time after the victory at Pilnauts 23 of September 1648 of the year. Freedom from Polish oppression, complete national liberation - everything was possible and achievable at that moment. The people felt this and were eager to finish the work of freedom.
Khmelnitsky led the troops - but not to Warsaw, but to Lviv, which had paid off a siege from the siege. After Lviv, Khmelnitsky marched on Zamost, which was then besieged for a long time, not allowing to take by storm. He entered into negotiations with the Poles about the election of the king, sent his representatives to the Sejm, promised to obey the orders of the new head of state. At the request of the newly elected king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Jan Casimir Khmelnitsky sends station wagons to Cossack regiments that operated in southern Belarus, with orders to return to Ukraine. The Cossack army leaves the outskirts of Zamo направć and heads for Dnieper. 11 December 1649, Jan Casimir sends a letter to Khmelnitsky demanding that the insurgent detachments be dismissed. In Belopolye (Kyiv province), Khmelnitsky disbands its army.
Why Khmelnitsky did this? Why gave the Poles the opportunity to create a new springboard for the attack on Ukraine? Why let them gather their strength? Many historians have tried to answer this question. Some believed that the fierce peasant war, which had led by chance, Khmelnitsky was simply frightened, simply was not ready for a historical role of such magnitude. Like it or not, we may not already know.
Similarly, it is unlikely that we will also find out that in the 1941 — 1943 years on Saturday (the official residence of the Hetman), the archaeological excavation was carried out by the “Anenerbe” organization, which operated under the patronage of Heinrich Himmler and was established in 1935 to study the traditions, history and heritage of the Aryan race . Basically, Anenerbe was looking for sources of “special knowledge,” those that could contribute to creating a superman with super power and super knowledge. To confirm the theory of the Aryans, the Nazis scoured around the world - from Tibet to Africa and Europe.
We do not even know for sure what this legendary person looked like. The only description of the appearance of Bogdan, which has come down to our time, left us in the XVII century. Austrian Ambassador Alberto da Vimina: "Khmelnitsky was rather tall than medium and very wide in bone." Reliable images of the hetman is not preserved. The landmark is the only black and white engraving of the 17th century, Gondius, already mentioned by us, which was allegedly painted from his lifetime portrait.
With the Khmelnitsky relics that have survived to our time, everything is not that simple either. Much of the items associated with the name of the legendary Ukrainian hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky are now kept in museums in Poland, primarily in the famous Chartoryi Museum, which has been affiliated to the National Museum in Krakow since 1950. This museum, the oldest private collection in Poland, was founded in 1796 by Princess Isabella Czartoryska. As museum catalogs testify, at the beginning of the 19th century, relics connected with the name of Bogdan Khmelnitsky appeared in the same collection: a saber, a whip and two cups. The inscription engraved on the saber is of exceptional interest. There are still debates about the correctness of its reading. The variant most often cited was proposed by the Polish researcher Stanislav Svezha as early as the beginning of the 20th century:
Szczo pod Zborowom Zbarazom slawy zarobyli
Jnj pod Bcresteczkom na hlowu utratyli
Ne buto na tachow swoich sia porywaty
J z B [ercsteczka (?)] Zaraz w skok utekaty
Toby w naszoy slawie ne buio utraty. 1652.
What under Zborovom, Zbarazhem glory mined
Others under Berestechkom lost their head
There was no rush on the Poles
And with B [spawn] immediately jump away
That would not have lost our glory. 1652.
The intrigue of this whole story is attached by the fact of the existence of an almost identical saber, which is now kept in the Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky Historical Museum, where it came from the collection of the famous Ukrainian collector V.V. Tarnowski. On the blade of this saber, at the base of the blade, is also engraved the already familiar inscription in Polish: “What is under Zborov, Zbarazh ...”
There have been mystical experiences in his life. When he studied at the Lviv Jesuit College, he was once raised by a tornado, surrounded by a collegium building, and put it carefully in place. One can only imagine what impression this event made on the witnesses. Someone was already convinced that this person will have an amazing fate.
In conclusion, I want to cite an excerpt from the biography of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, written in 1894 by Russian writer V.I. Yakovenko and published in the “Life of Remarkable People” series of the Russian publisher and educator FF Pavlenkova: “Khmelnitsky died in the 1657 year, without completing the work begun. Could it have been possible to end it in the ten years he had lived since the time of the fatal feud? The struggle between the gentry-aristocratic and Cossack-national principles could not be completed even for a century. It remains an imperfect great cause; but fate did not send successors and successors worthy of the initiator. And it is strange, even now, after two and a half centuries, there has not yet been established a calm, impartial attitude towards the personality of the main figure of the most significant era in our history, Bogdan Khmelnitsky. At the same time, society places a monument to him, and the Kiev committee for the collection of donations in its appeal determines the value of Khmelnitsky as follows: the building of all Russia ", - at this time the Moscow Imperial Society of Russian History and Antiquities publishes a three-volume passionate pamphlet of the famous Kulish, depicting Khmelnitsky as a notorious villain and villain! It can be seen that it is impossible to say that the acts of Bogdan Khmelnitsky constitute the heritage of the times past. ”
Unfortunately, today's Ukraine and the Ukrainians are far from what our ancestors were. We do not have such a leader as Bogdan Khmelnitsky. So, probably, the life and death of an outstanding hetman should inspire us to think and analyze.
Information