"Ships to be ...". How Tsar Peter began to create a fleet

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"Ships to be ...". How Tsar Peter began to create a fleet

320 years ago, on October 30, 1696, at the suggestion of Tsar Peter I, the Boyar Duma adopted the decree “To be maritime courts ...”. This was the first law on navy and the official date of its foundation.

The first regular formation of the Russian Navy was the Azov flotilla. It was created by Peter I to fight the Ottoman Empire for access to the Azov and Black Seas. In a short time, from November 1665 to May 1699, in Voronezh, Kozlov and other cities located along the banks of rivers flowing into the Sea of ​​Azov, several ships, galleys, firefighters, planes, and sea boats were built, which formed the Azov Flotilla.



The date is conditional, since the Russians had long been able to build river-sea class vessels. So, the Slavorians have long since mastered the Baltic (the Varangian, the Venetian Sea). The Varyags-Rus controlled it long before the heyday of the German Hansa (and the Hansa was created on the basis of Slavic cities and their trade relations). Their heirs were Novgorodians, ushkuyniki, who made trips up to the Urals and beyond. The Russian princes used to equip huge flotillas that sailed along the Black Sea, which was then called the Russian Sea for a reason. The Russian fleet showed its power to Tsargrad. Russ went on the Caspian Sea. Later, the Cossacks continued this tradition, and walked on the seas and rivers, attacked the Persians, Ottomans, Crimean Tatars, etc.

prehistory

At the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries, naval fleets began to play an increasing role. All the great powers had powerful fleets. Sea and ocean expanses have already cut through hundreds and thousands of ships, mastered new sea lanes, the flow of goods increased, new ports, sea fortresses and shipyards appeared. International trade went beyond the sea basins - the Mediterranean, Baltic and North Seas. With the help of fleets created a huge colonial empire.

During this period, the first places in the strength of the fleets were occupied by England and Holland. In these countries, the revolution cleared the way for capitalist development. Spain, Portugal, France, Venice, the Ottoman Empire, Denmark and Sweden had strong fleets. All these states had an extensive sea coast, a long tradition of navigation. Some states have already created their colonial empires - Spain, Portugal, others at full speed built them - England, Holland and France. The resources of the plundered territories provided an opportunity for overconsumption for the elite, as well as for the accumulation of capital.

Russia, which had the ancient traditions of navigation, during this period was cut off from the seas, which in ancient times were largely mastered and controlled by the Russian (Black) and Varyazhsky (Baltic) seas. After the collapse of the Rurik Empire, our country was significantly weakened, lost many lands. Russian in a series of wars and territorial seizures pushed back into the continent. In the northwest, the main enemy of Russia was Sweden, which seized Russian lands in the Baltic States. The Swedish kingdom at that time was a first-class great power, having a professional army and a strong fleet. The Swedes seized the Russian lands along the shores of the Gulf of Finland, controlled a large part of the southern Baltic, turning the Baltic Sea into a “Swedish lake”. Only on the coast of the White Sea (hundreds of kilometers from the main economic centers of Russia) did we have the port of Arkhangelsk. He gave limited opportunities for maritime trade - was remote, and in winter navigation was interrupted due to the severity of the climate.

The access to the Black Sea was closed by the Crimean Khanate (vassal of Porta) and the Ottoman Empire. Turks and Crimean Tatars held in their hands the entire Northern Black Sea Coast, with the mouths of the Danube, Dniester, Southern Bug, Dnieper, Don and Kuban. Moreover, in many of these territories, Russia had historical rights - they were part of the Old Russian state. The lack of access to the seas fettered the economic development of Russia.

The situation was aggravated by the fact that the Ottoman Empire, the Crimean Khanate, Sweden were hostile states of Russia. The sea coast in the south and north-west was a convenient base for further advance on the Russian lands. Sweden and the Port created powerful strategic fortresses in the north and south, which not only blocked Russia's access to the seas, but also served as bases for further attacks on the Russian state. Relying on the military power of Turkey, the Crimean Tatars continued their predatory raids. On the southern frontiers, there was an almost uninterrupted battle with the hordes of the Crimean Khanate and other predators, if there were no major campaigns, then small raids, raids by enemy units were commonplace. The Turkish fleet dominated the Black Sea, and the Swedish - in the Baltic.

Thus, access to the Baltic and Black Sea was important for the Russian state from the point of view of military strategic necessity - ensuring security from the southern and north-western directions. Russia had to reach the natural line of defense. It was necessary to restore historical justice, to return their lands. We must not forget the economic factor. Isolation from the main sea trade routes of Europe (Baltic - North Sea - Atlantic, Black Sea - Mediterranean - Atlantic) adversely affected the economic development of the state. Therefore, the struggle for access to the seas has become paramount to the future of Russia.

Capture of Azov

By the time the princess Sophia was overthrown (1689 year), Russia was at war with the Ottoman Empire. Russia in the 1686 year joined the anti-Turkish Holy League, created in the 1684 year. This union included the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1687 and 1689 under the leadership of Prince Vasily Golitsyn, campaigns against the Crimean Khanate were undertaken, but they did not bring success. Military operations were stopped, but Russia and the Ottoman Empire did not conclude peace.

The continuation of the war with Porto became the priority of Peter’s foreign policy. The allies of the anti-Turkish alliance demanded that the Russian Tsar continue military operations. In addition, the war with Turkey seemed to be an easier task than the conflict with Sweden, which closed the way to the Baltic. Russia had allies, Turkey fought on other fronts and could not throw considerable forces into the war with Russia. The Russian command decided not to strike at the Crimea, but to attack Azov, a strategic Turkish fortress located at the confluence of the Don River into the Sea of ​​Azov. This was supposed to protect the southern frontiers of Russia from the raids of the Crimean Tatars and become the first step on the way to the Black Sea.

The 1695 campaign did not lead to success. The mistakes of command, lack of unity of command, poor organization, underestimation of the value of the Turkish fleet, which supplied the fortress with everything necessary during the siege and brought reinforcements, had an effect. The 1696 campaign of the year was prepared much better. Peter realized that it was necessary to block the fortress from the sea, that is, it was necessary to create a flotilla. The construction of a “sea caravan” (military and transport ships and vessels) began.

In January, 1696 of the year in Voronezh shipyards and in Preobrazhensky (a village near Moscow on the banks of the Yauza River, where the residence of Father Peter, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich) was located, launched a large-scale construction of ships and ships. The galleys built in Preobrazhensky were dismantled, brought to Voronezh, collected there again and launched on the Don. Peter ordered the spring to make 1300 planes, 30 sea boats, 100 rafts. For this mobilized carpenters, blacksmiths, working people. The Voronezh region was not chosen by chance, for the local population the construction of riverboats was already a common trade for more than one generation. Total mobilized over 25 thousand people. Not only masters and workers traveled from all over the country, but also materials — wood, hemp, tar, iron, etc. — were carried. Work went quickly, and even more planes were built before the start of the campaign.

The task of building warships was solved in Preobrazhensky (on the Yauza River). The main type of ships under construction were galleys - rowing ships that had 30-38 oars, they were armed with 4-6 guns, 2 masts, 130-200 man of the crew (plus they could carry significant landing). This type of ship met the conditions of the theater of operations, galleys with their small draft, maneuverability, could successfully operate on the river, the shallow water of the lower reaches of the Don, the coastal waters of the Sea of ​​Azov. The shipbuilding experience was used in the construction of ships: for example, in Nizhny Novgorod, the ship Frederick was built in 1636, in the 1668, in the village of Dedinovo on the Oka, the ship Oryol was built. In addition, in the 1688-1692 years, on Pereyaslavsky Lake and in 1693, in Arkhangelsk, with the participation of Peter, several ships were built. For the construction of ships in Preobrazhensky, soldiers of Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments, peasants, and artisans were widely attracted, who were summoned from settlements where shipbuilding was developed (Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Nizhny Novgorod, etc.). Among the masters, the Vologda carpenter Osip Shchek and the Nizhny Novgorod carpenter Yakim Ivanov enjoyed universal respect.

Throughout the winter, the main parts of the ship were made in Preobrazhenskoye: keels (hull base), frames (“ribs” of the ship), stringers (longitudinal beams going from bow to stern), beams (cross beams between frames), pillers (vertical supports supporting the deck) ), cladding boards, deck decks, masts, oars, etc. In February, 1696 prepared parts for the 22 galleys and 4 branders (a vessel filled with combustible substances for arson of enemy ships). In March, ships were transported to Voronezh. Each galley was delivered on 15-20 carts. On April 2, the first galleys were launched, their crews were formed from the Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments.

In Voronezh, also laid the first large three-masted ships (2 units), with quite strong artillery weapons. They demanded a large shipbuilding complex. On each of them decided to install 36 guns. By early May, built the first ship - 36-gun sailing-rowing frigate "Apostle Peter". The ship was built with the help of the Danish master Augustus (Gustav) Meyer (he became the commander of the second ship - the 36-gun "Apostle Paul"). The length of the sailing-rowing frigate was 34,4 m, the width 7,6 m, the ship was flat-bottomed, to be able to get out of the river into the sea. The ships were intended for the sea, and built them away from him. The fairway of the tributaries of the Don, even at high water, ruled out the advancement of ships with deep draft. In addition, the frigate had 15 pairs of oars in case of calm and for maneuver.

Thus, in Russia, far from the seas, in an extremely short period of time they created a “naval military caravan” - a military transport flotilla. At the same time there was a process of strengthening the army.

The flotilla acquired the first combat experience. In May 1796, the Russian flotilla entered the Sea of ​​Azov and cut off the fortress from sources of supply across the sea. Russian ships took positions across the Bay of Azov. When the Turkish squadron approached in about a month, the Ottomans did not dare to break through and retreated. The enemy fleet refused to attempt to help the besieged garrison. This played an important role - the fortress was cut off from the supply of food, ammunition, reinforcements, in addition, the Turkish garrison realized that there would be no help, which undermined its morale. 19 July Azov Fortress capitulated.



"Sea ships to be ..."

As a result, the Azov campaigns in practice showed the importance of the fleet for waging war. The capture of Azov was only the first step on a difficult and long journey. The war with the Ottoman Empire continued. The fleet and army of Turkey, the Crimean Khanate continued to pose a significant threat to Russia's southern borders. To resist a powerful enemy, to maintain access to the sea and to achieve the conclusion of a profitable peace, a strong permanent fleet was needed. Tsar Peter made the right conclusions from this, he could not be denied organizational skills and strategic thinking. October 20 1696 of the Year The Boyar Duma proclaims "To be ships of the sea ...". Approved extensive military shipbuilding program 52 (later 77) ships.

The construction of the fleet was a task of great complexity, which could be solved only by a strong and developed power, with great government attention. It was necessary to create virtually a whole huge industry and infrastructure, build new shipyards, bases and ports, enterprises, workshops, ships, produce weapon, various equipment and materials. It was necessary to a huge number of workers. It was necessary to create a whole system of training marine personnel — sailors, navigators, navigators, officers, artillerymen, etc. In addition to creating a production base, a maritime infrastructure, and a specialized education system, huge financial investments were needed. And yet the navy was created.

Tsar Peter I introduced a special naval service, which was extended to landowners, merchants and traders. The duty included the supply of ships, fully prepared and armed. In the construction of the fleet were to take part all landowners who had over 100 peasant households. Secular landowners (estates of boyars and noblemen) were obliged to build one ship from every 10 thousand households (that is, together). Spiritual landowners (monasteries, the highest church hierarchy) were to be built by ship from 8 thousand courtyards. The merchants and merchants of Russia were to jointly lay and build 12 ships. Landowners who had less than 100 peasant households were exempted from construction, but were required to pay cash contributions - 50 kopecks from each yard. These funds are called "half the money".

It is clear that the ship's duty and the introduction of "half a ton of money" were met by many landowners and merchants hostile. Some wealthy merchants and large landowners were even ready to pay off the conscription of the ship in order not to burden themselves with such a problem. But the king demanded the fulfillment of duties. When part of the merchants filed a petition asking "to dismiss them from the ship's business," they were punished by ordering two more ships to be built. For the construction of ships, landowners were divided into “Kumpanism” (companies). Each company must build one ship and arm it. For example, the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, which had 24 thousand courtyards, was supposed to build the 3 ship. Smaller monasteries formed together for the formation of one Kumpanism. The secular kumpanstvo usually included 2-3 large landowner and 10-30 middle-aged nobles. The Posad and black-nosy population was not divided into Kumpanism. The townspeople of the cities and the blackosos peasants of Pomerania, as well as the guests and trade people of the living room and the hundreds of cloths, formed a single kumpanism.

According to the initial program, they planned to build 52 ships: 19 ships - secular landowners, 19 ships - clergymen and 14 ships - merchants. Kumpanism had to independently organize the whole complex of preparatory and construction work, including the maintenance of workers and craftsmen, the purchase of all materials, weapons. For the device shipyards were allocated places in Voronezh, Strupinskaya pier, in a number of settlements along the river Voronezh and Don.

The fourth builder of the fleet was the treasury. The Admiralty built ships for money collected from secular and spiritual feudal lords with patrimonies of less than a hundred peasants. First, the Admiralty had to build 6 ships and 40 brigantine, but then this rate was raised twice, so that in the end he had to put 16 ships and 60 brigantine on the water. However, the government increased the standards and private kumpanstvo, in 1698, they were obliged to build more 6 ships. The guests (merchants) still managed to evade the obligation to build ships: instead of ships, the treasury agreed to accept money (12 thousand rubles for a ship).

From the spring of 1697, shipbuilding work was in full swing. Thousands of people flocked to Voronezh and other settlements where shipyards were created. As soon as one ship was lowered into the water, another was immediately laid. Two- and three-masted warships were built with 25-40 guns on board. Voronezh became a real "cradle" of the Peter's fleet. The pace grew every year, and by 1699 the construction of most of the ships was completed.

The introduction of new labor service was connected with the conquest of Azov and the construction of the fleet: carpenters were driven from all over the country to the shipyards and to the construction of the Trinity fortress and the harbor in Taganrog. It is worth noting that this construction was carried out in extremely difficult conditions: without shelter in autumn and winter conditions, with scarce food supplies, the peasants for months piled wood, sawed boards, built roads, deepened the fairway of the river, built ships. From one third to one half of the people, unable to withstand the hardest working conditions, fled. It happened that the whole team ran, to a single person. When news of the heavy share of shipyard workers penetrated the counties where workers were hired, the population hid in the forests. Especially in a difficult situation was the population in the areas adjacent to Voronezh.

A heavy burden fell on the peasant serfs, on which the landowners laid the burden of conscription. They had to ensure the supply of everything necessary for the construction of ships, working to the detriment of agriculture and other occupations that provided their lives. Considerable losses were in horses - they were confiscated for transportation. As a result, the flight of people to the Don, Khoper, to other lands has considerably increased.

Thus, the Voronezh shipbuilding and the construction of the harbor, the fortress in Taganrog initiated extraordinary taxes and labor obligations in the era of Peter.


Frigate "Apostle Peter"

Shipbuilding program development

The first experience of shipbuilding revealed serious shortcomings. Some kumpanism did not rush to work, intending to evade duty or delay the delivery of ships. The king had to apply repression: for refusing to participate in the program ordered to unsubscribe estates and patrimonies in favor of the treasury.

In order to save or due to the lack of shipbuilding experience, many landowners were formally (only to do) the program. Often did not pay attention to the choice of wood, other materials, the quality of work. The quality of construction was also affected by the abuse of contractors, the inexperience of a number of craftsmen. One of the most pernicious results of the rush was the fact that the ships were built from raw, undried forest. In addition, there were no covered slipways at the shipyards and the ships were immediately exposed to bad weather, because of the lack of iron instead of iron fixings they used wooden ones.

Peter’s hopes for foreign specialists, who had been invited to Russia since 1696, did not materialize. A significant part of foreigners came to Russia for profits, having no experience in shipbuilding or little understanding of this issue. In addition, masters of different nationalities (English, Dutch, Italians, etc.) had different methods of shipbuilding, which led to various conflicts and problems. As a result, many of the built ships were fragile or insufficiently stable on the water, quickly deteriorated, required many modifications, often immediately overhaul and repair.

The government took into account these errors. Abandoned the construction of ships Kumpanstvo. In September, 1698 of the year, some Kumpan agencies were allowed to make a cash ransom to the treasury instead of building on their own - 10 thousand rubles for a ship. Soon, this practice was extended to all Kumpanism. The funds received, as well as "half the money" launched a wider construction on state-owned shipyards. Back in 1696, the Admiralty Yard was established in Voronezh. Already in 1697, the 7 of large ships and 60 brigantine were laid there (a small single or two-masted sailing-rowing vessel for the carriage of goods and troops in coastal areas). 27 April 1700 was at the shipyard of the Voronezh Admiralty, Peter himself personally launched the 58-gun ship (Goto Predestination, in Latin means “God's Foresight”).

At the same time, the process of creating the foundations of the military organization of the fleet and its command and control was going on. In 1700, they established the "Order of the Admiralty Affairs", which was later transformed into the Admiralty Board. It was the central state authority for the management of the construction, supply and supply of the fleet. Admirals and officers were appointed to all important positions by royal decrees. The first head of the Admiralty, who was in charge of construction affairs, was the steward of A.P. Protasiev, then he was replaced by the Archangel voivode, one of the Tsar’s closest associates, Fedor Matveyevich Apraksin.

The appearance of the Russian fleet was one of the factors that forced Turkey to make peace with Russia. In the summer of 1699 from Azov to Taganrog came the Russian ships "Scorpion", "The Opened Gates", "Power", "Fortress", "Good Connection" and several galleys. The head of the Ambassadorial Prikaz E. Ukraintsev boarded the "Fortress". On August 4, the "sea caravan" of General-Admiral F. A. Golovin weighed anchor. The first cruise of the Azov fleet began. In total, 10 large ships were sent: the 62-gun "Scorpion" under the flag of General-Admiral Fyodor Golovin, "Good Beginning" (Vice-Admiral K. Cruis was holding the flag on it), "Color of War" (on it was holding the flag of Rear-Admiral von Rez), "The Gates Opened", "The Apostle Peter", "Strength", "Fearlessness", "Connection", "Mercury", "Fortress". Most of the ships of the squadron had 26-44 guns in service.

18 August near Kerch quite unexpectedly for the Turkish governor of the city and the commander of the Turkish squadron Admiral Hasan Pasha (the Turkish squadron was stationed at Kerch) the ships of the Russian squadron appeared. The deputy commander of the Russian squadron, Vice-Admiral Cornelius Cruys, described the impression that the arrival of the ships of the Azov fleet made to the Turkish commanders: “The Turkish horror could be seen from the face of this accidental visit with such a pretty armed squadron; and had a lot of work, so that the Turks believed that these ships in Russia were built and that they were Russian people. And as the Turks heard that His Majesty pointed out his ambassador on his own ships to Istanbul to take, then the Turks gave even more horror. ” It was a nasty surprise for Porta.

September 7 "Fortress" with the Russian envoy arrived to the Sultan's palace in Istanbul. In the Turkish capital were shocked by the appearance of the Russian ship, and even more surprised was the news of the visit of Kerch Russian squadron. September 8 "Fortress" was examined outside by the Vizier, and the next day the Ottoman sultan himself did the same inspection.

Negotiations were difficult. Ambassadors of England and Holland tried to thwart them, but eventually the peace agreement was signed. The peace treaty was signed in July 1700, its validity was determined on 30 years. Azov with the region departed the Russian state. After Russia, the newly built towns remained - Taganrog, Pavlovsky Town, Miyus. In addition, Moscow was freed from the long-standing custom of paying the annual tribute (“gifts”) to the Crimean Khan. But it was not possible to agree on the free navigation of Russian ships in the Black Sea. Russia also refused to claim Kerch. The Ottoman Empire returned part of the Dnieper region occupied by the Russian troops. The peace of Constantinople allowed Peter to start a war with Sweden, without worrying about the southern direction.
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  1. +2
    30 October 2016 19: 57
    And in Ukraine we’ll say that we dug up the Black Sea and taught Russia how to build ships. They were the first to invent and build a submarine and the first to fly to the Moon. And humanity has gone from them. laughing
    1. +2
      30 October 2016 21: 23
      And what does Ukraine have to do with it?
      In all non-living media, both foreign and ours, in any news, even the most harmless. commentators insert something about Russia, that's how you are now,
  2. +1
    30 October 2016 20: 55
    for a decade and a half - from 1696 to 1710, Peter the Great laid down 71 large ships (no less than a frigate) at the shipyards of the Azov Fleet. But at the end of this period only 4 of them could go to sea.
    So the creation of the Azov fleet by Peter, without exaggeration, draws on leadership among the most expensive super projects
    1. 0
      13 December 2016 19: 47
      In general, the whole Petrovna government is the most expensive super project
  3. +2
    30 October 2016 21: 03
    With what difficulty our people built the state, with what victims we got access to the seas. And the Communist guys ruined such a country in one day.
    1. +2
      30 October 2016 21: 13
      What do you mean ??? 1917 or 1990s ??
    2. +2
      31 October 2016 00: 26
      For the 1612 previous years, we will also ask the Communists?
      And for Kalka?
      And for fragmented Russia?
      And for Mazepa?
      And for Tsushima?

      And who raised Gagarin into space?
      Or is it not about our country?
    3. +4
      31 October 2016 05: 10
      The one whom you call communists, ordinary opportunists, they and their descendants, are now successfully ruining the country ......
    4. 0
      31 October 2016 06: 07
      Quote: captain
      With what difficulty our people built the state, with what victims we got access to the seas. And the Communist guys ruined such a country in one day.

      Google what was done to destroy the article described after the Prut campaign.
      1. 0
        31 October 2016 09: 49
        Well, here again, everything was reduced to "damned commies" and Dill fool You will write about flies of Drosophillus and here you will find their machinations wassat
  4. The comment was deleted.
  5. +1
    31 October 2016 06: 45
    The author, as in his previous articles, thoroughly and soundly described the events and deeds that laid the foundation for the Russian navy. Thank. Based on his articles, it’s time for Alexander to think about the capital edition of the collection of essays on the military history of Russia.
  6. +1
    31 October 2016 22: 58
    good article but add
    What about overseas shipbuilders
    I managed to hire only in Holland. The British generally broke the price. Check out how much Cruiss cost. And this is a Dutchman. Peter spent a lot on sailors and shipyard workers, and he also needed
    Peter was still in France and the Elector, but on the whole he transferred the Dutch style to Muscovy-Russia.
    And it is worth mentioning that they were built from unsung forest (3 years are necessary at least) for speed. as a result, it quickly deteriorated.
    so that the Turks believe that these ships in Russia built and that they are Russian people. And as the Turks heard that His Majesty had indicated his ambassador to take them to Istanbul on his own ships, the Turks gave even more horror. ” It was an unpleasant surprise for Porta.

    As far as I remember from Tolstoy, this moment sounded like this - "the Muscovites themselves built in 2 years" (when asked where so many ships from the Turkish vice admiral came from)
    There is no surprise. The Tatars reported that the Moscow fleet was bad, there were no guns (apparently then they did not get a ride, Tula could not cope) and would not pass through the arm. The Tatars were then punished for lying, but for the Turks it was unexpected and unpleasant. But not fatal. One "Fortress" was allowed through Kerch anyway, accompanied by 4 Turkish ships.
    Quote: BOB044
    Russia also refused claims to Kerch. The Ottoman Empire returned the part of the Dnieper occupied by the Russian troops

    They gave the Dnieper towns (they were occupied by the Sheremetyevs and Mazepa), and then also the Prut struck so at all .. it was sad.
    But in general, for me, Peter, though a tough and cruel reformer, was apparently impossible in Russia (then Muscovy for Europe). After all, it was under Peter that RI took place. Well, it was impossible to get the sea without a fleet.
    In general, the battle for the window to Europe (and in common parlance, for access to the navigable and warm sea) without 2 arms (army and navy) for Peter was perfectly shown by the first campaign to Azov.
    1. 0
      1 November 2016 00: 47
      Quote: Retvizan
      What about overseas shipbuilders
      Managed to hire only in the Netherlands.

      It's a delusion.
      This is well written by N.A. Bestuzhev in the book "Experience of the History of the Russian Fleet", 1961.

      The Dutch taught to carpentry in the old fashion: repeat the details and actions of the master ...

      And the British introduced Peter with drawings and calculations on the statics of the ship.
      Peter even met the author of this theory, Anthony Dean.
      Dean himself was already very old, but his son Peter called in Russia ...

      By the way, most of the foreign shipbuilders in Peter were not the Dutch, but the British.
      There were also many subjects of Venice from the Slavs and Greeks ...

      And Peter was very offended by the Dutch.
      He thought that they had hidden from him the "secrets" of shipbuilding.
      1. 0
        1 November 2016 21: 38
        Quote: Sergey S.
        And Peter was very offended by the Dutch.
        He thought that they had hidden from him the "secrets" of shipbuilding.

        Petrushkin ships all rotted no later than 10 years after construction. Most of them could not go to sea at all.
        1. 0
          1 November 2016 23: 04
          The first is yes.
          The latter are not.

          And about going to sea, it's overkill.
          And went out, and the Swedes at the end of the Northern War drove ....

          As a result, the Baltic Fleet became stronger than the Swedish one by about 1716. The result was an operation in 1719 to force Sweden to peace, in which Russian landings landed on the Swedish coast, destroyed the metallurgical industry, exported ready-made cannons and cannon metal .... The Baltic fleet covered up this operation, and the Swedes did not even try to prevent it.

          So the fleet of Peter the Great did his job perfectly!
  7. 0
    13 December 2016 19: 52
    And where was Peter in such a hurry? This supposedly fleet not only collapsed on the move due to the quality of the material and work, but also did not have crews. What were the principal interests at sea.

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