Self-propelled artillery installation SU-122-54

32
Most of the best self-propelled artillery installations of the Great Patriotic War were built on the basis tank chassis, due to which they differed in the front location of the fighting compartment. This arrangement of self-propelled guns greatly facilitated the development and serial construction, but imposed some operational limitations. In the future, it was decided to use in new projects only the central or aft placement of the fighting compartment. The last combat vehicle with a front wheelhouse put into service was the SU-122-54 ACS.

The emergence of the project SU-122-54 was associated with the desire of the military to update the fleet of vehicles. Until the end of the forties, the Soviet Army still had a significant number of equipment created during the last war. These samples are not fully satisfied with the army, because of what they needed to be replaced. As part of the program of large-scale re-equipment of ground forces in the 1946, the medium tank T-54 was created, which was later proposed to be used as a basis for developing other types of armored vehicles. In 1948, it was decided to make this tank the basis for a promising self-propelled gun.




SAU SU-122-54 first version with a gun D-25. Photo 477768.livejournal.com


The decision to develop a new self-propelled artillery unit based on a serial tank was taken in the first half of the 1948 of the year. 22 June decision secured the decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. In accordance with this document, the Design Bureau of Plant No. 174 (Omsk) was to create a new model of ACS based on the chassis of the T-54 medium tank. As the main weapons machines proposed to use the 122-mm cannon D-25. The first draft of the project was required in the next few weeks.

The draft of the new self-propelled gun received the working designation "Object 600". Later another name appeared, reflecting the purpose of the vehicle, the caliber of the main weapon and the type of chassis - SU-122-54. The project manager for the new project was I.S. Bushnev. The lead designer was A.E. Sulin.

In accordance with the initial resolution of the Council of Ministers, the development of the 600 Object project should have taken only a few weeks. However, in practice the creation of working documentation took longer. Delay and exit from the established schedule were associated with problems in interaction with other enterprises. Plant No.9 (Sverdlovsk), which produced the D-25 cannons, had to send the required weapons documentation to Omsk, however, for various reasons, the papers arrived much later than required. Because of this, OKB-174 was able to complete the required work only a few months after the previously set date for their completion.

By the end of the year, OKB-174 specialists formed the general provisions of the project and worked on various design features of the perspective ACS. According to the project created by this time, a wooden model of self-propelled guns was built. In December, the documentation and the layout were presented to the customer in the person of a special commission of the Ministry of Transport Engineering, which oversaw the development of military equipment.


Self-propelled early release, view of the stern. Photo 477768.livejournal.com


In general, the project received approval, however, a number of its features became an occasion for comments. The design office received a list of necessary improvements, and then returned to the design work. It was necessary to correct various shortcomings made when creating the first version of the self-propelled gun. It took about half a year to eliminate the identified deficiencies. In July, 1949, in Omsk, built a new self-propelled model, which, together with the necessary documents, was again shown to the commission. A few weeks later, in August of the same year, the project received official approval.

The customer approved the project in its current form, which allowed OKB-174 specialists to begin preparing the documentation necessary for the construction of a full-fledged prototype. However, work was soon suspended due to some problems with the chassis. As the serial production of the medium tank T-54 constantly refined and improved. The changes that had accumulated by the middle of 1949 forced the authors of the 600 Object project to start processing it, taking into account the current state of the base tank.

Soon there was a decision to transfer a promising project to another organization. Omsk OKB-174 was assigned to work on other projects, and all documentation on the “600 Object” was ordered to be transferred to Plant No. 183 (Nizhny Tagil). In the middle of October, 1949, the OKB-183 received a new version of the technical specifications for the project, according to which it should be changed. To fulfill the updated requirements, the new authors of the project decided to change the main design features of the future ACS. In particular, it was planned to change the layout of the case. Naturally, such modifications of the existing project led to another delay in work.

In May 1950 of the year, due to the outlined difficulties and various problems, the project SAU "Object 600" was returned to Omsk designers. Those refused proposals from their colleagues and continued the development of the original appearance of the armored vehicle. Due to this, the development of a full-fledged project was completed within a few months. In the fall, plant number XXUMX began construction of the first prototype, which ended in December. Soon the prototype self-propelled went to the factory tests.

By this time, OKB-174 designers had formed most of the features of self-propelled guns, which did not undergo further changes. Nevertheless, some adjustments, including quite serious ones, were made later. Thus, the first prototype and serial machines of the “Object 600” type had some differences, but mostly they were similar.


Scheme of the serial SU-122-54. Figure Alternathistory.com


From the very beginning, the project "Object 600" proposed to use the layout, developed during the creation of previous SAU with similar weapons. The crew and weapons should be placed in a single wheelhouse front location. At the same time, it was possible to preserve the aft engine compartment, greatly simplifying the design and mass production. This layout had some flaws, but in the new project they decided to come to terms with them.

In terms of its layout, the self-propelled gun was still different from the base tank, which led to the need for a noticeable processing of the hull structure. In front of the vehicle, a large wheelhouse appeared, made of several armor plates of various shapes and sizes. The frontal projection of the body was covered with a large top sheet 100 mm thick, located at an angle 51 ° to the vertical. Below it was a narrow bottom sheet 80 mm thick with a slope angle of 55 °. On the sides of the upper frontal leaf there were two trapezoidal zygomatic, placed at angles to the horizontal and vertical. The back of them connected to the 80-mm sides, piled inward. On top, the cabin was covered with a roof 20 mm thick. The on-board part of the wheelhouse formed developed fencing niches.

The lower and aft hulls were borrowed from the T-54, but underwent some changes. In particular, for reasons of strength, the thickness of some parts was changed, and also some attachments of the undercarriage units were moved. Otherwise, the bottom and hull feeds were similar to the units of the serial medium tank of the latest modifications at that time.

Self-propelled gun retained powerplant base tank. In the aft compartment of the hull fit a B-54 diesel engine with 520 horsepower. With the help of a mechanical transmission, the engine was connected to the drive wheels of the aft layout. As part of the “Object 600” project, it was decided to dispense with major changes in the power plant, ensuring maximum unification with existing equipment.

Self-propelled artillery installation SU-122-54
The prototype is on trial. Photo 477768.livejournal.com


The running gear of the automatic control system was based on the T-54 units, however, it had some differences. On each side of the hull it was planned to install five large-diameter road wheels with an individual torsion bar suspension. In front of the hull mounted guide wheels, in the stern - leading. Due to the large diameter of the rollers, the chassis did not receive support rollers. A characteristic feature of the chassis of the T-54 was an increased gap between the two front pairs of road wheels, due to the peculiarities of the weight distribution of the structure. The “600 Object” differed by the location of the rollers. Due to the large and heavy logging in the front of the hull, there were minimal gaps between the second and third, as well as the fourth and fifth pairs of rollers. The first and third intervals were longer.

In the front of the hull was a large embrasure for mounting the main gun. It was proposed to mount a cannon and a twin machine gun on common mounts with the possibility of aiming in horizontal and vertical planes. The opening for the weapon was covered with a large mask of a complex shape allowing it to move. In its place, the mask on the outside was fixed with an appropriately shaped plate fixed to the bolts. The mask had three through holes of different sizes: for a gun, a coaxial machine gun and a sight.

In accordance with the original terms of reference, the self-propelled gun of the new type was supposed to carry an X-NUMX-mm tank gun, the D-122. This gun had a semi-automatic wedge bolt, used separate-sleeve loading and was equipped with a muzzle brake of a two-chamber design. The nomenclature of used D-25 cannon ammunition included shots of several types for various purposes, suitable for combat against manpower, fortifications and enemy equipment.

A serious disadvantage of self-propelled guns of the previous models was the ingress of powder gases into the habitable compartment. Because of this, the “600 Object” was supposed to receive funds to emit gases. In the first versions of the project, it was proposed to use a barrel purge after firing with the help of compressed air pumped by a separate compressor. The first prototype self-propelled guns received just such a means of reducing gas pollution. However, after testing it was decided to use other systems. As a result, a series of equipment equipped with a gun with an ejector that showed great efficiency went into the series.


The episode of the short-term operation of self-propelled guns in the army. Photo Russianarms.ru


Especially for the updated version of the ACS “Object 600” an improved version of the D-25 gun with an ejector and a number of other design changes was created. This product has received the designation D-49. It is noteworthy that the D-49 was the first domestic tank gun caliber 122 mm, equipped with built-in means for removing powder gases. In the future, ejectors are widely used in the field of tank guns.

Gun D-49 equipped with a rifled barrel length 48,7 caliber with a dual-chamber muzzle brake. According to the main characteristics of the fire, it was not inferior to the existing D-25. Means of installation of the gun allowed to perform horizontal guidance within the sector width 16 °. Vertical guidance ranged from -4 ° to + 16 °. Gun ammunition consisted of 35 shells of separate loading, placed on several racks of the fighting compartment. To facilitate the work of charging there was an electromechanical rammer.

As an additional weapon, two KPV machine guns of the 14,5 m caliber were used. One of them was mounted on a common installation with a cannon, the second was placed on the loader's hatch and served as an anti-aircraft gun. Ammunition of machine guns - 600 cartridges.

To manage the new SAU was a crew of five people: the driver, the commander, gunner and two loaders. In front of the habitable compartment, to the right of the gun installation, was the workplace of the driver. The driver received his own hatch in the roof, equipped with periscopic viewing devices. Unlike some previous self-propelled guns of domestic development, the driver's place did not have viewing devices in the front sheet. To the left of the gun was the gunner, at whose disposal there was a second hatch in the roof. At the starboard side there was a commander hatch equipped with a TKD-09 optical rangefinder. At the left side, closer to the stern, there was a hatch loader with a turret for a machine gun.


Shooting a movie: SU-122-54 as an enemy Panzer. Photo Russianarms.ru


In the course of combat work, the commander had to search for targets, assign target designation to the gunner, as well as determine the distance to the detected object. To determine the distances, an optical rangefinder with a base 900 mm was used. Depending on the situation, the gunner could use a telescopic or panoramic sight. All crew hatches were equipped with viewing devices to improve overall visibility. In addition, several periscopes were fixed in the corresponding holes of the roof.

Self-propelled artillery installation "Object 600" had a body length of 6 m, the length of the machine with a gun reached 9,97 m. Width - 3,27 m, height on the roof of the cabin - 2,07 m. Due to these indicators, the maximum speed reached 36-14,5 km / h with a power reserve of up to 45 km.

The first prototype of the promising ACS was built at the end of the 1950 of the year and soon entered the factory tests. After some modifications, the sample was presented to the customer. At the beginning of the summer 1951, the prototype passed preliminary tests. In August, state tests took place. In general, the new car gave the military, but it was not without claims. It has been found that gun guidance systems force the gunner to exert excessive effort on the flywheels. Pneumatic barrel purge system showed insufficient efficiency. There were problems with machine guns. Also required revision of the gun in order to improve the accuracy of shooting.

Identified deficiencies should be corrected as soon as possible. At the same time, the self-propelled gun officially passed the state tests and was recommended for use. The last months of 1951, Plant No. 174 and its design bureau were engaged in preparing the necessary documentation and organizing the future mass production of new equipment. All these works were completed before the end of the year, which allowed to proceed to the assembly of the first self-propelled guns.

In parallel with the deployment of mass production, Omsk specialists were engaged in finalizing the project in accordance with the wishes of the customer, expressed on the results of past tests. The result of this work was the appearance of a second prototype armored vehicle. The model, built in the first quarter of 1952, was distinguished by the presence of a gun ejector, improved guidance systems and other design changes. In the middle of the year, the machine was tested, becoming a model for subsequent serial equipment.


SU-122-54 in the museum Kubinka. Photo of Wikimedia Commons


The finalization of the project with the subsequent construction and testing of the second prototype had a negative impact on the overall duration of the work. The Council of Ministers decree on the adoption of new equipment in service came out only 15 March 1954. This document assigned a new designation SU-600-122 to the "54 Object". The first batch of serial self-propelled units was transferred to the army only next year. Subsequently, the customer received a few more batches.

According to reports, the mass production of ACS SU-122-54 was conducted only for several years. Already in 1957, the army handed over the last batch, after which the assembly of equipment stopped. The halt in production was due to the lack of necessary components. Due to certain difficulties, only the X-NUMX D-77 cannons were released. As a result, the total number of new types of equipment could not exceed 49 units, including two prototypes. Not the most numerous armored vehicles were transferred to the ground forces, where they were distributed among several units.

It is known that in the 1958, a certain number of SU-122-54 self-propelled guns were modernized, implying the replacement of some units. In particular, in the course of repairing and updating the ACS, new types of radio stations were received. In addition, it is precisely this time that the first cases of disarming combat vehicles and restructuring the chassis for new projects.

A small number of serial equipment did not allow starting mass operation. Because of this, the role of new self-propelled artillery installations was small. In addition, progress did not stand still, and new versions of equipment were created, designed to replace the SU-122-54. Finally, from a certain time began active work on rocket issues, which led to a reduction in the role of self-propelled artillery. Such factors had a negative impact on the further fate of the existing technology. In the mid-sixties, SU-122-54 was considered obsolete, and then began to be removed from service.


Self-propelled gun from the Krasnodar Museum. Photo of Wikimedia Commons


It is noteworthy that the modified T-54 medium tank chassis, which became the basis for the 600 Object / SU-122-54, was of interest as a base for other types of new equipment. So, back in 1955, an artillery mobile armored observation post (APBNP) "Object 610" or "Buffalo" was created. The armored vehicle with a set of viewing devices was brought to the testing stage, but did not go into the series. It was built only two "Buffalo". At the beginning of the seventies, there were projects of an armored tractor BTS-600 and an MTP-3 technical assistance vehicle. A tractor in the series did not go, while the technical assistance machine has received some distribution. In the early eighties, the BMR-1 combat clearance machine was developed.

By the time of decommissioning, not all SU-122-54 self-propelled guns had time to develop the life of their chassis. In this regard, the equipment was sent to repair factories, where it was removed from it more unnecessary units with the subsequent installation of new devices. After such a repair, most of the artillery mounts “turned” into mine clearance and technical assistance vehicles. In the new role, the technique was exploited over the next few decades. A number of armored vehicles were not sent for conversion. These machines were transferred to educational institutions of the armed forces for training future gunners.

Despite the small number of mass-produced machines and the subsequent alteration of the available equipment, a number of ACS SU-122-54 survived to our time. One of the samples of unique technology is located in the Kubinka Armored Museum. Another is an exhibit of the Krasnodar Weapon of Victory Museum. In both cases we are talking about combat vehicles with guns equipped with ejectors.

Self-propelled artillery installation "Object 600" / SU-122-54 was adopted only at the beginning of the 1954 year. The delay in the work had a negative impact on the further fate of the equipment: work has already begun on more efficient samples with improved characteristics. In addition, the insufficient production of the required guns forced the industry to stop the construction of self-propelled guns in the first hundred. A small number of built combat vehicles, as well as some lag from the modern characteristics determined the further fate of the entire program. In its current form, SU-122-54 was not of great interest to the army. Later development of the ACS was continued, but now new ideas and solutions have been applied. All the existing SU-122-54, however, were written off, which is why this armored vehicle remained in the domestic stories as the last adopted self-propelled self-propelled logging.


Based on:
http://alternathistory.com/
http://kollektsiya.ru/
http://za-cccp.narod.ru/
Baryatinsky M. Soviet armored vehicles 1945-1945 (part of 2). // armored collection, 2000. No.4
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  1. +2
    26 October 2016 08: 37
    Schaz "tankers" will run in and tell how they "rode" on it))))
    1. +1
      26 October 2016 09: 33
      They don’t run) the truth that there is such a museum in Krasnodar just now found out (((and after all in the summer there ...
      1. 0
        26 October 2016 20: 49
        I drive my son there, there is a good collection of equipment and art. MiG-21, Mi-8 and ... submarine.
        1. 0
          April 5 2017 12: 33
          Well, if you read, tell me exactly where, otherwise I go there every two months and don’t know how to kill the time.
          Quote: Zaurbek
          I drive my son there, there is a good collection of equipment and art. MiG-21, Mi-8 and ... submarine.
          1. +1
            April 5 2017 12: 51
            Hey. On the back. Center of Krasnodar near the Bridge of Kisses.
            1. The comment was deleted.
  2. 0
    26 October 2016 09: 20
    than the silhouette reminds yagdpanther. I think it was meant when the car was designed
    1. +4
      26 October 2016 09: 55
      Quote: tchoni
      than the silhouette reminds yagdpanther.

      Does it look like anything else? SU-100? -85? -122? STUG-lll? It was the successful use of the thing that gave a good kick to accelerate the development of our self-propelled guns, which before that were neither shaky, nor roll. And, of course, the loss of the outbreak of war and the lack of sane VET.
      1. avt
        +2
        26 October 2016 10: 42
        Quote: pilot8878
        It was the successful use of the thing that gave a good kick to accelerate the development of our self-propelled guns, which before that were neither shaky, nor roll.

        laughing And it’s weak to search and find words on this subject of one of the creators of these self-propelled guns for the Red Army Gorlitsky ?? Then again, look for a summary of the release of German armored vehicles and find out who already gave the Germans
        Quote: pilot8878
        a good kick to speed up development

        When the number of manufactured self-propelled guns sometimes in a single period exceeded the production of tanks?
        1. +1
          27 October 2016 20: 47
          Quote: avt
          look for a summary of the release of German armored vehicles and find out who the Germans gave a good kick to accelerate development
          When the number of manufactured self-propelled guns sometimes in a single period exceeded the production of tanks

          Then remind me which models of assault guns and how many were
          in service with the Red Army? And the same question regarding the Wehrmacht?
          And about the excess over production tanks: compare the cost and production speed of a unit. For the same reason, Germany towards the end of the war was looking more closely at this type of machine. Remember the success of Hetzer, the projects of E-25 and other nedotanki that artists from World of tanks love so much wink
          It’s just that the tactics of application at the end of the war became different: from assault guns they became tank destroyers, which was facilitated by a low silhouette and a faster and more powerful gun.
    2. avt
      +1
      26 October 2016 11: 11
      Quote: tchoni
      than the silhouette reminds yagdpanther. I think it was meant when the car was designed

      laughing You will not believe ! But the Germans and our designers
      Quote: tchoni
      mean,

      what they actually had was a tank chassis with a rear engine. And we must pay tribute - the Germans are serial and fairly successful
      Quote: tchoni
      mean,
      on
      Quote: pilot8878
      STUG-ll
      before . But their batteries, in the presence of a sufficient number of tanks and simply towed artillery in tank units, were not particularly deployed in large numbers. Well, in the first period of World War II, especially before the invasion of the USSR.
    3. +1
      26 October 2016 13: 04
      Quote: tchoni
      than the silhouette reminds yagdpanther. I think it was meant when the car was designed

      so one to one
  3. 0
    26 October 2016 09: 41
    Total 77 pieces. Hmm. A drop in the sea for the Soviet army of the 50's.
    1. BAI
      +1
      26 October 2016 10: 24
      There were about the same number of Ferdinands. However, it became the most famous self-propelled gun of the Second World War.
    2. 0
      26 October 2016 10: 28
      89 pieces in total, emnip, but then you fought against them like that, like that ....
      1. +1
        26 October 2016 10: 56
        Try to distinguish from the 1 km one disguised self-propelled gun from another.
      2. 0
        7 November 2016 09: 51
        Only on the Kursk Bulge fought, and then all the rest were transferred to Italy!
      3. 0
        5 May 2019 19: 30
        But according to reports of the warring army, they were destroyed several times more, if not an order of magnitude .....
  4. +1
    26 October 2016 10: 06
    Quote: tchoni
    than the silhouette reminds yagdpanther. I think it was meant when the car was designed

    Yes? But the silhouette reminds me of the SU-85.
    1. +1
      26 October 2016 11: 09
      The scheme is one. The front location of the conning tower, the rear location of the MTO. So they look similar. It looks like the Su-85 and Su-100 with 5 large-diameter rollers on board (although there is a different type of suspension) and a slope of the frontal armor, and on the Yagdpanther with an inclined conning tower roof (this same slope greatly adds swiftness in appearance).
  5. +3
    26 October 2016 11: 28
    By the time of decommissioning, not all SU-122-54 self-propelled guns managed to work out the life of their chassis. In this regard, the equipment was sent to repair plants, where no longer needed units were removed from it with the subsequent installation of new devices. After such repairs, most of the artillery mounts "turned" into demining and technical assistance vehicles. In the new role, the equipment was operated for the next several decades.


    In 2014, the "strongest army in Europe" ran around Donbass like this.
    1. +3
      26 October 2016 13: 06
      Interestingly - they canned it, or was it all in operation ????? There will still be roofing felts, since the MaxIM machine guns have already been commissioned .....
  6. +1
    26 October 2016 14: 10
    I heard a story that tankers were not very fond of self-propelled guns. And affectionately called them "bitches"
  7. +6
    26 October 2016 14: 21
    Quote: poplar in Kiev
    "bitches"

    The name was SU-76
    1. avt
      +1
      26 October 2016 15: 26
      Quote from Uncle Lee
      The name was SU-76

      and really
      Quote: poplar in Kiev
      tankers did not really like self-propelled guns.

      especially when their same tank commanders threw forward like full tanks.
  8. +3
    26 October 2016 18: 15
    Quote: M2 Bradley
    the silhouette of a yagdpanther reminds.

    Of course, this is not surprising.
    Firstly, the Germans were the forerunner of the weaponry fashion, especially on the European theater.
    Secondly, according to the Morgenthau Plan, the USSR received and exported at least 40000 tons of equipment and even specialists to a heap from Germany in 1945. Therefore, the entire post-war equipment of the USSR, to one degree or another, was a copy of either captured German or Lend-Lease American.

    But nothing that the SU-85, SU-100, SU-122, ISU-152 had the same layout and were developed back until long before the 45th year ?!
  9. 0
    26 October 2016 20: 51
    Beauty, she would have an MT-12 gun at that time ... she would have sewed everyone to fly.
    1. +1
      27 October 2016 07: 50
      in the 50s, there was 122 caliber, and so everything went on departure.
      1. 0
        27 October 2016 08: 12
        Smashed rather, and the rate of fire was low and accuracy too.
        1. Alf
          +1
          27 October 2016 22: 46
          Quote: Zaurbek
          Smashed rather, and the rate of fire was low and accuracy too.

          In the USSR, comparative tests were carried out on the accuracy of the D-25 and PaK-43. The numbers were the same.
          The accuracy of the battle of the 122 mm D-25T gun was not inferior to foreign guns - the average deviation of the 122 mm armor-piercing projectile from the aiming point when firing from a standpoint at a distance of 1 km was 170 mm vertically and 270 mm horizontally. Soviet tests of the 88 mm KwK 43 gun under the same conditions gave a deviation of 260 mm vertically and 210 mm horizontally. Good results were demonstrated by the IS-2 when firing on the move. When testing in Kubinka at a distance of 700 m, the IS-2 hit four times out of five on the Panther tank and two out of three on the PzKpfw III tank.
        2. 0
          6 December 2016 16: 24
          Quote: Zaurbek
          Zaurbek
          . Broken through armor does damage to the crew and equipment much more than a shell passing through.
          1. 0
            8 December 2016 13: 38
            Still need to take into account the ammunition and rate of fire. For an assault gun, 122mm is preferable due to a powerful HE shell. For PT wrestling is better than 75mm and 88mm. Higher rate of fire, accuracy and ammunition. Add in a generation or two of the best German sights.

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