Veteran cars

20
The Army-2016 forum also included samples of military retros. The purpose of the article is not to go deep into technical details and history development, but only very briefly to tell about the exposed samples, some of which contributed to the victory in the Second World War, others became the next stage in the development of army vehicles. And only for the last sample a more detailed description is given.

GAZ-AA / GAZ-MM
Veteran cars




This car has its own history from the one and a half truck Ford-AA 1929 model 1 February 1930 g in the temporary assembly workshops of the factory Gudok Oktyabrya in Nizhny Novgorod, the first Ford-AA 30 machines were assembled from imported parts. Due to the fact that a number of units in the Ford-AA truck did not correspond to the operation in our country, 29 January 1932 g was amended to its design. The first truck entirely Soviet-made under the brand N. came off the main conveyor of the new car factory in Nizhny Novgorod. A.Z. In October 1932 g Nizhny Novgorod was renamed Gorky and NAZ (Nizhny Novgorod Automobile Plant) became GAZ (Gorky Automobile Plant), and the car received the GAZ-AA index. In 1938 G, a GAZ-AA truck began to install an engine of increased power and made many other improvements, after which it received the designation GAZ-MM. Externally, GAZ-MM did not differ from its predecessor.

ZIS-5


In December, the Stalin-based Moscow Automobile Plant named after Stalin instead of the former 1933-ton truck AMO-2,5 switched to the 3-ton truck AMO-3 (ZiS-5). Compared with the previous model, AMO-5, the designers chose the path of limiting the simplification of the structure and giving it vitality and durability. Non-ferrous metals were practically excluded from the construction and only steel, cast iron, and wood were left. ZIS-3 became the first Russian car, which was installed as a serial equipment compressor for tire inflation. ZIS-5 quickly earned a reputation as a simple, very reliable and maintainable machine. In February, the 5 G production of such trucks began in Ulyanovsk, where equipment from the ZIS was evacuated. Since June, the ZIS-1942В 1942V has been manufactured at the Moscow Automobile Plant, where the production of automobiles has again begun. Since July, 5 g production of these trucks began in the Urals, at a factory in the city of Miass. At the Moscow plant, ZiS-1944V was produced before 5. At the Miass automobile plant, the production of ZiS-1946 in a simplified version continued until 5.

Studebaker US6


At the end of 1941, Studebaker Corp. of America began production of Studebaker US6 all-terrain off-road vehicles for the US Army. But the command considered these machines as not quite standard for the American army and preferred to send them mainly to the allies. About half of all trucks produced were delivered to the USSR under a Lend-Lease. Cars came in both assembled and disassembled. Studebaker became the most common imported trucks in the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War. In the Red Army, Studebaker on-board cars were used as transport vehicles and artillery tractors. There were also dump trucks, tank trucks and truck tractors. The chassis was widely used as a base for rocket artillery combat vehicles.


BM-13Н "Katyusha" on the chassis ZIS-151


Due to the fact that during the war the production of launchers BM-13 was urgently deployed at several enterprises, the design of the installation was amended due to the production technology adopted at these enterprises. Thus, up to ten types of the BM-13 launcher were used in the troops, which hampered the training of personnel and had a negative effect on the operation of military equipment. For these reasons, a unified (normalized) BM-1943H launcher was developed and adopted in April 13, which could be installed on any appropriate chassis. The Studebaker US6 off-road truck was adopted as the base chassis. With 1948 g, this launcher was installed on the chassis ZiS-151, then ZIL-157 (BM-13HM), later on ZIL-131 (BM-13НММ). At the same time, the artillery part of the BM-13H, BM-13HM and BM-13HMM machines was exactly the same.

GAZ-63


The 1948 G launched mass production of an all-terrain vehicle GAZ-63, which became the first Soviet serial all-terrain vehicle to receive all-wheel drive, the same front and rear wheel track, a self-pulling winch on the front bumper (GAZ-63А) and single rear wheel liner. First of all, GAZ-63 was intended for the army and therefore immediately began to enter the army in large quantities. GAZ-63 all-wheel drive two-axle vehicle was designed to carry personnel and cargoes up to 2 tons on highway roads and loads up to 1,5 tons on bad roads and off-road. The main trailer is a uniaxial GAZ-705 with a load capacity of 1 t. The car could also transport light and medium-sized implements and two-axle special low-bed trailers with equipment. Military modifications of GAZ-63 had shielded electrical equipment that does not create radio interference and means of blackout.

ZIL-157


In 1958, the last all-wheel drive truck ZIL-151 descended from the assembly line of the Moscow Automobile Plant named after I. Likhachev and the automobile plant switched to the production of new cross-country vehicles, with all driving axles, ZIL-157. In contrast to the ZIL-151, the new car received a lean-to busbar and an air pressure regulation system in tires, which significantly increased its throughput. To adjust the air pressure in the tires on an inclined floor, in the center of the cabin, a block of tire valves was installed, consisting of 6 valves with flywheels, each of which was intended to regulate the air pressure in one of the tires. The capacity of the vehicle when operating on mixed roads and also on dirt roads was 2,5 t. When operating the car on roads with hard surface without long detours on the ground, the weight of the transported load could be increased to 4,5 t. In the body along the side boards, folding benches were installed, which in the raised position they increase the height of the main sides. On these two benches, 16 people could be accommodated. All cars that went off the conveyor, painted in a protective dark green color. ZIL-157 was in service with the armies of the Soviet Union, the Warsaw Pact countries, as well as a number of countries in the Middle East, Asia and Africa.

LuAZ-967M


In 1956, Boris Fitterman was tasked with creating a light all-wheel drive floating conveyor with a two-cylinder engine from a heavy M-72 motorcycle. An experimental transporter was created in the same year. It was planned to build the transporter at a motorcycle factory in the city of Irbit, but at the top it was decided to use the project to start automobile production in Ukraine and the enterprise focused on military needs became the Lutsk Mechanical Plant (LuMZ). Until that time, the plant was engaged in repairs of tractors, then manufactured specialized rolling stock - mobile workshops, mobile shops, refrigerated wagons. By 1960, the prototype of the future transporter was ready - NAMI-032С. The production of the front end conveyor LuAZ-967М was mastered in 1975 and lasted until 1991.



The floating road conveyor LuAZ-967М was used by the medical service as a front-end conveyor for evacuating the wounded, and was also used to mechanize auxiliary transport operations. An open all-metal waterproof car body with a removable awning has a foldable tailgate and a windshield frame. The hood is mounted on special front hinges that allow you to remove it from the car when you lift the hood to 90 hail. In the closed position, the hood is attached to the body with clasps located on the side walls. In the upper front part of the bonnet there is an air intake hatch for cooling the engine, and on the side walls of the bonnet there are holes for exhausting hot air. The folding tailgate in the tilted position can be held by chains in a horizontal position. To prevent the ingress of water when overcoming water obstacles, a rubber seal is installed along the entire bead contour. The steering and driver's seat is installed in the center of the car.


Two semi-soft passenger seats located on the sides and slightly in front of the driver's seat can be folded into the openings of the body floor and in the folded position form the floor of the loading platform. To overcome the viscous areas, trenches and other obstacles on the outer sidewalls of the car on special brackets are mounted quick-detachable ladders, which in a fixed raised position increase the height of the sides. To install the ladders along the width of the car’s track, there are two arcs that are threaded into the hinge loops and fixed with spring rings. On the sides of the body also provides space for mounting a shovel and an ax. Awning for shelter of the car - parking quick-detachable, has an arch which is established on a back of a seat of the driver. The 6CT-45EM battery is installed under the body floor cover to the right behind the driver's seat. The windshield frame is foldable and in the raised position is fastened with two struts, and in the folded down position is placed on the hood.



The power unit is a design that includes the engine, clutch, gearbox with the main transmission and differential. The power unit assembled with the drive shaft and the rear axle gearbox is attached to the frame at three points: two engine anchorage points, one point - the rear axle mount. The engine is a V-shaped, 4-cylinder, four-stroke, carburetor, overhead valve, model MeMZ-967А with a balancing mechanism. The balancing mechanism with the counterweights attached to it is located inside the camshaft. Engine displacement - 1197 cm cube, compression ratio - 7,2, power - 37 hp at 4100-4300 rpm Engine cooling air from an axial suction fan located in the collapse of the cylinders. At the front end of the crankshaft mounted centrifugal oil cleaner. The oil cleaner cover is used simultaneously as a pulley for the fan drive and the winch. The engine lubrication system includes main and additional air-cooled oil coolers connected in parallel. The main radiator is located on the engine in the collapse of the cylinders. The generator is installed inside the engine cooling fan and has a common drive with the fan. To start the engine at a low temperature, a preheating unit is used. For starting the engine in the cold season, in cases where the heating time is limited, the 5PP-40А starting device with capsules filled with a flammable liquid "Arctic" is intended.



Coupling - dry, single-disk, with cylindrical springs located on the periphery, with hydraulic switching off. The five-speed gearbox consists of a main four-speed gearbox and a downshift gearbox, housed in a separate crankcase, attached to the gearbox housing via an adapter plate. The reduction gear is engaged only after the rear axle is engaged. The main drive axle - front, rear with differential lock - switchable. The main transmission of the front drive axle is located in the gearbox. Torque from the gearbox to the rear axle reducer is transmitted through the drive shaft, which is located in the housing, which rigidly connects the power unit and the rear axle reducer. At the ends of the drive shaft, compensation sleeves are installed, and the shaft itself rotates in oil.



To increase ground clearance and thereby increasing the patency of the vehicle wheel gearboxes are used. Wheel gears - gear, single-stage, with external gearing, located in the wheel disks. Torque from the axles to the wheel gearbox is transmitted through the universal joint. Car suspension - independent, torsion bar with a longitudinal arrangement of the levers; equipped with four double-acting telescopic hydraulic shock absorbers.


Brakes - drum, with separate hydraulic drive to the front and rear wheels. Parking brake brake acts on the pads of the rear wheels.


The fuel tank with a capacity of 34 l is located under the floor of the body at the rear of the vehicle. The fuel used is A-76 gasoline. The muffler, having a fence, is mounted in front to the bottom of the car. Spare wheel mounted on the floor of the body behind the driver's seat.


To evacuate the wounded from the battlefield, a winch was installed in the front of the vehicle, which was used to pull the wounded people to the car on the drag line. The winch is driven from the crankshaft pulley by two V-belts. Unwinding of the cable from the winch drum is done manually by the porter. When winding the winch cable is laid on the drum by a trosoukladchikom. The maximum effort on the winch cable is 200 kgf. The length of the cable is 100 m. When transporting the wounded along the sides, two stretchers are installed. The soft bedding for the transport of the wounded is made of foam rubber and sheathed with canvas canvas. If necessary, the litter unfolds on the floor. Its dimensions correspond to the floor area. The drinking water tank with a capacity of 3 l is installed in the nest of the left side of the body (can be replaced with a canister on the 10 l). For the care of seriously wounded, a feeder is provided in the conveyor kit. In the spare parts kit, under the left retractable seat, are stored two safety belts, designed to fix the wounded to the stretcher. A nurse-porter sits in the back, using folded bedding or awning. To reduce the overall height of the transporter, the windshield frame is lowered onto the bonnet, and the driver's seat and steering column design allows the driver-orderly to drive the car in a prone position at the minimum steady speed; When performing medical and sanitary services for servicing the troops or the population, the car must have identification marks “Red Cross” (one on each side and on the windshield).


On roads with dry and solid ground, the car can be used to work with a single-axle trailer with a full weight up to 300 kg (without brakes), having a drawbar-type hinge-hinge. The LuAZ-967M transporter is able to overcome water obstacles to a depth of up to 450 mm with a hard bottom, moving along the bottom on wheels, more than 450 mm - afloat. Movement afloat at speeds up to 4 km / h is due to the rotation of the wheels when the second gear is engaged. Changing the direction of movement is carried out by turning the front wheels. For pumping out water from the body, a pump with a capacity of at least 25 cm3 / sec is installed in the engine compartment, and six drain plugs are located in the bottom of the body.


Short technical characteristic of the LuAZ-967M car transporter:
Wheel formula - 4X4
Load capacity - 300 kg + driver (100 kg)
Curb weight - 950 kg
Full weight - 1 350 kg
Maximum speed - 75 km / h
The smallest turning radius with the rear axle off along the track of the front outer wheel is 5 m
Length - 3 682 mm
Width: on a body - mm 1 500, on mounted ramps - mm 1 712
Height: with the frame of the windscreen raised - 1 600 mm, with the frame lowered - 1 230 mm
Base - 1 800 mm
Ground clearance - 285 mm
Track - 1 325 / 1 320 mm
Angle of entry - 33 hail
Departure angle - 36 degree
Loading height - 800 mm
Type of steering gear - globoidal worm with double-ridge roller
Tires - low pressure, with a cross-country tread 150-330 (5,90-13), model IV-167



Of course, all these cars have their own rich history and interesting technical features, and people saving and restoring automotive history are worthy of universal respect.
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  1. Cat
    +4
    22 October 2016 06: 36
    Thank you!
    It seems you know everything, but I read the article in one breath!
  2. +1
    22 October 2016 08: 15
    Great article
    In December 1933, the Stalin Moscow Automobile Plant, instead of the previous 2,5-ton truck AMO-3, switched to the production of a 3-ton truck AMO-5 (ZiS-5)

    I wonder who was the progenitor of Zakhar?
    1. +2
      22 October 2016 10: 43
      Quote: Hupfri
      I wonder who was the progenitor of Zakhar?

      First there was the American Otokar - not the most famous and popular American truck. But simple and inexpensive, which for our country in the late 1920s was much more important. Under the new model, the AMO plant, near Tyufelovaya Grove, was not just reconstructed in 1931, in fact, it was rebuilt. In the beginning was AMO-2 - assembled entirely from imported parts. Then he went AMO-3 - with a different rear axle, battery, and not from magneto ignition and some other changes, the components are already completely domestic. Well, the next model, AMO-5, was already greatly modernized by Soviet designers led by E.I. Vazhinsky.
      Increased engine displacement from 4,9 to 5,6 liters, increased power from 60 hp. to quite solid at that time 73 hp, increased load capacity from 2500 to 3000 kg. At the same time, the design was simplified: among other things, they refused hydraulic brakes on the front wheels - they were considered too complicated for our conditions. The mechanical drive was much simpler not only in manufacture, but also in repair. The first modernized truck at the Stalin plant was already assembled in the summer of 1933, on October 1, the ZIS-5 was put on the conveyor, and mass production was launched a year later.
  3. 0
    22 October 2016 08: 25
    But the command considered these machines as not quite standard for the American army and preferred to send them mainly to the allies. About half of all produced trucks were delivered to the USSR under Lend-Lease.

    What does the army have to do with it? Their engines were non-modern with a low degree of compression. Therefore, in America, these machines were not sold.
    In the USSR, there were big problems with high-quality fuel, so Studer was a godsend for us
    100 Students were delivered. They also served as a prototype for the post-war creations of ZiLovsky designers.
    1. 0
      22 October 2016 10: 31
      Quote: Hupfri
      They also served as a prototype for the post-war creations of ZiLovsky designers.

      GAZ borrowed the cabin. smile
      1. +4
        22 October 2016 13: 38
        Quote: Bayonet
        And the cab borrowed GAZ

        As well as an alligator type hood. And this is me and my Masha!
    2. +1
      22 October 2016 14: 06
      Quote: Hupfri
      What does the army have to do with it? Their engines were non-modern with a low degree of compression. Therefore, in America, these machines were not sold.

      Well, actually the US in the US Army at that time was designated a weapon carrier and the car was made according to army requirements. Armed in the Engineering Corps of the US Army. Yes, the car is not standard, just not for the reasons that you indicated. The Hercules JXD engine was not standardized by the US Army because it was a lower valve. Problems with our fuels and lubricants were characteristic of all Lend-Lease and Studebaker machines, including. Just cars were stronger than others. The degree of compression is not such a thing. Compression and compression are two different things. http://365cars.ru/soveti/stepen-szhatiya-dvigatel
      ya.html
      And compression is measured with such a device.
  4. 0
    22 October 2016 10: 18
    Maybe not everyone knows, but at least in 60 - 70 xx. years, in the army of Saviets there were 3 automobile regiments - the 6th, 56th and 8th. not counting the many autobots. Two of them, the 6th and 56th, were in the GSVG (in the 56th, they served). In our regiment there were approximately 700 vehicles, the base - transport Ural-377 with German 5 ton trailers. In the 6th there was still a company of heavy Maz-537s with trawls for transporting tanks.
    Urals on the march, photo from the demobilization album.
  5. +1
    22 October 2016 10: 24
    Ural-377
    (1962-1983)


    Formally, the 7,5-ton Ural-377 (6x4) truck with rear driving wheels and a 4,5 m wooden cargo platform with folding sides was a national economic version of the Ural-375 army vehicle, but it also served in the USSR Armed Forces , fraternal and allied countries. The first samples of the new car appeared in 1962, their serial production began three years later. Cars of the 377th series were also equipped with a 180-horsepower gasoline engine, but received a front non-drive axle from the MAZ-500 truck and did not have screening systems and changes in tire pressure. Due to the preservation of all single-sided wheels and high ground clearance, they had a fairly high cross-country ability on roads with poor coverage and could tow trailers weighing up to 10,5 tons. It was for this vehicle that the first fully enclosed 3-seater all-metal cab was created, which was then mounted on all military versions. The 377N road-going vehicle was supplied with wide-profile tires with a universal tread pattern, the 377K version was created for operation in the Far North. In parallel with the trucks, the 377С and 377СН truck tractors were developed and produced for working with semi-trailers with a total mass of 18,5 tons as part of 22,5-ton road trains. Cars of the 377th series collected 71 thousand copies.
    Gasoline really liked to eat excellently and not some sort - 93rd!
    1. 0
      22 October 2016 11: 28
      Quote: Bayonet
      Ural-377
      (1962-1983)


      Formally, the 7,5-ton Ural-377 (6x4) truck with rear driving wheels and a 4,5 m wooden cargo platform with folding sides was a national economic version of the Ural-375 army vehicle, but it also served in the USSR Armed Forces , fraternal and allied countries. The first samples of the new car appeared in 1962, their serial production began three years later. Cars of the 377th series were also equipped with a 180-horsepower gasoline engine, but received a front non-drive axle from the MAZ-500 truck and did not have screening systems and changes in tire pressure. Due to the preservation of all single-sided wheels and high ground clearance, they had a fairly high cross-country ability on roads with poor coverage and could tow trailers weighing up to 10,5 tons. It was for this vehicle that the first fully enclosed 3-seater all-metal cab was created, which was then mounted on all military versions. The 377N road-going vehicle was supplied with wide-profile tires with a universal tread pattern, the 377K version was created for operation in the Far North. In parallel with the trucks, the 377С and 377СН truck tractors were developed and produced for working with semi-trailers with a total mass of 18,5 tons as part of 22,5-ton road trains. Cars of the 377th series collected 71 thousand copies.
      Gasoline really liked to eat excellently and not some sort - 93rd!

      But with the Urals 375 can not be compared, much less.
      1. 0
        22 October 2016 12: 17
        Quote: Amurets
        But with the Urals 375 can not be compared, much less.

        Well, right, the 377th has only rear drivers. But with a trailer, the appetite is also good! hi
  6. 0
    22 October 2016 10: 42
    it would be very informative also a video test drive of these cars.
  7. +2
    22 October 2016 11: 25
    [quoteFor the evacuation of the wounded from the battlefield, a winch is installed in front of the machine, designed to pull the wounded on a drag to the car. Winch drive is carried out from the crankshaft pulley with two V-belts .quote]
    When the sale of army property was carried out, LuAZ-967Ms were also sold. But for some reason I remembered that the winch drive on those machines was from a 12-volt electric motor and the owners of Niv tried to buy such a winch. I myself put a similar unit to a friend, on his Niva.
  8. +3
    22 October 2016 14: 57
    When I became interested in LuaZ. Began to "ventilate" the topic on the Internet. Came across the forum of the plant. Rather, users of the plant's products - "luazik". So there people really begged the plant management to restore the production of the TPK and the "geologist" project (Who does not know - the same TPK, but three-axle. "The management threw up its hands - the equipment was destroyed ...
    1. 0
      23 October 2016 01: 32
      Quote: Leader of the Redskins
      So there people really begged the plant management to restore the production of the TPK and the "geologist" project (Who does not know - the same TPK, but three-axle. "The management threw up its hands - the equipment was destroyed ...

      If you do not mind? I will help you.
      LuAZ-1901-Geologist.
  9. +1
    22 October 2016 20: 09
    Great article for more of those would be. both hands pluses. such a loise in our city rides alone. damn cool machine really want the same
  10. 0
    14 December 2016 21: 48
    Well, at least the military Urals do not have the word Next in the name of the western word and the name on the lattice is written in Russian letters.
  11. 0
    9 January 2017 23: 42
    Despite the plain appearance and low engine power, the patency of this kid is amazing.

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