The current state of the air defense of the countries of the former Soviet Union republics. Part 1

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At the time of the collapse, in 1991, the Soviet Union had a powerful air defense system, which had no equal in the world stories. Virtually the entire territory of the country, with the exception of parts of Eastern Siberia, was covered by a continuous permanent radar field. The Air Defense Forces of the Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (the Air Defense Forces of the country) included the Moscow District Air Defense and 9 separate armies, which combined 18 corps (of which 2 were separate) and 16 divisions. According to the US intelligence services, in the 1990, the USSR Air Defense Forces had more than 2000 interceptors: 210 Su-27, 850 MiG-23, 300 MiG-25, 360 MiG-31, 240 Su-15, 60 YXXX MiG-28, 50 Su-128, 1990 -7000. It is clear that not all interceptor fighters were modern, but their total number in 3500 was impressive. It should also be borne in mind that in the USSR Air Force there were about XNUMX combat aircraft, about half of them were front-line fighters, which also had the task of providing air defense. Now, according to Flight International, Russia has XNUMX combat aircraft of all types, including attack aircraft, front-line and long-range bombers.



By 1990, more than 400 C-75, 350 C-125, 200 C-200, 180 C-300П were built by the industry over 1991. In the 8000, the air defense forces had about XNUMX launchers (PU) of anti-aircraft missiles (SAM). Of course, according to the air defense system these are very approximate figures, a significant part of them by that moment was written off or shipped abroad. But even if half of these anti-aircraft complexes were on alert, then in a hypothetical conflict without the use of strategic nuclear weapons у aviation The United States and its allies, even with the massive use of cruise missiles, there was no chance to destroy the main strategic Soviet facilities and most of the vital infrastructure, without incurring catastrophic losses. But in addition to the Air Defense Forces of the country, there were also the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces, which were armed with a large number of mobile anti-aircraft missile and anti-aircraft artillery systems. Anti-aircraft missile units (ZRV) of the Ground Forces were also involved in combat duty. This primarily concerned the anti-aircraft missile brigades (air defense missile systems) deployed in the European North and the Far East, which were armed with the Krug-M / M1 air defense systems and S-300V anti-aircraft missile systems.

Airspace coverage was provided by the Radio Engineering Forces (RTV). The purpose of the Radiotechnical Forces is to proactively issue information on the beginning of an enemy air attack, to provide combat information to anti-aircraft missile forces (ZRV), air defense aviation (IA air defense) and headquarters to manage formations, units and air defense units. The radiotechnical brigades, regiments, separate battalions and companies were armed with a meter-range surveillance radar station that was quite sophisticated for its time, and had a long range of airborne targets: P-14, 5Н84, 55Ж6. Decimeter and centimeter range stations: П-35, П-37, СТ-68, П-80, 5Н87. Mobile stations on a truck chassis: P-15, P-18, P-19 - as a rule, were given to anti-aircraft missile divisions for issuing target designation, but in some cases were used at stationary radar posts for detecting low-flying targets. Together with the two-coordinate radar, radio altimeters were operated: PRV-9, PRV-11, PRV-13, PRV-16, PRV-17. In addition to the radars that had a certain degree of mobility, the Air Defense Forces had stationary “monsters” - radar complexes (PLC): П-70, П-90 and СТ-67. With the help of the RLC, it was possible to simultaneously track dozens of aerial targets. The information processed using computational tools was transmitted to the command posts of the anti-aircraft missile forces and was used in the automated guidance systems of interceptor fighters. In total, 1991 had more than 10000 radars for various purposes in the troops and storage bases.


Position RLK P-90

In the Soviet Union, in contrast to today's Russia, all important defense, industrial administrative centers and strategic facilities were covered up from air strikes: major cities, important defense enterprises, locations of military units and formations, strategic missile forces (RVSN) , transport hubs, nuclear power plants, hydroelectric dams, space centers, major ports and airfields. A significant number of positions of the air defense system, interceptor airfields and radar stations were deployed along the borders of the USSR. After the collapse of the USSR, a significant part of this wealth went to the “independent republics”.

Baltic republics


The description of the state of the air defense system of the former Soviet republics, and now of the “independent states”, will begin from the northwestern borders of the USSR. In December, 1991, as a result of the collapse of the USSR, the forces of the air defense and the Soviet air force were divided between Russia and the 11 republics. The Baltic republics of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia refused to participate in the division of the Armed Forces of the USSR for political reasons. At that time, the Baltic states were in the zone of responsibility of the 6 separate air defense army. In its composition there: 2 defense corps (27-rd and 54-th), 1 Air Division - only 9 IAP (IAP), 8 anti-aircraft missile brigades and regiments (ZRP), 5 radio crews (rtbr) and shelves ( RTP) and 1 air defense training brigade. Parts of the 6 Army Air Defense, which was at the forefront of the Cold War, were armed with modern equipment at that time. For example, in the fighter regiments there were more than a hundred Su-27P interceptors at that time, while the 180 pilots based on the Gromovo airfield (Sakkola) flew MiG-31. And the fighters of other air regiments of the MiG-23LLD - at that time were quite capable machines.

The anti-aircraft missile forces were in the process of being re-equipped at the end of the 80s. Single-channel C-75 complexes with liquid-propellant rockets were actively replaced by multichannel, mobile C-300Ps with solid-propellant missiles. The 6 Army Air Defense Army in 1991 had 6 air defense, armed with C-300P. The long-range C-300P and C-200 air defense systems created a huge anti-aircraft “umbrella” over the Baltic part of the Soviet Union, covering a large part of the Baltic Sea, Poland and Finland.


ZS C-300P (light area) and C-200 (dark area) SAM zones located in the Baltic States before the 1991 year.

The greatest concentration of the positions of the air defense missile system of the 6 air defense army in 1991 was observed on the Baltic coast. Here mainly deployed divisions armed with medium-range C-75 and low-altitude C-125. At the same time, the positions of the air defense missile system were located in such a way that their affected areas overlapped each other. In addition to fighting air targets, the C-125 air defense system could fire at surface targets, participating in the antiamphibious defense of the coast.


Positions of ZRK and KP 6-th Army of Air Defense in the Baltic States


After the collapse of the USSR, the property and weapons of the Soviet Army were withdrawn to Russia. What was impossible to take out or did not make sense was destroyed on the spot. Real estate: military camps, barracks, warehouses, structures of fortified command posts and airfields were transferred to representatives of local authorities.

In Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, eight radar posts provide airspace control. Until recently, Soviet P-18 and P-37 radars were used. And the latter functioned as air traffic control radars. Recently information has appeared on the deployment in the Baltic countries of modern stationary and mobile radars of French and American manufacture. So, in the middle of June 2016, the United States transmitted two AN / MPQ-64F1 Improved Sentinel radar stations to the Latvian armed forces. Two more similar radars are scheduled for October 2016. The AN / MPQ-64F1 three-coordinate station is a modern, mobile short-range radar, designed primarily for the delivery of target designation of air defense complexes. The most modern modification of this radar, which was supplied to Latvia, allows detecting low-altitude targets at a distance of up to 75 km. The radar has a small size, and towed by an off-road army vehicle.

The current state of the air defense of the countries of the former Soviet Union republics. Part 1

Radar AN / MPQ-64


It is significant that the AN / MPQ-64 radar can be effectively used in conjunction with the US-Norwegian medium-range air defense system NASAMS, which are produced by the Norwegian company Kongsberg together with the US military-industrial giant Raytheon. In this case, the Latvian military back in 2015 year expressed a desire to purchase NASAMS-2 SAM systems. It is likely that the delivery of radars is the first step in the process of creating an air defense system in Latvia, and possibly a unified regional air defense system in Poland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. It is known that Poland in the framework of the construction of the national air defense system "Vistula" should receive from the United States several batteries of the Patriot PAK-3 air defense system. Some of these complexes can be located in the Baltic countries. According to the military and officials of these countries, all these measures are needed to protect against the "Russian threat." The possibility of supplying French radar GM406F and American AN / FPS-117 is also discussed. Unlike small AN / MPQ-64, these stations have a long range of viewing airspace, can work in a difficult jamming environment and detect launches of tactical ballistic missiles. If they are located in the border areas, they will be able to control the airspace at a distance of 400-450 km deep in Russian territory. One AN / FPS-117 radar has already been deployed in the vicinity of the Lithuanian city of Šiauliai.

As for the means of destruction of the air defense system of the Baltic countries, at the moment they are represented by a small number of portable Stinger and Mistral anti-aircraft missile systems (MANPADS), as well as small-caliber anti-aircraft gun ZN-23. That is, these states in general do not have the ability to withstand any serious military aviation and the air defense potential of the armies of the Baltic countries is not able to protect the integrity of air borders. Currently, to neutralize the hypothetical “Russian threat”, the airspace of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia is being patrolled by NATO fighter jets (Operation Baltic Air Policing). At the Lithuanian airbase Zokniai, located near the city of Siauliai, at least four tactical fighters and a NATO technical group (120 military and civilian personnel) are constantly on duty to conduct air patrols. To modernize the infrastructure of the airfield and keep it in working condition, the European countries of NATO have allocated 12 million euros. The composition of the air group on duty on a rotational basis at the Zokniai airbase changes from time to time depending on which fighters of which countries are involved.


Mirage 2000 fighters at Zokniai airbase in winter 2010


There have already visited the French Mirage 2000 and Rafale C, British, Spanish, German and Italian Eurofighter Typhoon, Danish, Dutch, Belgian, Portuguese and Norwegian F-16AM, Polish MiG-29, Turkish F-16C, Canadian CF-18 Hornet, Czech and Hungarian JAS 39C Gripen. And even such rarities of the Cold War as the German F-4F Phantom II, the British Tornado F.3, the Spanish and French Mirage F1M and the Romanian MiG-21 Lancer. In 2014, during the Crimean Crisis, the American F-15C was deployed here from Lakenheath airbase in the UK. Refueling NATO fighters in the air is provided by two US air tankers KS-135.


Satellite image of Google Earth: Eurofighter Typhoon fighters and A-10C attack aircraft at Ämari air base.

In addition to the Zokniai airbase in Lithuania, the North Atlantic Alliance fighters from 2014 of the year also use Suurküla (маmari) airfield. In Soviet times, the Su-24 170 th naval assault aviation regiment was based here. In August, four Danish F-2014AM fighters were stationed at Ämari air base in August. Next on the base in turn were the fighters of the Air Forces of Germany, Spain and Great Britain. The base is actively used for the basing of NATO aircraft during exercises. In the summer of 16, the 2015 A-12C attack aircraft had been stationed on Emari for several months. In September, the fifth-generation F-10A fighters from the 2015 Squadron of the United States Air Force visited the маmari airfield of маmari. All these actions are aimed at “deterring” Russia, where there are allegedly aggressive intentions regarding the “independent” Baltic republics.

Byelorussia

From 1960 to 1991, the sky of the Byelorussian SSR was defended by the 2-I separate air defense army. Organizationally, it consisted of two corps: the 11 and 28. The main task of the units and subunits of the 2 Army of Air Defense was to cover the western strategic direction and to protect cities, strategic and military facilities on the territory of Belarus from air attacks. Particular attention was paid to the task of preventing the passage of an airborne enemy deep into the country and to the capital of the USSR. With this in mind, the air defense forces stationed in Belarus were among the first to master the most modern equipment and weapons. On the basis of the 2 Army’s air defense units, state tests of automated control systems Vektor, Rubezh, and Senezh were carried out. In 1985, the 15, I zrbrr was reequipped on the C-300P anti-aircraft missile system. And the 61 th iap, where they had previously flown on MiG-23 and MiG-25, shortly before the collapse of the USSR, moved to Su-27П. A total of two air defense fighter air regiments were deployed in Belarus, armed mainly with MiG-23MLD interceptors. On armament 3 zrbr and 3 zrp consisted CMS X-NUMX, C-75, C-125 and C-200. Air situation monitoring and target designation were performed by 300-rtbr and 8-rtp radars. In addition, the 49 Army of the Air Defense Forces had an 2 separate battalion (bat) of electronic warfare (EW).

In contrast to the Baltic states, the leadership of Belarus turned out to be more pragmatic and did not destroy the air defense system inherited from the Soviet Union. As a result of the collapse of the USSR and the division of Soviet baggage 1 August 1992, the command of the Air Defense Forces of the Republic of Belarus was formed on the basis of the air defense command of the Belarusian military district and the 2 separate air defense army. Soon at the beginning of the 90-s, the air defense forces of Belarus began to decommission outdated Soviet-made equipment. First of all, single-channel C-75 SAM systems with lamp element base and liquid-propelled missiles, which required time-consuming maintenance and filling with toxic fuel and caustic explosive oxidizer, were subject to liquidation. Low-altitude C-125 complexes followed them, although these air defense systems could also serve. “Stodvadtsatipyatki” had good combat characteristics, were not so expensive to maintain, it is maintainable and subject to modernization. Especially since such works were carried out in the republic, the upgraded C-125М SAMs under the designation Pecher-2TM of the Belarusian company Tetrahedron, starting from 2008, were supplied to Azerbaijan. The entire contract provides for the restoration and modernization of 27 anti-aircraft systems. Most likely, the reason for abandoning the C-125 was the desire to save on defense. For the same reason, first, MiG-90LD fighters, whose age was a little more than 29 years, went to the storage bases and then to scrap metal in the second half of 15's. In this regard, the Republic of Belarus basically repeated the path of Russia. Our leaders in the 90-2000 years also rushed to get rid of the "extra" weapons, motivating it with budget savings. But in Russia, in contrast to Belarus, there is its own production of anti-aircraft systems and modern fighters, and Belarusians have to receive all this from abroad. But for the long-range air defense systems С-200В in Belarus kept to the last, despite the high cost of operation and the extreme difficulty of redeployment, which makes this complex, in fact, stationary. But the range of destruction of high-altitude air targets of 240 km can be achieved today only for C-400 air defense systems, which are not found in the Belarussian air defense forces, which, in fact, eliminated all the shortcomings of C-200В. Under the conditions of mass elimination of anti-aircraft complexes, a “long arm” was needed, capable of at least partially covering the gaps in the air defense system.


Satellite image of Google e-rth: the position of the air defense system in the Republic of Belarus as of 2010 year (blue radar figures, colored triangles and squares - the position of the air defense system).

In 2001, the Air Force and the Air Defense Forces of Belarus were united into one type of armed forces. This was largely due to the reduction in the number of vehicles, weapons and personnel. Practically all efficient C-300PT and C-300ПС systems were deployed around Minsk. In 2010, in Belarus, formally, the system still had four S-200B. As of 2015 year, they are all decommissioned. Apparently, the last combatant of the Belarusian C-200В was a complex near Novopolotsk. At the end of 2000-x, due to the limiting wear and lack of conditional missiles, all C-300PTs and C-300PS parts inherited from the USSR were written off.

After 2012, the last 10 heavy Su-27P fighters were withdrawn from the Air Force. The official reason for the refusal of the Su-27P was the too high cost of their operation and the excessively large flight range for such a small country as the Republic of Belarus. In fact, the main reason was that the fighters needed repairs and modernization, and there was no money in the treasury for this. But in the 2000-x part of the Belarusian MiG-29 was modernized. With the division of Soviet property in the republic in 1991, more than 80 MiG-29 fighters of various modifications were acquired. Part of the "extra" fighters from the Air Force of Belarus was sold abroad. So, the 18 fighter jet MiG-29 (including two MiG-29UB) was supplied by Belarus under a contract in Peru. Another 31 aircraft of this type in the 2002 year received Algeria. Until today, according to Global Serurity, the 24 fighter has survived in Belarus.


Satellite image of Google Earth: MiG-29BM fighters at the airbase in Baranavichy


Fighters were repaired and upgraded to the level of the MiG-29BM at the 558 aircraft repair plant in Baranavichy. During the modernization, the fighters received means of refueling in the air, a satellite navigation station and a modified radar for the use of air-to-ground weapons. It is known that specialists from the Russian Design Bureau "Russian Avionics" took part in these works. The first four upgraded MiG-29BMs were first publicly shown in flight during an air parade in honor of the 60 anniversary of the liberation of Belarus from the Nazi invaders 3 in July 2004. At the moment, MiG-29BM are the only fighters of the Air Force of the Republic of Belarus capable of carrying out air defense tasks, their basing is carried out at the 61 fighter airbase in Baranavichy.


Belarusian Su-27P and MiG-29


The limited number of MiG-29BMs deployed on a single airbase does not allow effective control of the country's airspace. Despite the statements of Belarusian officials about the high cost of maintenance and excess range of Su-27P fighters, their decommissioning significantly reduced the ability to fight the enemy air. In connection with this, the issue of creating a Russian aviation base in Belarus was repeatedly discussed, but the matter has not advanced further conversations. In this context, it is worth mentioning the 18 Su-30K stored at the 558 aircraft repair plant. In 2008, India returned these machines to Russia after the start of large-scale shipments of more advanced Su-30MKI. The Indian side in return received 18 new Su-30МКИ, while paying the difference in price. Initially it was assumed that the former Indian Su-30K after repair and modernization will be transferred to Belarus, but later it was stated that the planes went to Baranavichy, in order not to pay VAT when imported into Russia while searching for a buyer. According to information published in the media, the cost of the Su-30K batch may amount to 270 million dollars, based on the cost of one fighter in 15 million dollars, taking into account the modernization. For heavy modernized fighter 4-th generation with a large residual resource is a very affordable price. For comparison, the light Sino-Pakistani fighter JF-17 Thunder, which has much more modest capabilities, is offered to foreign buyers for 18-20 million dollars. However, there is no money in the Belarusian budget to buy even used fighters, one can only hope that in the future the parties will be able to agree, and Su-30K, after repairing and upgrading, will defend the air borders of Belarus and Russia.

Despite some contradictions between our countries and the unpredictability of President Lukashenko, the Republic of Belarus and Russia maintain close allied relations. The Republic of Belarus is a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and is part of the Joint Air Defense System of the CIS Member States. In 2006, Russia and Belarus planned to create a unified regional air defense system of the union state, but for several reasons these plans were not destined to be realized. Nevertheless, between the command posts of the Air Force and the air defense of Russia and Belarus, an automated exchange of information on the air situation is carried out and the Belarusian calculations of the air defense missile system have the possibility of conducting control and training firing at the air defense ground Ashuluk in the Astrakhan region.

On the territory of Belarus, in the interests of the Russian missile attack warning system (SPRN), the Volga radar is operating. Construction of this station began shortly before the collapse of the USSR in 8 km northeast of the city of Gantsevichi. In connection with the conclusion of the INF Treaty, the construction of the station was frozen in 1988. After Russia lost the SPRN node in Latvia, the construction of the Volga radar station in Belarus was resumed. In 1995, the Russian-Belarusian agreement was concluded, according to which a separate radio engineering unit (ORTU) “Gantsevichi” together with the land plot was transferred to Russia for 25 years without collecting all types of taxes and fees. As compensation to Belarus, part of the debts for energy resources was written off, the Belarusian servicemen produce partial maintenance of the units. At the end of the 2001 of the year, the station took over experimental combat duty, and on October 1 of the 2003, the Volga radar was officially adopted. The radar anti-ship missile system in Belarus controls the combat patrol areas of the American, British and French SSBNs in the North Atlantic and the Norwegian Sea. Radar information from the radar in real time enters the main center of warning of a rocket attack. Currently, it is the only object of the Russian missile attack warning system operating abroad.

In the framework of military-technical cooperation, the Republic of Belarus in the 2005-2006 years received from Russia 4 srdr C-300PS from the Russian armed forces. Before this, the ground-to-surface missile systems and the 5B55PM missile defense system with a maximum range of destruction of 90 km high-altitude targets underwent a refurbishment and a “small” upgrade. It is worth recalling that the C-300PS air defense system, which is the most numerous modification in the C-300П family, was put into service in the 1984 year. C-300PS entered into service with the 115-th zrbr, each two of which were stationed in the Brest and Grodno regions. At the end of 2010, the team was transformed into 115 and 1. In turn, Belarus as a payment for repairing and upgrading anti-aircraft systems through barter carried out counter deliveries of the MZKT-79221 chassis for mobile strategic missile systems PC-12М1 Topol-M.


SPU Belarusian C-300PS

In the first half of 2016, information appeared in the media about the transfer of four more C-300PS to the Belarusian side. It is reported that earlier these air defense systems carried service in the suburbs and the Far East. Before being sent to Belarus, they underwent a refurbishment and modernization, which will allow them to carry combat duty for another 7-10 years. The resulting C-300PS airplanes are planned to be located on the western border of the republic, now 4 of the truncated train is deployed in the area of ​​Brest and Grodno.


Satellite image of Google e-rth: C-300PS ground-to-ground position in the Brest region

In Minsk, in honor of Independence Day and the 70 anniversary of the liberation of Belarus from the Nazis 3 July 2014, a military parade was held, in which, in addition to the equipment of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus, the Russian long-range C-400 was shown. The Belarusian leadership has repeatedly expressed interest in C-400. At the moment, the C-400 Russian Aerospace Force ground-to-ground missile system with the 48H6MD air assault rifle in ammunition is capable of fighting high-altitude aerodynamic targets at a distance of up to 250 km. The Belarusian C-300PS air defense missile systems, which are in service with the Belarusian air defense forces, are more than twice as short as the C-400. Equipping the air defense system of Belarus with the latest long-range systems would increase the cover zone and, if deployed in the border areas, would make it possible to deal with air attack means at long-range approaches. Apparently, the Russian side specifies possible deliveries of C-400 to a number of conditions to which the Belarusian leadership is not ready yet.


SPU of the Russian C-400 during the parade rehearsal in June 2014 of the year in Minsk


Air coverage in the Republic of Belarus is conducted by two dozen radar posts. Until now, the Belarusian RTVs are mainly operated by Soviet-made radars: P-18, P-19, P-37, 36-X6. These stations for the most part are already at the end of their service life and need to be replaced. In connection with this, deliveries of Russian mobile three-coordinate radar of decimeter-range “Opponnik-GE” with a target detection range flying at an altitude of 5-7 km to 250 km began. At its own enterprises of the Republic of Belarus, modified radars are being assembled: П-18Т (TRS-2D) and П-19Т (TRS-2DL), which, in combination with the supplies of Russian radars, makes it possible to update the radar fleet.

After 1991, the armed forces of Belarus got more than 400 vehicles of military air defense complexes. According to some information, Belarusian units armed with military air defense systems are reassigned to the command of the Air Force and Air Defense. Today, according to foreign expert assessments, the 300 ZRS and ZRK are in the ranks. These are mainly short-range Soviet complexes: Strela-10M and Osa-AKM. In addition, in the Belarusian air defense units of the Ground Forces there are Tunguska anti-aircraft gun and missile systems and modern short-range Tor-M2 air defense systems. The chassis for the Belarusian “Thors” is made at the Minsk Wheel Tractor Plant (MZKT). The first battery of the Tor-M2 air defense system, the 120-I anti-aircraft missile brigade of the Air Force and Air Defense of Belarus, deployed in Baranavichy, Brest region, received in 2011 year.


Belarusian Tor-M2 air defense system on MZKT wheeled chassis


In addition to short-range complexes intended for direct protection of troops in the frontal zone from air attack weapons operating at low altitudes, Belarus has one zrbr each, which are armed with the Buk-MB medium-range air defense system and the C-300B air defense missile system. Belarusian “Buki” have been upgraded and refined to use the new 9М317 SAM systems, with some of the complexes being transferred to the wheeled chassis produced by MZKT. The standard radar "Buk-М1" 9С18М1 was replaced by a mobile three-dimensional radar 80К6М circular review on a wheeled chassis. Byelorussian “Bukovskaya” 56, I zrbr deployed earlier under Slutsk, according to some data, was relocated to Baranavichy, where its complexes are in combat duty in the area of ​​the 61 fighter airbase. Azerbaijan received one division “Buk-MB” in 2012 year from the structure of the armed forces of Belarus.


SPU ZRS C-300В during the rehearsal of the parade in June 2014 year in Minsk


As for long-range military systems, that is, there is every reason to believe that C-300В 147-th zrbr are not capable at the moment and need to be repaired and modernized. The brigade, stationed near Bobruisk, was the third military unit in the USSR, armed with this system, and the first to receive the ability to perform a combat mission with the so-called “big rocket” 9X82. In January 2011, the brigade became part of the North-West Operational-Tactical Command of the Air Force and Air Defense Forces of the Republic of Belarus. The future of the Belarusian C-300V air defense systems completely depends on whether it will be possible to reach an agreement with the Russian side on their repair and modernization. At the moment, a program is being implemented in Russia to radically improve the combat characteristics of the existing C-300В to the level of C-300В4.

If Belarus is forced to seek help from Russian enterprises for the modernization of medium-range and long-range anti-aircraft systems, repair and improvement of near-field complexes is carried out on its own. The main organization in this is the Tetrahedr Multidisciplinary Scientific and Production Private Unitary Enterprise. This company has developed a version of the modernization of the Strela-10М2 air defense system, which received the designation “STRELA-10T”. The main difference between the new complex and its prototype is to ensure its round-the-clock use and the possibility of transferring an all-wheel drive army off-road vehicle to the chassis. The upgraded combat vehicle of the new complex, unlike the base version, is capable of conducting round-the-clock combat work. The availability of data transmission equipment allows for the exchange of information between combat vehicles, as well as remote control of the combat work process in repelling enemy air strikes.


ZRK T38 "STYLET"


On the basis of the Soviet OSR “Osa”, the specialists of “Tetrahedron” created the short-range anti-aircraft missile system Т38 “STYLET”, two-stage SAM T382 were developed for it in the Luch Kiev Design Bureau. The air defense system T38 air defense is a further continuation of the program "Osa-T", aimed at the modernization of the obsolete Soviet military air defense system "Osa". The control systems of the complex are made on the new element base, the combat vehicle in addition to the radar is equipped with an electron-optical detection system. Compared to the OSA-AKM air defense system, the range of aerial targets is doubled and is 20 km. ZRK T-38 "STYLET" is located on the MZKT-69222T wheeled chassis with off-road capability.

ZRK T-38 "STYLET" was presented at the 7-th International Exhibition of Armament and Military Equipment "MILEX-2014", held from 9 to 12 in July 2014 of the year in Minsk. The A3 Multi-Purpose Rocket-Machine-Gun Complex was also shown there. The sample on display at the exhibition is in the finalization stage, and had only mock rocket weapons.


Multipurpose rocket-machine gun complex A3


From the advertising brochures of the Tetrahedr enterprise, it follows that the A3 complex, equipped with passive optical means of reconnaissance, target tracking and targeting weapons, which ensures the complete secrecy of its combat use. It is designed to protect administrative, industrial and military facilities from all types of modern and advanced aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles and high-precision weapons. The detection range of air targets is 20 km, the range of destruction of air targets with missiles is 5 km. In addition to solving air defense tasks, the A3 complex can be used to combat enemy manpower and ground-based armored targets. The complex can be operated at any time of day, in all weather conditions and in different climatic zones. It consists of a command post control and six remotely controlled combat modules

But, despite some successes in the development of near-zone air defense systems, the modernization and export of Soviet weapons is currently unable to provide itself with modern medium-range and long-range anti-aircraft systems, as well as fighters. In this respect, Minsk is completely dependent on Moscow. I would like to hope that our countries will maintain close friendly relations in the future, which is the key to peace and security in the region.

Продолжение следует ...

Based on:
http://geimint.blogspot.ru/
http://www.tetraedr.com
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/belarus/army-equipment.htm
http://myzarya.ru/forum1/index.php?showtopic=6074
http://nectonlab.org/index.php/katalog-materialov/urbex-activity/soviet-army/pvo/102-pvo-baltic-states.html
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  1. avt
    +9
    6 September 2016 15: 32
    On the basis of the Soviet Osa air defense system, Tetrahedron specialists created the T38 STYLET short-range air defense system,
    And I looked at the picture without reading below and somehow thought - What does it remind me of? bully Normal technical review. Informative .
    1. +9
      6 September 2016 23: 26
      Thank you, pretty detailed. We look forward to continuing!
  2. +6
    6 September 2016 15: 50
    Quote: avt
    And I looked at the picture without reading below and somehow thought - What does it remind me of?

    This complex was not created from scratch, if you did not twist Soviet roots in the Belarusian-Ukrainian air defense system.
    Quote: avt
    Normal technical review. Informative .
    hi
    1. +5
      7 September 2016 01: 31
      Thank. After the cycle about the fleet from Andrei from Chelyabinsk, something sad, but then about the new air defense began fellow
      Is it possible to write the total number of missiles (and launchers) in the republic being described at the time of the collapse of the USSR in order to better understand the scale (which is already clear, but purely for clarity)?

      As for AN / MPQ-64F1, I still think the maximum range is 75km, but this is generally the limit for the complex, and not the detection range of a specifically low-altitude target. It seems that he will not see such a low-flying enemy.
      1. +3
        7 September 2016 06: 57
        Quote: DarkMatter
        Thank. After the cycle about the fleet from Andrei from Chelyabinsk, something sad, but then about the new air defense began

        Yes, I also read the cycle of Andrey with great pleasure! good My so interesting will not work due to the specificity of the topic. In the near future, the 2 part about Ukraine will be released, but then there will be a pause. For once, I decided to get out of the Far East, on vacation I’m going to the Crimea, since the fare is free.
        Quote: DarkMatter
        Is it possible to write the total number of missiles (and launchers) in the republic being described at the time of the collapse of the USSR in order to better understand the scale (which is already clear, but purely for clarity)?

        You can, just what is the point? what In my opinion, it is not quite professional to consider SAMs by the number of PUs. For single-channel complexes: C-75, C-125, C-200 the number of which indicates the number of missiles on the launcher is known. They can’t shoot at more targets than a single guidance station (C-75, C-125) or backlight (C-200) allows them to still.
        Quote: DarkMatter

        As for AN / MPQ-64F1, I still think the maximum range is 75km, but this is generally the limit for the complex, and not the detection range of a specifically low-altitude target. It seems that he will not see such a low-flying enemy.

        Certainly Yes But for such a compact station, such a range of detection of high-altitude targets is an excellent result.
        1. +2
          7 September 2016 20: 43
          So I thought that about Ukraine will be a whole part. Have a good trip good

          I didn’t want to inflate my message very much, because I wrote missiles and PU separately))
          For S-75 and so on - the number of missiles, and under the PU there was more in view of the S-300, Buki and so on.

          And the station is really nothing, mobility, deployment, service, worthy.
  3. PKK
    +7
    6 September 2016 16: 17
    My head is spinning around, what volumes of air defense and other troops were made in the USSR and how much more Russia needs to do in order to close the sky.
  4. +8
    6 September 2016 16: 23
    Quote: PKK
    My head is spinning around, what volumes of air defense and other troops were made in the USSR and how much more Russia needs to do in order to close the sky.

    Now we have God forbid 1 / 10 of the number of Soviet air defense systems. It is clear that the modern multi-channel anti-aircraft systems C-300ПМ2 / С-400 in terms of fire performance and noise immunity are many times superior to C-75, C-125 and C-200, but unfortunately over the past 25 years many areas have appeared in Russia that are not covered by anything at all. In addition, the area of ​​the radar field in the Russian Federation decreased significantly, and in the USSR in the 80 it was continuous.
    1. +3
      6 September 2016 16: 54
      "Now we have, God forbid, 1/10 of the number of Soviet air defense systems."
      Sergey hello! As always, interesting and informative. I have a question for you? Do you know exactly when the P-18 "Terek" radar was adopted? Why am I asking this question? 1971 is written everywhere, but in our division, it appeared a year earlier, in principle, we did not expect it, but you yourself know what snowstorms in Komsomolsk and at our station, the old P-12 broke the antenna. It was then that we received a new SRS with a new system of identification of Friend and Foe. It was P-18.
      1. +2
        6 September 2016 22: 17
        Amurets
        =======
        It may well be - I know several cases when equipment began to enter the troops even before it was officially accepted for service (this also sometimes happened in the native RTV)!
      2. +1
        7 September 2016 06: 29
        1971 is written everywhere, but in our division, it appeared a year earlier

        In those days, the situation when the product entered the army before being adopted was not uncommon. The Yak-28 for the example of the GSI did not pass and was not adopted for service, which did not interfere, however, produce and operate it in the form of 1280 vehicles.
  5. +1
    6 September 2016 16: 36
    Quote: Bongo
    In addition, the area of ​​the radar field in the Russian Federation decreased significantly, and in the USSR in the 80s it was continuous.

    It seems that the capitals are closed securely what
  6. +3
    6 September 2016 16: 43
    In 2006, Russia and Belarus planned to create a unified regional air defense system of the union state, but for a number of reasons, these plans were not destined to come true.

    Information is outdated!
    The armed forces of Russia and Belarus will begin to be on alert within the framework of the Unified Regional Air Defense System of the two states at the end of the 2016 year. This was announced by the Chief of the General Staff - First Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace Forces (VKS), Lieutenant General Pavel Kurachenko.
    "Instructions for organizing and maintaining combat duty in the Unified Regional Air Defense System are at the stage of approval by the Ministers of Defense of the Russian Federation and Belarus. The practical implementation of the agreement will be completed by the end of 2016," he said.
    Kurachenko recalled that the agreement between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus on joint protection of the external border of the Union State in the airspace and the creation of Unified regional air defense system of the two countries It was signed in 2009. It was ratified by Russia in 2009, and Belarus in 2012.
    "The defense ministers of the Russian Federation and Belarus approved the list of military command and control bodies, command posts, formations, formations and military units allocated to the Unified Regional Air Defense System, as well as the Regulations on the Commander and Command Post of the Unified Regional Air Defense System," Kurachenko said.
    The Commander of the Air Force and Air Defense Forces of the Armed Forces of Belarus was appointed Commander of the Unified Regional Air Defense System.
    (http://xn----ctbsbazhbctieai.ru-an.info/%D0%BD%D
    0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8/%D0%B5%D0%B4%D
    0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D
    0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%BE%
    D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8-%D0%B8-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB
    %D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8-%D0%BD
    %D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1
    %D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C-%D0%BA-%D0%BA%D0%B
    E%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83-2016-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0
    /)
  7. +2
    6 September 2016 16: 46
    and on October 1, 2003, the Volga radar was officially adopted. ... Currently, this is the only object of the Russian missile attack warning system operating abroad


    No, not the only one. There is also a radar station "Dnepr" in Kazakhstan.
  8. +3
    7 September 2016 00: 02
    Quote: Amurets
    Why am I asking this question? 1971 is written everywhere, but in our division, it appeared a year earlier, in principle, we did not wait for it, but you yourself know what blizzards in Komsomolsky and at our station, the old P-12 broke the antenna.

    Hi Nikolay!
    I won’t tell you exactly. Mass deliveries of P-18 radars began at the beginning of the 70's. Maybe you had a station from an experimental batch intended for military trials?
    1. +2
      7 September 2016 00: 54
      I won’t tell you exactly. Mass deliveries of P-18 radars began at the beginning of the 70's. Maybe you had a station from an experimental batch intended for military trials?

      Sergei! Hello! Perhaps. Why did I remember this moment, the desire to suffer with the de-mothballing of the DES. In February, this pleasure is below average, and the fact that the workmen came with it, installed some additional equipment in the "U" cockpit, after that "Silicon" started working both on the SRC and on the air defense system from the same antenna.
    2. +2
      7 September 2016 06: 32
      Tell me, why when you try to respond to a comment as part of your conversation, the system throws the comment as new? Is it a glitch or will it always be so?
      1. +2
        7 September 2016 07: 01
        Quote: Leto
        Tell me, why when you try to respond to a comment as part of your conversation, the system throws the comment as new? Is it a glitch or will it always be so?

        It bothers me too negative Maybe you should ask the moderators a question?
        In general, it is possible to copy a comment from the "quote" frame to the "reply" frame, although this is certainly inconvenient. request
        1. +2
          7 September 2016 08: 12
          In general, it is possible to copy a comment from the "quote" frame to the "reply" frame, although this is certainly inconvenient

          This is from a series of dances with a tambourine.
  9. +4
    7 September 2016 00: 05
    Quote: An64
    No, not the only one. There is also a radar station "Dnepr" in Kazakhstan.

    "Dnepr" is already a gray-haired antiquity, are you 100% sure that it works?
    Domestic means of early missile warning.
  10. +3
    7 September 2016 00: 07
    Quote: An64
    Information is outdated!
    The armed forces of Russia and Belarus will begin to be on alert within the framework of the Unified Regional Air Defense System of the two states at the end of the 2016 year. This was announced by the Chief of the General Staff - First Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace Forces (VKS), Lieutenant General Pavel Kurachenko.

    When this happens, then we will speak. I really do not like news that begins: "will", "may", will "," will begin ", etc.
  11. +2
    7 September 2016 11: 17
    The 2th anti-aircraft missile brigade of the Air Force and Air Defense of Belarus deployed in Baranavichy in the Brest Region received the first battery of the Tor-M120 air defense system in 2011
    Maybe, after all, Tor M1-2? There are no pure M2 Tori to this day (although it would be time)
    And, if interested, radar release data
    http://www.vif2ne.org/nvk/forum/arhprint/1793589
    P-3A - 1948-51 - 435
    P-8 - 1951-55 - 1841
    P-12 - 1957-78 - 6396 (1188)
    P-14 - 1959-77 - 731 (24)
    P-14F - 1967-78 - 601 (84)
    P-96 - 1969-78 - 15
    P-18 - 1971-91 - 3995 (1218)
    P-70 - 19 ?? - ?? -- eleven
    5H84A - 1975-91 - 661 (69)
    5H69 - 1975-88 - 38
    44ZH6 - 1981-87 - 82
    36ZH6 - 1982- ?? -- fifteen
    55Ж6 - from 1984 - more than 120 (2)
    1L13 - from 1988 - more than 120 (2)
    There is no general data about the P-80 either, only it is written that they were produced at a rate of up to 50 per year ...
    1. +2
      8 September 2016 04: 08
      Quote: sivuch
      And, if interested, radar release data

      Thank you Igor, very interesting! Unfortunately, I could not find accurate data on the number and types of radars in the troops as of 1991 year. By the way, are there no P-15 and P-19 stations on your list? recourse But they were probably released even more than P-18.
      1. +1
        8 September 2016 10: 29
        I can only quote VIF:
        Regarding P-15, unfortunately, this book does not provide specific data on output and export deliveries. It is only written that it was produced for about 30 years in Murom and Ulyanovsk and became the most massive radar in the world ..
        1. +3
          8 September 2016 10: 36
          Quote: sivuch
          I can only quote VIF:
          Regarding P-15, unfortunately, this book does not provide specific data on output and export deliveries. It is only written that it was produced for about 30 years in Murom and Ulyanovsk and became the most massive radar in the world ..

          "The most massive radar station in the world" is a difficult question what In the country's air defense forces at the end of the 80's there were not many of these radars. Although perhaps the RTV military air defense were saturated with them more?
  12. +2
    7 September 2016 11: 25
    God forbid Belarusians to supply C-400. After the old man leaves, they will cover the western regions of Russia with an umbrella.
  13. +3
    7 September 2016 20: 52
    Baltic states, and it is necessary. Equip their entire anti-aircraft platoon with slingshots - let them guard the sky bully
    But But father Lukash will not miss his. And air defense for half the price from the Russian Federation. request
  14. +8
    9 September 2016 19: 17
    I do not pretend to be the ultimate truth, but a review of the situation in the Baltic States does not really reflect the real situation.
    Back in '97, the Baltic States joined the Regional Airspace Initiative proposed by the amers, christening it in the Baltic States Baltic Air Surveillance Network - BaltNet. With three national control centers and one regional, in Siauliai, the Zokniai base. The system is closed to the air defense of Western Europe: a kind of early warning system for Europe.
  15. +9
    9 September 2016 20: 05
    Quote: Pete Mitchell
    I do not pretend to be the ultimate truth, but a review of the situation in the Baltic States does not really reflect the real situation.
    Back in '97, the Baltic States joined the Regional Airspace Initiative proposed by the amers, christening it in the Baltic States Baltic Air Surveillance Network - BaltNet. With three national control centers and one regional, in Siauliai, the Zokniai base. The system is closed to the air defense of Western Europe: a kind of early warning system for Europe.

    Quote: Pete Mitchell
    I do not pretend to be the ultimate truth, but a review of the situation in the Baltic States does not really reflect the real situation.
    Back in '97, the Baltic States joined the Regional Airspace Initiative proposed by the amers, christening it in the Baltic States Baltic Air Surveillance Network - BaltNet. With three national control centers and one regional, in Siauliai, the Zokniai base. The system is closed to the air defense of Western Europe: a kind of early warning system for Europe.

    Something broke - I will continue, if anyone is interested.
    The Americans donated equipment for 40 Lyamas, the Balts should buy radars to provide the information system. Guess who was the first to hurry up: Lockheed Martin with TPS-117, 16-18 lyamas apiece, 4-5 per country, pure business. The program is stalled - there is no money: Estonians and Latvians have one radar each, Lithuanians are on their way, but the system provides data to Europe. The calculation of the bourgeoisie is simple: the data will be lost, then turn on the stopwatch - it will arrive soon. Everything is "partnership".
    There is no point in talking about active air defense - the MANPADS and Swedish art systems, a headache, but can be treated.
    Plus BaltNeta - open architecture: plug whatever you want, but it can be treated
  16. +2
    9 September 2016 22: 04
    Capacitive review. Thank . I read it with pleasure.
  17. +3
    12 September 2016 08: 32
    There are many air defense personnel in Ukraine, some production potential remained, and “in spite of everything” people tried to do what they loved. For example, Aerotechnics is a private office, which was created by KVIRTUans, who remained "out of work" after the dissolution of the school. Now they are selling modernized P-18s in all sorts of Africa and Asia, where there is enough of this stuff, they have other developments. In general, in the service, I visited KVIRTU in the 90s. Of course it was impressive ... The training center had all the latest achievements of the Soviet military-industrial complex in the field of air defense, as well as the station of an older park. From memory: REB - SPN-30,40, SPO, AKUP. RTR - Kolchuga, Tamara, Rubikon, RTV-Sky, Defense, 64Zh6, P-18, altimeters, interrogators, stationary command posts (buried in the ground from metal structures), ACS - Osnova. and much more. Everything is deployed, cable routes in concrete gutters, equipment in caponiers, classrooms. engineering and chemical town, shooting range, autodrome. Everything in the forest, around mushrooms and squirrels. Most of the above was deployed already in the classrooms of the school itself .... Kolchugas are on duty, I saw it myself near Kharkov. But a significant part was left in the Crimea, on Fiolent. There were many interesting things in Crimea. The test center remained at the Chaud test site, there were the last developments in the Air Force and Air Defense.
  18. Mwg
    0
    5 October 2016 07: 57
    I studied radiolocation at 1985 in DOSAAF on the P-18 radar. Even then it was old and decommissioned.
    1. +1
      5 October 2016 07: 58
      Quote: MVG
      I studied radiolocation at 1985 in DOSAAF on the P-18 radar. Even then it was old and decommissioned.

      Perhaps you are confusing with P-12? P-18 is still actively exploited in the Russian armed forces.

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